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NAME IPC::Run - system() and background procs w/ piping, redirs, ptys (Unix, Win32)

SYNOPSIS ## First,a command to run: my @cat = qw( cat );

   ## Using run() instead of system():
      use IPC::Run qw( run timeout );

      run \@cmd, \$in, \$out, \$err, timeout( 10 ) or die "cat: $?"

      # Can do I/O to sub refs and filenames, too:
      run \@cmd, '<', "in.txt", \&out, \&err or die "cat: $?"
      run \@cat, '<', "in.txt", '>>', "out.txt", '2>>', "err.txt";


      # Redirecting using psuedo-terminals instad of pipes.
      run \@cat, '<pty<', \$in,  '>pty>', \$out_and_err;

   ## Scripting subprocesses (like Expect):

      use IPC::Run qw( start pump finish timeout );

      # Incrementally read from / write to scalars. 
      # $in is drained as it is fed to cat's stdin,
      # $out accumulates cat's stdout
      # $err accumulates cat's stderr
      # $h is for "harness".
      my $h = start \@cat, \$in, \$out, \$err, timeout( 10 );

      $in .= "some input\n";
      pump $h until $out =~ /input\n/g;

      $in .= "some more input\n";
      pump $h until $out =~ /\G.*more input\n/;

      $in .= "some final input\n";
      finish $h or die "cat returned $?";

      warn $err if $err; 
      print $out;         ## All of cat's output

   # Piping between children
      run \@cat, '|', \@gzip;

   # Multiple children simultaneously (run() blocks until all
   # children exit, use start() for background execution):
      run \@foo1, '&', \@foo2;

   # Calling \&set_up_child in the child before it executes the
   # command (only works on systems with true fork() & exec())
   # exceptions thrown in set_up_child() will be propagated back
   # to the parent and thrown from run().
      run \@cat, \$in, \$out,
         init => \&set_up_child;

   # Read from / write to file handles you open and close
      open IN,  '<in.txt'  or die $!;
      open OUT, '>out.txt' or die $!;
      print OUT "preamble\n";
      run \@cat, \*IN, \*OUT or die "cat returned $?";
      print OUT "postamble\n";
      close IN;
      close OUT;

   # Create pipes for you to read / write (like IPC::Open2 & 3).
      $h = start
         \@cat,
            '<pipe', \*IN,
            '>pipe', \*OUT,
            '2>pipe', \*ERR 
         or die "cat returned $?";
      print IN "some input\n";
      close IN;
      print <OUT>, <ERR>;
      finish $h;

   # Mixing input and output modes
      run \@cat, 'in.txt', \&catch_some_out, \*ERR_LOG );

   # Other redirection constructs
      run \@cat, '>&', \$out_and_err;
      run \@cat, '2>&1';
      run \@cat, '0<&3';
      run \@cat, '<&-';
      run \@cat, '3<', \$in3;
      run \@cat, '4>', \$out4;
      # etc.

   # Passing options:
      run \@cat, 'in.txt', debug => 1;

   # Call this system's shell, returns TRUE on 0 exit code
   # THIS IS THE OPPOSITE SENSE OF system()'s RETURN VALUE
      run "cat a b c" or die "cat returned $?";

   # Launch a sub process directly, no shell.  Can't do redirection
   # with this form, it's here to behave like system() with an
   # inverted result.
      $r = run "cat a b c";

   # Read from a file in to a scalar
      run io( "filename", 'r', \$recv );
      run io( \*HANDLE,   'r', \$recv );

DESCRIPTION IPC::Run allows you run and interact with child processes using files, pipes, and pseudo-ttys. Both system()-style and scripted usages are supported and may be mixed. Likewise, functional and OO API styles are both supported and may be mixed.

Various redirection operators reminiscent of those seen on common Unix
and DOS command lines are provided.

Before digging in to the details a few LIMITATIONS are important enough
to be mentioned right up front:

Win32 Support
    Win32 support is working but EXPERIMENTAL, but does pass all
    relevant tests on NT 4.0. See "Win32 LIMITATIONS".

pty Support
    If you need pty support, IPC::Run should work well enough most of
    the time, but IO::Pty is being improved, and IPC::Run will be
    improved to use IO::Pty's new features when it is release.

    The basic problem is that the pty needs to initialize itself before
    the parent writes to the master pty, or the data written gets lost.
    So IPC::Run does a sleep(1) in the parent after forking to
    (hopefully) give the child a chance to run. This is a kludge that
    works well on non heavily loaded systems :(.

    ptys are not supported yet under Win32, but will be emulated...

Debugging Tip
    You may use the environment variable "IPCRUNDEBUG" to see what's
    going on under the hood:

       $ IPCRUNDEBUG=basic   myscript     # prints minimal debugging
       $ IPCRUNDEBUG=data    myscript     # prints all data reads/writes
       $ IPCRUNDEBUG=details myscript     # prints lots of low-level details
       $ IPCRUNDEBUG=gory    myscript     # (Win32 only) prints data moving through
                                          # the helper processes.

We now return you to your regularly scheduled documentation.

Harnesses Child processes and I/O handles are gathered in to a harness, then started and run until the processing is finished or aborted.

run() vs. start(); pump(); finish(); There are two modes you can run harnesses in: run() functions as an enhanced system(), and start()/pump()/finish() allow for background processes and scripted interactions with them.

When using run(), all data to be sent to the harness is set up in
advance (though one can feed subprocesses input from subroutine refs to
get around this limitation). The harness is run and all output is
collected from it, then any child processes are waited for:

   run \@cmd, \<<IN, \$out;
   blah
   IN

   ## To precompile harnesses and run them later:
   my $h = harness \@cmd, \<<IN, \$out;
   blah
   IN

   run $h;

The background and scripting API is provided by start(), pump(), and
finish(): start() creates a harness if need be (by calling harness())
and launches any subprocesses, pump() allows you to poll them for
activity, and finish() then monitors the harnessed activities until they
complete.

   ## Build the harness, open all pipes, and launch the subprocesses
   my $h = start \@cat, \$in, \$out;
   $in = "first input\n";

   ## Now do I/O.  start() does no I/O.
   pump $h while length $in;  ## Wait for all input to go

   ## Now do some more I/O.
   $in = "second input\n";
   pump $h until $out =~ /second input/;

   ## Clean up
   finish $h or die "cat returned $?";

You can optionally compile the harness with harness() prior to
start()ing or run()ing, and you may omit start() between harness() and
pump(). You might want to do these things if you compile your harnesses
ahead of time.

Using regexps to match output As shown in most of the scripting examples, the read-to-scalar facility for gathering subcommand's output is often used with regular expressions to detect stopping points. This is because subcommand output often arrives in dribbles and drabs, often only a character or line at a time. This output is input for the main program and piles up in variables like the $out and $err in our examples.

Regular expressions can be used to wait for appropriate output in
several ways. The "cat" example in the previous section demonstrates how
to pump() until some string appears in the output. Here's an example
that uses "smb" to fetch files from a remote server:

   $h = harness \@smbclient, \$in, \$out;

   $in = "cd /src\n";
   $h->pump until $out =~ /^smb.*> \Z/m;
   die "error cding to /src:\n$out" if $out =~ "ERR";
   $out = '';

   $in = "mget *\n";
   $h->pump until $out =~ /^smb.*> \Z/m;
   die "error retrieving files:\n$out" if $out =~ "ERR";

   $in = "quit\n";
   $h->finish;

Notice that we carefully clear $out after the first command/response
cycle? That's because IPC::Run does not delete $out when we continue,
and we don't want to trip over the old output in the second
command/response cycle.

Say you want to accumulate all the output in $out and analyze it
afterwards. Perl offers incremental regular expression matching using
the "m//gc" and pattern matching idiom and the "\G" assertion. IPC::Run
is careful not to disturb the current "pos()" value for scalars it
appends data to, so we could modify the above so as not to destroy $out
by adding a couple of "/gc" modifiers. The "/g" keeps us from tripping
over the previous prompt and the "/c" keeps us from resetting the prior
match position if the expected prompt doesn't materialize immediately:

   $h = harness \@smbclient, \$in, \$out;

   $in = "cd /src\n";
   $h->pump until $out =~ /^smb.*> \Z/mgc;
   die "error cding to /src:\n$out" if $out =~ "ERR";

   $in = "mget *\n";
   $h->pump until $out =~ /^smb.*> \Z/mgc;
   die "error retrieving files:\n$out" if $out =~ "ERR";

   $in = "quit\n";
   $h->finish;

   analyze( $out );

When using this technique, you may want to preallocate $out to have
plenty of memory or you may find that the act of growing $out each time
new input arrives causes an "O(length($out)^2)" slowdown as $out grows.
Say we expect no more than 10,000 characters of input at the most. To
preallocate memory to $out, do something like:

   my $out = "x" x 10_000;
   $out = "";

"perl" will allocate at least 10,000 characters' worth of space, then
mark the $out as having 0 length without freeing all that yummy RAM.

Timeouts and Timers More than likely, you don't want your subprocesses to run forever, and sometimes it's nice to know that they're going a little slowly. Timeouts throw exceptions after a some time has elapsed, timers merely cause pump() to return after some time has elapsed. Neither is reset/restarted automatically.

Timeout objects are created by calling timeout( $interval ) and passing
the result to run(), start() or harness(). The timeout period starts
ticking just after all the child processes have been fork()ed or
spawn()ed, and are polled for expiration in run(), pump() and finish().
If/when they expire, an exception is thrown. This is typically useful to
keep a subprocess from taking too long.

If a timeout occurs in run(), all child processes will be terminated and
all file/pipe/ptty descriptors opened by run() will be closed. File
descriptors opened by the parent process and passed in to run() are not
closed in this event.

If a timeout occurs in pump(), pump_nb(), or finish(), it's up to you to
decide whether to kill_kill() all the children or to implement some more
graceful fallback. No I/O will be closed in pump(), pump_nb() or
finish() by such an exception (though I/O is often closed down in those
routines during the natural course of events).

Often an exception is too harsh. timer( $interval ) creates timer
objects that merely prevent pump() from blocking forever. This can be
useful for detecting stalled I/O or printing a soothing message or "."
to pacify an anxious user.

Timeouts and timers can both be restarted at any time using the timer's
start() method (this is not the start() that launches subprocesses). To
restart a timer, you need to keep a reference to the timer:

   ## Start with a nice long timeout to let smbclient connect.  If
   ## pump or finish take too long, an exception will be thrown.

 my $h;
 eval {
   $h = harness \@smbclient, \$in, \$out, \$err, ( my $t = timeout 30 );
   sleep 11;  # No effect: timer not running yet

   start $h;
   $in = "cd /src\n";
   pump $h until ! length $in;

   $in = "ls\n";
   ## Now use a short timeout, since this should be faster
   $t->start( 5 );
   pump $h until ! length $in;

   $t->start( 10 );  ## Give smbclient a little while to shut down.
   $h->finish;
 };
 if ( $@ ) {
   my $x = $@;    ## Preserve $@ in case another exception occurs
   $h->kill_kill; ## kill it gently, then brutally if need be, or just
                   ## brutally on Win32.
   die $x;
 }

Timeouts and timers are *not* checked once the subprocesses are shut
down; they will not expire in the interval between the last valid
process and when IPC::Run scoops up the processes' result codes, for
instance.

Spawning synchronization, child exception propagation start() pauses the parent until the child executes the command or CODE reference and propagates any exceptions thrown (including exec() failure) back to the parent. This has several pleasant effects: any exceptions thrown in the child, including exec() failure, come flying out of start() or run() as though they had ocurred in the parent.

This includes exceptions your code thrown from init subs. In this
example:

   eval {
      run \@cmd, init => sub { die "blast it! foiled again!" };
   };
   print $@;

the exception "blast it! foiled again" will be thrown from the child
process (preventing the exec()) and printed by the parent.

In situations like

   run \@cmd1, "|", \@cmd2, "|", \@cmd3;

@cmd1 will be initted and exec()ed before @cmd2, and @cmd2 before @cmd3.
This can save time and prevent oddball errors emitted by later commands
when earlier commands fail to execute. Note that IPC::Run doesn't start
any commands unless it can find the executables referenced by all
commands. These executables must pass both the "-f" and "-x" tests
described in perlfunc.

Another nice effect is that init() subs can take their time doing things
and there will be no problems caused by a parent continuing to execute
before a child's init() routine is complete. Say the init() routine
needs to open a socket or a temp file that the parent wants to connect
to; without this synchronization, the parent will need to implement a
retry loop to wait for the child to run, since often, the parent gets a
lot of things done before the child's first timeslice is allocated.

This is also quite necessary for pseudo-tty initialization, which needs
to take place before the parent writes to the child via pty. Writes that
occur before the pty is set up can get lost.

A final, minor, nicety is that debugging output from the child will be
emitted before the parent continues on, making for much clearer
debugging output in complex situations.

The only drawback I can conceive of is that the parent can't continue to
operate while the child is being initted. If this ever becomes a problem
in the field, we can implement an option to avoid this behavior, but I
don't expect it to.

Win32: executing CODE references isn't supported on Win32, see "Win32
LIMITATIONS" for details.

Syntax run(), start(), and harness() can all take a harness specification as input. A harness specification is either a single string to be passed to the systems' shell:

   run "echo 'hi there'";

or a list of commands, io operations, and/or timers/timeouts to execute.
Consecutive commands must be separated by a pipe operator '|' or an '&'.
External commands are passed in as array references, and, on systems
supporting fork(), Perl code may be passed in as subs:

   run \@cmd;
   run \@cmd1, '|', \@cmd2;
   run \@cmd1, '&', \@cmd2;
   run \&sub1;
   run \&sub1, '|', \&sub2;
   run \&sub1, '&', \&sub2;

'|' pipes the stdout of \@cmd1 the stdin of \@cmd2, just like a shell
pipe. '&' does not. Child processes to the right of a '&' will have
their stdin closed unless it's redirected-to.

IPC::Run::IO objects may be passed in as well, whether or not child
processes are also specified:

   run io( "infile", ">", \$in ), io( "outfile", "<", \$in );

as can IPC::Run::Timer objects:

   run \@cmd, io( "outfile", "<", \$in ), timeout( 10 );

Commands may be followed by scalar, sub, or i/o handle references for
redirecting child process input & output:

   run \@cmd,  \undef,            \$out;
   run \@cmd,  \$in,              \$out;
   run \@cmd1, \&in, '|', \@cmd2, \*OUT;
   run \@cmd1, \*IN, '|', \@cmd2, \&out;

This is known as succinct redirection syntax, since run(), start() and
harness(), figure out which file descriptor to redirect and how. File
descriptor 0 is presumed to be an input for the child process, all
others are outputs. The assumed file descriptor always starts at 0,
unless the command is being piped to, in which case it starts at 1.

To be explicit about your redirects, or if you need to do more complex
things, there's also a redirection operator syntax:

   run \@cmd, '<', \undef, '>',  \$out;
   run \@cmd, '<', \undef, '>&', \$out_and_err;
   run(
      \@cmd1,
         '<', \$in,
      '|', \@cmd2,
         \$out
   );

Operator syntax is required if you need to do something other than
simple redirection to/from scalars or subs, like duping or closing file
descriptors or redirecting to/from a named file. The operators are
covered in detail below.

After each \@cmd (or \&foo), parsing begins in succinct mode and toggles
to operator syntax mode when an operator (ie plain scalar, not a ref) is
seen. Once in operator syntax mode, parsing only reverts to succinct
mode when a '|' or '&' is seen.

In succinct mode, each parameter after the \@cmd specifies what to do
with the next highest file descriptor. These File descriptor start with
0 (stdin) unless stdin is being piped to ("'|', \@cmd"), in which case
they start with 1 (stdout). Currently, being on the left of a pipe
("\@cmd, \$out, \$err, '|'") does *not* cause stdout to be skipped,
though this may change since it's not as DWIMerly as it could be. Only
stdin is assumed to be an input in succinct mode, all others are assumed
to be outputs.

If no piping or redirection is specified for a child, it will inherit
the parent's open file handles as dictated by your system's
close-on-exec behavior and the $^F flag, except that processes after a
'&' will not inherit the parent's stdin. Also note that $^F does not
affect file desciptors obtained via POSIX, since it only applies to
full-fledged Perl file handles. Such processes will have their stdin
closed unless it has been redirected-to.

If you want to close a child processes stdin, you may do any of:

   run \@cmd, \undef;
   run \@cmd, \"";
   run \@cmd, '<&-';
   run \@cmd, '0<&-';

Redirection is done by placing redirection specifications immediately
after a command or child subroutine:

   run \@cmd1,      \$in, '|', \@cmd2,      \$out;
   run \@cmd1, '<', \$in, '|', \@cmd2, '>', \$out;

If you omit the redirection operators, descriptors are counted starting
at 0. Descriptor 0 is assumed to be input, all others are outputs. A
leading '|' consumes descriptor 0, so this works as expected.

   run \@cmd1, \$in, '|', \@cmd2, \$out;

The parameter following a redirection operator can be a scalar ref, a
subroutine ref, a file name, an open filehandle, or a closed filehandle.

If it's a scalar ref, the child reads input from or sends output to that
variable:

   $in = "Hello World.\n";
   run \@cat, \$in, \$out;
   print $out;

Scalars used in incremental (start()/pump()/finish()) applications are
treated as queues: input is removed from input scalers, resulting in
them dwindling to '', and output is appended to output scalars. This is
not true of harnesses run() in batch mode.

It's usually wise to append new input to be sent to the child to the
input queue, and you'll often want to zap output queues to '' before
pumping.

   $h = start \@cat, \$in;
   $in = "line 1\n";
   pump $h;
   $in .= "line 2\n";
   pump $h;
   $in .= "line 3\n";
   finish $h;

The final call to finish() must be there: it allows the child
process(es) to run to completion and waits for their exit values.

OBSTINATE CHILDREN Interactive applications are usually optimized for human use. This can help or hinder trying to interact with them through modules like IPC::Run. Frequently, programs alter their behavior when they detect that stdin, stdout, or stderr are not connected to a tty, assuming that they are being run in batch mode. Whether this helps or hurts depends on which optimizations change. And there's often no way of telling what a program does in these areas other than trial and error and, occasionally, reading the source. This includes different versions and implementations of the same program.

All hope is not lost, however. Most programs behave in reasonably
tractable manners, once you figure out what it's trying to do.

Here are some of the issues you might need to be aware of.

*   fflush()ing stdout and stderr

    This lets the user see stdout and stderr immediately. Many programs
    undo this optimization if stdout is not a tty, making them harder to
    manage by things like IPC::Run.

    Many programs decline to fflush stdout or stderr if they do not
    detect a tty there. Some ftp commands do this, for instance.

    If this happens to you, look for a way to force interactive
    behavior, like a command line switch or command. If you can't, you
    will need to use a pseudo terminal ('<pty<' and '>pty>').

*   false prompts

    Interactive programs generally do not guarantee that output from
    user commands won't contain a prompt string. For example, your shell
    prompt might be a '$', and a file named '$' might be the only file
    in a directory listing.

    This can make it hard to guarantee that your output parser won't be
    fooled into early termination of results.

    To help work around this, you can see if the program can alter it's
    prompt, and use something you feel is never going to occur in actual
    practice.

    You should also look for your prompt to be the only thing on a line:

       pump $h until $out =~ /^<SILLYPROMPT>\s?\z/m;

    (use "(?!\n)\Z" in place of "\z" on older perls).

    You can also take the approach that IPC::ChildSafe takes and emit a
    command with known output after each 'real' command you issue, then
    look for this known output. See new_appender() and new_chunker() for
    filters that can help with this task.

    If it's not convenient or possibly to alter a prompt or use a known
    command/response pair, you might need to autodetect the prompt in
    case the local version of the child program is different then the
    one you tested with, or if the user has control over the look & feel
    of the prompt.

*   Refusing to accept input unless stdin is a tty.

    Some programs, for security reasons, will only accept certain types
    of input from a tty. su, notable, will not prompt for a password
    unless it's connected to a tty.

    If this is your situation, use a pseudo terminal ('<pty<' and
    '>pty>').

*   Not prompting unless connected to a tty.

    Some programs don't prompt unless stdin or stdout is a tty. See if
    you can turn prompting back on. If not, see if you can come up with
    a command that you can issue after every real command and look for
    it's output, as IPC::ChildSafe does. There are two filters included
    with IPC::Run that can help with doing this: appender and chunker
    (see new_appender() and new_chunker()).

*   Different output format when not connected to a tty.

    Some commands alter their formats to ease machine parsability when
    they aren't connected to a pipe. This is actually good, but can be
    surprising.

PSEUDO TERMINALS On systems providing pseudo terminals under /dev, IPC::Run can use IO::Pty (available on CPAN) to provide a terminal environment to subprocesses. This is necessary when the subprocess really wants to think it's connected to a real terminal.

CAVEATS Psuedo-terminals are not pipes, though they are similar. Here are some differences to watch out for.

Echoing
    Sending to stdin will cause an echo on stdout, which occurs before
    each line is passed to the child program. There is currently no way
    to disable this, although the child process can and should disable
    it for things like passwords.

Shutdown
    IPC::Run cannot close a pty until all output has been collected.
    This means that it is not possible to send an EOF to stdin by
    half-closing the pty, as we can when using a pipe to stdin.

    This means that you need to send the child process an exit command
    or signal, or run() / finish() will time out. Be careful not to
    expect a prompt after sending the exit command.

Command line editing
    Some subprocesses, notable shells that depend on the user's prompt
    settings, will reissue the prompt plus the command line input so far
    once for each character.

'>pty>' means '&>pty>', not '1>pty>'
    The pseudo terminal redirects both stdout and stderr unless you
    specify a file descriptor. If you want to grab stderr separately, do
    this:

       start \@cmd, '<pty<', \$in, '>pty>', \$out, '2>', \$err;

stdin, stdout, and stderr not inherited
    Child processes harnessed to a pseudo terminal have their stdin,
    stdout, and stderr completely closed before any redirection
    operators take effect. This casts of the bonds of the controlling
    terminal. This is not done when using pipes.

    Right now, this affects all children in a harness that has a pty in
    use, even if that pty would not affect a particular child. That's a
    bug and will be fixed. Until it is, it's best not to mix-and-match
    children.

Redirection Operators Operator SHNP Description ======== ==== =========== <, N< SHN Redirects input to a child's fd N (0 assumed)

   >, N>          SHN    Redirects output from a child's fd N (1 assumed)
   >>, N>>        SHN    Like '>', but appends to scalars or named files
   >&, &>         SHN    Redirects stdout & stderr from a child process

   <pty, N<pty    S      Like '<', but uses a pseudo-tty instead of a pipe
   >pty, N>pty    S      Like '>', but uses a pseudo-tty instead of a pipe

   N<&M                  Dups input fd N to input fd M
   M>&N                  Dups output fd N to input fd M
   N<&-                  Closes fd N

   <pipe, N<pipe     P   Pipe opens H for caller to read, write, close.
   >pipe, N>pipe     P   Pipe opens H for caller to read, write, close.

'N' and 'M' are placeholders for integer file descriptor numbers. The
terms 'input' and 'output' are from the child process's perspective.

The SHNP field indicates what parameters an operator can take:

   S: \$scalar or \&function references.  Filters may be used with
      these operators (and only these).
   H: \*HANDLE or IO::Handle for caller to open, and close
   N: "file name".
   P: \*HANDLE opened by IPC::Run as the parent end of a pipe, but read
      and written to and closed by the caller (like IPC::Open3).

Redirecting input: [n]<, [n]<pipe
    You can input the child reads on file descriptor number n to come
    from a scalar variable, subroutine, file handle, or a named file. If
    stdin is not redirected, the parent's stdin is inherited.

       run \@cat, \undef          ## Closes child's stdin immediately
          or die "cat returned $?"; 

       run \@cat, \$in;

       run \@cat, \<<TOHERE;
       blah
       TOHERE

       run \@cat, \&input;       ## Calls &input, feeding data returned
                                  ## to child's.  Closes child's stdin
                                  ## when undef is returned.

    Redirecting from named files requires you to use the input
    redirection operator:

       run \@cat, '<.profile';
       run \@cat, '<', '.profile';

       open IN, "<foo";
       run \@cat, \*IN;
       run \@cat, *IN{IO};

    The form used second example here is the safest, since filenames
    like "0" and "&more\n" won't confuse &run:

    You can't do either of

       run \@a, *IN;      ## INVALID
       run \@a, '<', *IN; ## BUGGY: Reads file named like "*main::A"

    because perl passes a scalar containing a string that looks like
    "*main::A" to &run, and &run can't tell the difference between that
    and a redirection operator or a file name. &run guarantees that any
    scalar you pass after a redirection operator is a file name.

    If your child process will take input from file descriptors other
    than 0 (stdin), you can use a redirection operator with any of the
    valid input forms (scalar ref, sub ref, etc.):

       run \@cat, '3<', \$in3;

    When redirecting input from a scalar ref, the scalar ref is used as
    a queue. This allows you to use &harness and pump() to feed
    incremental bits of input to a coprocess. See "Coprocesses" below
    for more information.

    The <pipe operator opens the write half of a pipe on the filehandle
    glob reference it takes as an argument:

       $h = start \@cat, '<pipe', \*IN;
       print IN "hello world\n";
       pump $h;
       close IN;
       finish $h;

    Unlike the other '<' operators, IPC::Run does nothing further with
    it: you are responsible for it. The previous example is functionally
    equivalent to:

       pipe( \*R, \*IN ) or die $!;
       $h = start \@cat, '<', \*IN;
       print IN "hello world\n";
       pump $h;
       close IN;
       finish $h;

    This is like the behavior of IPC::Open2 and IPC::Open3.

    Win32: The handle returned is actually a socket handle, so you can
    use select() on it.

Redirecting output: [n]>, [n]>>, [n]>&[m], [n]>pipe
    You can redirect any output the child emits to a scalar variable,
    subroutine, file handle, or file name. You can have &run truncate or
    append to named files or scalars. If you are redirecting stdin as
    well, or if the command is on the receiving end of a pipeline ('|'),
    you can omit the redirection operator:

       @ls = ( 'ls' );
       run \@ls, \undef, \$out
          or die "ls returned $?"; 

       run \@ls, \undef, \&out;  ## Calls &out each time some output
                                  ## is received from the child's 
                                  ## when undef is returned.

       run \@ls, \undef, '2>ls.err';
       run \@ls, '2>', 'ls.err';

    The two parameter form guarantees that the filename will not be
    interpreted as a redirection operator:

       run \@ls, '>', "&more";
       run \@ls, '2>', ">foo\n";

    You can pass file handles you've opened for writing:

       open( *OUT, ">out.txt" );
       open( *ERR, ">err.txt" );
       run \@cat, \*OUT, \*ERR;

    Passing a scalar reference and a code reference requires a little
    more work, but allows you to capture all of the output in a scalar
    or each piece of output by a callback:

    These two do the same things:

       run( [ 'ls' ], '2>', sub { $err_out .= $_[0] } );

    does the same basic thing as:

       run( [ 'ls' ], '2>', \$err_out );

    The subroutine will be called each time some data is read from the
    child.

    The >pipe operator is different in concept than the other '>'
    operators, although it's syntax is similar:

       $h = start \@cat, $in, '>pipe', \*OUT, '2>pipe', \*ERR;
       $in = "hello world\n";
       finish $h;
       print <OUT>;
       print <ERR>;
       close OUT;
       close ERR;

    causes two pipe to be created, with one end attached to cat's stdout
    and stderr, respectively, and the other left open on OUT and ERR, so
    that the script can manually read(), select(), etc. on them. This is
    like the behavior of IPC::Open2 and IPC::Open3.

    Win32: The handle returned is actually a socket handle, so you can
    use select() on it.

Duplicating output descriptors: >&m, n>&m
    This duplicates output descriptor number n (default is 1 if n is
    omitted) from descriptor number m.

Duplicating input descriptors: <&m, n<&m
    This duplicates input descriptor number n (default is 0 if n is
    omitted) from descriptor number m

Closing descriptors: <&-, 3<&-
    This closes descriptor number n (default is 0 if n is omitted). The
    following commands are equivalent:

       run \@cmd, \undef;
       run \@cmd, '<&-';
       run \@cmd, '<in.txt', '<&-';

    Doing

       run \@cmd, \$in, '<&-';    ## SIGPIPE recipe.

    is dangerous: the parent will get a SIGPIPE if $in is not empty.

Redirecting both stdout and stderr: &>, >&, &>pipe, >pipe&
    The following pairs of commands are equivalent:

       run \@cmd, '>&', \$out;       run \@cmd, '>', \$out,     '2>&1';
       run \@cmd, '>&', 'out.txt';   run \@cmd, '>', 'out.txt', '2>&1';

    etc.

    File descriptor numbers are not permitted to the left or the right
    of these operators, and the '&' may occur on either end of the
    operator.

    The '&>pipe' and '>pipe&' variants behave like the '>pipe' operator,
    except that both stdout and stderr write to the created pipe.

Redirection Filters
    Both input redirections and output redirections that use scalars or
    subs as endpoints may have an arbitrary number of filter subs placed
    between them and the child process. This is useful if you want to
    receive output in chunks, or if you want to massage each chunk of
    data sent to the child. To use this feature, you must use operator
    syntax:

       run(
          \@cmd
             '<', \&in_filter_2, \&in_filter_1, $in,
             '>', \&out_filter_1, \&in_filter_2, $out,
       );

    This capability is not provided for IO handles or named files.

    Two filters are provided by IPC::Run: appender and chunker. Because
    these may take an argument, you need to use the constructor
    functions new_appender() and new_chunker() rather than using \&
    syntax:

       run(
          \@cmd
             '<', new_appender( "\n" ), $in,
             '>', new_chunker, $out,
       );

Just doing I/O If you just want to do I/O to a handle or file you open yourself, you may specify a filehandle or filename instead of a command in the harness specification:

   run io( "filename", '>', \$recv );

   $h = start io( $io, '>', \$recv );

   $h = harness \@cmd, '&', io( "file", '<', \$send );

Options Options are passed in as name/value pairs:

   run \@cat, \$in, debug => 1;

If you pass the debug option, you may want to pass it in first, so you
can see what parsing is going on:

   run debug => 1, \@cat, \$in;

debug
    Enables debugging output in parent and child. Debugging info is
    emitted to the STDERR that was present when IPC::Run was first
    "use()"ed (it's "dup()"ed out of the way so that it can be
    redirected in children without having debugging output emitted on
    it).

RETURN VALUES harness() and start() return a reference to an IPC::Run harness. This is blessed in to the IPC::Run package, so you may make later calls to functions as members if you like:

   $h = harness( ... );
   $h->start;
   $h->pump;
   $h->finish;

   $h = start( .... );
   $h->pump;
   ...

Of course, using method call syntax lets you deal with any IPC::Run
subclasses that might crop up, but don't hold your breath waiting for
any.

run() and finish() return TRUE when all subcommands exit with a 0 result
code. This is the opposite of perl's system() command.

All routines raise exceptions (via die()) when error conditions are
recognized. A non-zero command result is not treated as an error
condition, since some commands are tests whose results are reported in
their exit codes.

ROUTINES run Run takes a harness or harness specification and runs it, pumping all input to the child(ren), closing the input pipes when no more input is available, collecting all output that arrives, until the pipes delivering output are closed, then waiting for the children to exit and reaping their result codes.

    You may think of "run( ... )" as being like

       start( ... )->finish();

    , though there is one subtle difference: run() does not set
    \$input_scalars to '' like finish() does. If an exception is thrown
    from run(), all children will be killed off "gently", and then
    "annihilated" if they do not go gently (in to that dark night.
    sorry).

    If any exceptions are thrown, this does a "kill_kill" before
    propogating them.

signal
       ## To send it a specific signal by name ("USR1"):
       signal $h, "USR1";
       $h->signal ( "USR1" );

    If $signal is provided and defined, sends a signal to all child
    processes. Try not to send numeric signals, use "KILL" instead of 9,
    for instance. Numeric signals aren't portable.

    Throws an exception if $signal is undef.

    This will *not* clean up the harness, "finish" it if you kill it.

    Normally TERM kills a process gracefully (this is what the command
    line utility "kill" does by default), INT is sent by one of the keys
    "^C", "Backspace" or "<Del>", and "QUIT" is used to kill a process
    and make it coredump.

    The "HUP" signal is often used to get a process to "restart",
    rereading config files, and "USR1" and "USR2" for really
    application-specific things.

    Often, running "kill -l" (that's a lower case "L") on the command
    line will list the signals present on your operating system.

    WARNING: The signal subsystem is not at all portable. We *may* offer
    to simulate "TERM" and "KILL" on some operating systems, submit code
    to me if you want this.

    WARNING 2: Up to and including perl v5.6.1, doing almost anything in
    a signal handler could be dangerous. The most safe code avoids all
    mallocs and system calls, usually by preallocating a flag before
    entering the signal handler, altering the flag's value in the
    handler, and responding to the changed value in the main system:

       my $got_usr1 = 0;
       sub usr1_handler { ++$got_signal }

       $SIG{USR1} = \&usr1_handler;
       while () { sleep 1; print "GOT IT" while $got_usr1--; }

    Even this approach is perilous if ++ and -- aren't atomic on your
    system (I've never heard of this on any modern CPU large enough to
    run perl).

kill_kill
       ## To kill off a process:
       $h->kill_kill;
       kill_kill $h;

       ## To specify the grace period other than 30 seconds:
       kill_kill $h, grace => 5;

       ## To send QUIT instead of KILL if a process refuses to die:
       kill_kill $h, coup_d_grace => "QUIT";

    Sends a "TERM", waits for all children to exit for up to 30 seconds,
    then sends a "KILL" to any that survived the "TERM".

    Will wait for up to 30 more seconds for the OS to sucessfully "KILL"
    the processes.

    The 30 seconds may be overriden by setting the "grace" option, this
    overrides both timers.

    The harness is then cleaned up.

    The doubled name indicates that this function may kill again and
    avoids colliding with the core Perl "kill" function.

    Returns a 1 if the "TERM" was sufficient, or a 0 if "KILL" was
    required. Throws an exception if "KILL" did not permit the children
    to be reaped.

    NOTE: The grace period is actually up to 1 second longer than that
    given. This is because the granularity of "time" is 1 second. Let me
    know if you need finer granularity, we can leverage Time::HiRes
    here.

    Win32: Win32 does not know how to send real signals, so "TERM" is a
    full-force kill on Win32. Thus all talk of grace periods, etc. do
    not apply to Win32.

harness
    Takes a harness specification and returns a harness. This harness is
    blessed in to IPC::Run, allowing you to use method call syntax for
    run(), start(), et al if you like.

    harness() is provided so that you can pre-build harnesses if you
    would like to, but it's not required..

    You may proceed to run(), start() or pump() after calling harness()
    (pump() calls start() if need be). Alternatively, you may pass your
    harness specification to run() or start() and let them harness() for
    you. You can't pass harness specifications to pump(), though.

close_terminal
    This is used as (or in) an init sub to cast off the bonds of a
    controlling terminal. It must precede all other redirection ops that
    affect STDIN, STDOUT, or STDERR to be guaranteed effective.

start
       $h = start(
          \@cmd, \$in, \$out, ...,
          timeout( 30, name => "process timeout" ),
          $stall_timeout = timeout( 10, name => "stall timeout"   ),
       );

       $h = start \@cmd, '<', \$in, '|', \@cmd2, ...;

    start() accepts a harness or harness specification and returns a
    harness after building all of the pipes and launching (via
    fork()/exec(), or, maybe someday, spawn()) all the child processes.
    It does not send or receive any data on the pipes, see pump() and
    finish() for that.

    You may call harness() and then pass it's result to start() if you
    like, but you only need to if it helps you structure or tune your
    application. If you do call harness(), you may skip start() and
    proceed directly to pump.

    start() also starts all timers in the harness. See IPC::Run::Timer
    for more information.

    start() flushes STDOUT and STDERR to help you avoid duplicate
    output. It has no way of asking Perl to flush all your open
    filehandles, so you are going to need to flush any others you have
    open. Sorry.

    Here's how if you don't want to alter the state of $| for your
    filehandle:

       $ofh = select HANDLE; $of = $|; $| = 1; $| = $of; select $ofh;

    If you don't mind leaving output unbuffered on HANDLE, you can do
    the slightly shorter

       $ofh = select HANDLE; $| = 1; select $ofh;

    Or, you can use IO::Handle's flush() method:

       use IO::Handle;
       flush HANDLE;

    Perl needs the equivalent of C's fflush( (FILE *)NULL ).

pump
       pump $h;
       $h->pump;

    Pump accepts a single parameter harness. It blocks until it delivers
    some input or recieves some output. It returns TRUE if there is
    still input or output to be done, FALSE otherwise.

    pump() will automatically call start() if need be, so you may call
    harness() then proceed to pump() if that helps you structure your
    application.

    If pump() is called after all harnessed activities have completed, a
    "process ended prematurely" exception to be thrown. This allows for
    simple scripting of external applications without having to add lots
    of error handling code at each step of the script:

       $h = harness \@smbclient, \$in, \$out, $err;

       $in = "cd /foo\n";
       $h->pump until $out =~ /^smb.*> \Z/m;
       die "error cding to /foo:\n$out" if $out =~ "ERR";
       $out = '';

       $in = "mget *\n";
       $h->pump until $out =~ /^smb.*> \Z/m;
       die "error retrieving files:\n$out" if $out =~ "ERR";

       $h->finish;

       warn $err if $err;

pump_nb
       pump_nb $h;
       $h->pump_nb;

    "pump() non-blocking", pumps if anything's ready to be pumped,
    returns immediately otherwise. This is useful if you're doing some
    long-running task in the foreground, but don't want to starve any
    child processes.

pumpable
    Returns TRUE if calling pump() won't throw an immediate "process
    ended prematurely" exception. This means that there are open I/O
    channels or active processes. May yield the parent processes' time
    slice for 0.01 second if all pipes are to the child and all are
    paused. In this case we can't tell if the child is dead, so we yield
    the processor and then attempt to reap the child in a nonblocking
    way.

reap_nb
    Attempts to reap child processes, but does not block.

    Does not currently take any parameters, one day it will allow
    specific children to be reaped.

    Only call this from a signal handler if your "perl" is recent enough
    to have safe signal handling (5.6.1 did not, IIRC, but it was beign
    discussed on perl5-porters). Calling this (or doing any significant
    work) in a signal handler on older "perl"s is asking for seg faults.

finish
    This must be called after the last start() or pump() call for a
    harness, or your system will accumulate defunct processes and you
    may "leak" file descriptors.

    finish() returns TRUE if all children returned 0 (and were not
    signaled and did not coredump, ie ! $?), and FALSE otherwise (this
    is like run(), and the opposite of system()).

    Once a harness has been finished, it may be run() or start()ed
    again, including by pump()s auto-start.

    If this throws an exception rather than a normal exit, the harness
    may be left in an unstable state, it's best to kill the harness to
    get rid of all the child processes, etc.

    Specifically, if a timeout expires in finish(), finish() will not
    kill all the children. Call "<$h-"kill_kill>> in this case if you
    care. This differs from the behavior of "run".

result
       $h->result;

    Returns the first non-zero result code (ie $? >> 8). See
    "full_result" to get the $? value for a child process.

    To get the result of a particular child, do:

       $h->result( 0 );  # first child's $? >> 8
       $h->result( 1 );  # second child

    or

       ($h->results)[0]
       ($h->results)[1]

    Returns undef if no child processes were spawned and no child number
    was specified. Throws an exception if an out-of-range child number
    is passed.

results
    Returns a list of child exit values. See "full_results" if you want
    to know if a signal killed the child.

    Throws an exception if the harness is not in a finished state.

full_result
       $h->full_result;

    Returns the first non-zero $?. See "result" to get the first $? >> 8
    value for a child process.

    To get the result of a particular child, do:

       $h->full_result( 0 );  # first child's $? >> 8
       $h->full_result( 1 );  # second child

    or

       ($h->full_results)[0]
       ($h->full_results)[1]

    Returns undef if no child processes were spawned and no child number
    was specified. Throws an exception if an out-of-range child number
    is passed.

full_results
    Returns a list of child exit values as returned by "wait". See
    "results" if you don't care about coredumps or signals.

    Throws an exception if the harness is not in a finished state.

FILTERS These filters are used to modify input our output between a child process and a scalar or subroutine endpoint.

binary
       run \@cmd, ">", binary, \$out;
       run \@cmd, ">", binary, \$out;  ## Any TRUE value to enable
       run \@cmd, ">", binary 0, \$out;  ## Any FALSE value to disable

    This is a constructor for a "binmode" "filter" that tells IPC::Run
    to keep the carriage returns that would ordinarily be edited out for
    you (binmode is usually off). This is not a real filter, but an
    option masquerading as a filter.

    It's not named "binmode" because you're likely to want to call
    Perl's binmode in programs that are piping binary data around.

new_chunker
    This breaks a stream of data in to chunks, based on an optional
    scalar or regular expression parameter. The default is the Perl
    input record separator in $/, which is a newline be default.

       run \@cmd, '>', new_chunker, \&lines_handler;
       run \@cmd, '>', new_chunker( "\r\n" ), \&lines_handler;

    Because this uses $/ by default, you should always pass in a
    parameter if you are worried about other code (modules, etc)
    modifying $/.

    If this filter is last in a filter chain that dumps in to a scalar,
    the scalar must be set to '' before a new chunk will be written to
    it.

    As an example of how a filter like this can be written, here's a
    chunker that splits on newlines:

       sub line_splitter {
          my ( $in_ref, $out_ref ) = @_;

          return 0 if length $$out_ref;

          return input_avail && do {
             while (1) {
                if ( $$in_ref =~ s/\A(.*?\n)// ) {
                   $$out_ref .= $1;
                   return 1;
                }
                my $hmm = get_more_input;
                unless ( defined $hmm ) {
                   $$out_ref = $$in_ref;
                   $$in_ref = '';
                   return length $$out_ref ? 1 : 0;
                }
                return 0 if $hmm eq 0;
             }
          }
       };

new_appender
    This appends a fixed string to each chunk of data read from the
    source scalar or sub. This might be useful if you're writing
    commands to a child process that always must end in a fixed string,
    like "\n":

       run( \@cmd,
          '<', new_appender( "\n" ), \&commands,
       );

    Here's a typical filter sub that might be created by new_appender():

       sub newline_appender {
          my ( $in_ref, $out_ref ) = @_;

          return input_avail && do {
             $$out_ref = join( '', $$out_ref, $$in_ref, "\n" );
             $$in_ref = '';
             1;
          }
       };

io  Takes a filename or filehandle, a redirection operator, optional
    filters, and a source or destination (depends on the redirection
    operator). Returns an IPC::Run::IO object suitable for harness()ing
    (including via start() or run()).

    This is shorthand for

       require IPC::Run::IO;

          ... IPC::Run::IO->new(...) ...

timer
       $h = start( \@cmd, \$in, \$out, $t = timer( 5 ) );

       pump $h until $out =~ /expected stuff/ || $t->is_expired;

    Instantiates a non-fatal timer. pump() returns once each time a
    timer expires. Has no direct effect on run(), but you can pass a
    subroutine to fire when the timer expires.

    See "timeout" for building timers that throw exceptions on
    expiration.

    See "timer" in IPC::Run::Timer for details.

timeout
       $h = start( \@cmd, \$in, \$out, $t = timeout( 5 ) );

       pump $h until $out =~ /expected stuff/;

    Instantiates a timer that throws an exception when it expires. If
    you don't provide an exception, a default exception that matches
    /^IPC::Run: .*timed out/ is thrown by default. You can pass in your
    own exception scalar or reference:

       $h = start(
          \@cmd, \$in, \$out,
          $t = timeout( 5, exception => 'slowpoke' ),
       );

    or set the name used in debugging message and in the default
    exception string:

       $h = start(
          \@cmd, \$in, \$out,
          timeout( 50, name => 'process timer' ),
          $stall_timer = timeout( 5, name => 'stall timer' ),
       );

       pump $h until $out =~ /started/;

       $in = 'command 1';
       $stall_timer->start;
       pump $h until $out =~ /command 1 finished/;

       $in = 'command 2';
       $stall_timer->start;
       pump $h until $out =~ /command 2 finished/;

       $in = 'very slow command 3';
       $stall_timer->start( 10 );
       pump $h until $out =~ /command 3 finished/;

       $stall_timer->start( 5 );
       $in = 'command 4';
       pump $h until $out =~ /command 4 finished/;

       $stall_timer->reset; # Prevent restarting or expirng
       finish $h;

    See "timer" for building non-fatal timers.

    See "timer" in IPC::Run::Timer for details.

FILTER IMPLEMENTATION FUNCTIONS These functions are for use from within filters.

input_avail
    Returns TRUE if input is available. If none is available, then
    &get_more_input is called and its result is returned.

    This is usually used in preference to &get_more_input so that the
    calling filter removes all data from the $in_ref before more data
    gets read in to $in_ref.

    "input_avail" is usually used as part of a return expression:

       return input_avail && do {
          ## process the input just gotten
          1;
       };

    This technique allows input_avail to return the undef or 0 that a
    filter normally returns when there's no input to process. If a
    filter stores intermediate values, however, it will need to react to
    an undef:

       my $got = input_avail;
       if ( ! defined $got ) {
          ## No more input ever, flush internal buffers to $out_ref
       }
       return $got unless $got;
       ## Got some input, move as much as need be
       return 1 if $added_to_out_ref;

get_more_input
    This is used to fetch more input in to the input variable. It
    returns undef if there will never be any more input, 0 if there is
    none now, but there might be in the future, and TRUE if more input
    was gotten.

    "get_more_input" is usually used as part of a return expression, see
    "input_avail" for more information.

TODO These will be addressed as needed and as time allows.

Stall timeout.

Expose a list of child process objects. When I do this, each child
process is likely to be blessed into IPC::Run::Proc.

$kid->abort(), $kid->kill(), $kid->signal( $num_or_name ).

Write tests for /(full_)?results?/ subs.

Currently, pump() and run() only work on systems where select() works on
the filehandles returned by pipe(). This does *not* include ActiveState
on Win32, although it does work on cygwin under Win32 (thought the tests
whine a bit). I'd like to rectify that, suggestions and patches welcome.

Likewise start() only fully works on fork()/exec() machines (well, just
fork() if you only ever pass perl subs as subprocesses). There's some
scaffolding for calling Open3::spawn_with_handles(), but that's
untested, and not that useful with limited select().

Support for "\@sub_cmd" as an argument to a command which gets replaced
with /dev/fd or the name of a temporary file containing foo's output.
This is like <(sub_cmd ...) found in bash and csh (IIRC).

Allow multiple harnesses to be combined as independant sets of processes
in to one 'meta-harness'.

Allow a harness to be passed in place of an \@cmd. This would allow
multiple harnesses to be aggregated.

Ability to add external file descriptors w/ filter chains and endpoints.

Ability to add timeouts and timing generators (i.e. repeating timeouts).

High resolution timeouts.

Win32 LIMITATIONS Fails on Win9X If you want Win9X support, you'll have to debug it or fund me because I don't use that system any more. The Win32 subsysem has been extended to use temporary files in simple run() invocations and these may actually work on Win9X too, but I don't have time to work on it.

May deadlock on Win2K (but not WinNT4 or WinXPPro)
    Spawning more than one subprocess on Win2K causes a deadlock I
    haven't figured out yet, but simple uses of run() often work. Passes
    all tests on WinXPPro and WinNT.

no support yet for <pty< and >pty>
    These are likely to be implemented as "<" and ">" with binmode on,
    not sure.

no support for file descriptors higher than 2 (stderr)
    Win32 only allows passing explicit fds 0, 1, and 2. If you really,
    really need to pass file handles, us Win32API:: GetOsFHandle() or
    ::FdGetOsFHandle() to get the integer handle and pass it to the
    child process using the command line, environment, stdin,
    intermediary file, or other IPC mechnism. Then use that handle in
    the child (Win32API.pm provides ways to reconstitute Perl file
    handles from Win32 file handles).

no support for subroutine subprocesses (CODE refs)
    Can't fork(), so the subroutines would have no context, and closures
    certainly have no meaning

    Perhaps with Win32 fork() emulation, this can be supported in a
    limited fashion, but there are other very serious problems with
    that: all parent fds get dup()ed in to the thread emulating the
    forked process, and that keeps the parent from being able to close
    all of the appropriate fds.

no support for init => sub {} routines.
    Win32 processes are created from scratch, there is no way to do an
    init routine that will affect the running child. Some limited
    support might be implemented one day, do chdir() and %ENV changes
    can be made.

signals
    Win32 does not fully support signals. signal() is likely to cause
    errors unless sending a signal that Perl emulates, and "kill_kill()"
    is immediately fatal (there is no grace period).

helper processes
    IPC::Run uses helper processes, one per redirected file, to adapt
    between the anonymous pipe connected to the child and the TCP socket
    connected to the parent. This is a waste of resources and will
    change in the future to either use threads (instead of helper
    processes) or a WaitForMultipleObjects call (instead of select).
    Please contact me if you can help with the WaitForMultipleObjects()
    approach; I haven't figured out how to get at it without C code.

shutdown pause
    There seems to be a pause of up to 1 second between when a child
    program exits and the corresponding sockets indicate that they are
    closed in the parent. Not sure why.

binmode
    binmode is not supported yet. The underpinnings are implemented,
    just ask if you need it.

IPC::Run::IO
    IPC::Run::IO objects can be used on Unix to read or write arbitrary
    files. On Win32, they will need to use the same helper processes to
    adapt from non-select()able filehandles to select()able ones (or
    perhaps WaitForMultipleObjects() will work with them, not sure).

startup race conditions
    There seems to be an occasional race condition between child process
    startup and pipe closings. It seems like if the child is not fully
    created by the time CreateProcess returns and we close the TCP
    socket being handed to it, the parent socket can also get closed.
    This is seen with the Win32 pumper applications, not the "real"
    child process being spawned.

    I assume this is because the kernel hasn't gotten around to
    incrementing the reference count on the child's end (since the child
    was slow in starting), so the parent's closing of the child end
    causes the socket to be closed, thus closing the parent socket.

    Being a race condition, it's hard to reproduce, but I encountered it
    while testing this code on a drive share to a samba box. In this
    case, it takes t/run.t a long time to spawn it's chile processes
    (the parent hangs in the first select for several seconds until the
    child emits any debugging output).

    I have not seen it on local drives, and can't reproduce it at will,
    unfortunately. The symptom is a "bad file descriptor in select()"
    error, and, by turning on debugging, it's possible to see that
    select() is being called on a no longer open file descriptor that
    was returned from the _socket() routine in Win32Helper. There's a
    new confess() that checks for this ("PARENT_HANDLE no longer open"),
    but I haven't been able to reproduce it (typically).

LIMITATIONS On Unix, requires a system that supports "waitpid( $pid, WNOHANG )" so it can tell if a child process is still running.

PTYs don't seem to be non-blocking on some versions of Solaris. Here's a
test script contributed by Borislav Deianov <borislav@ensim.com> to see
if you have the problem. If it dies, you have the problem.

   #!/usr/bin/perl

   use IPC::Run qw(run);
   use Fcntl;
   use IO::Pty;

   sub makecmd {
       return ['perl', '-e', 
               '<STDIN>, print "\n" x '.$_[0].'; while(<STDIN>){last if /end/}'];
   }

   #pipe R, W;
   #fcntl(W, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
   #while (syswrite(W, "\n", 1)) { $pipebuf++ };
   #print "pipe buffer size is $pipebuf\n";
   my $pipebuf=4096;
   my $in = "\n" x ($pipebuf * 2) . "end\n";
   my $out;

   $SIG{ALRM} = sub { die "Never completed!\n" };

   print "reading from scalar via pipe...";
   alarm( 2 );
   run(makecmd($pipebuf * 2), '<', \$in, '>', \$out);
   alarm( 0 );
   print "done\n";

   print "reading from code via pipe... ";
   alarm( 2 );
   run(makecmd($pipebuf * 3), '<', sub { $t = $in; undef $in; $t}, '>', \$out);
   alarm( 0 );
   print "done\n";

   $pty = IO::Pty->new();
   $pty->blocking(0);
   $slave = $pty->slave();
   while ($pty->syswrite("\n", 1)) { $ptybuf++ };
   print "pty buffer size is $ptybuf\n";
   $in = "\n" x ($ptybuf * 3) . "end\n";

   print "reading via pty... ";
   alarm( 2 );
   run(makecmd($ptybuf * 3), '<pty<', \$in, '>', \$out);
   alarm(0);
   print "done\n";

No support for ';', '&&', '||', '{ ... }', etc: use perl's, since run()
returns TRUE when the command exits with a 0 result code.

Does not provide shell-like string interpolation.

No support for "cd", "setenv", or "export": do these in an init() sub

   run(
      \cmd,
         ...
         init => sub {
            chdir $dir or die $!;
            $ENV{FOO}='BAR'
         }
   );

Timeout calculation does not allow absolute times, or specification of
days, months, etc.

WARNING: Function coprocesses ("run \&foo, ...") suffer from two
limitations. The first is that it is difficult to close all filehandles
the child inherits from the parent, since there is no way to scan all
open FILEHANDLEs in Perl and it both painful and a bit dangerous to
close all open file descriptors with "POSIX::close()". Painful because
we can't tell which fds are open at the POSIX level, either, so we'd
have to scan all possible fds and close any that we don't want open
(normally "exec()" closes any non-inheritable but we don't "exec()" for
&sub processes.

The second problem is that Perl's DESTROY subs and other on-exit cleanup
gets run in the child process. If objects are instantiated in the parent
before the child is forked, the the DESTROY will get run once in the
parent and once in the child. When coprocess subs exit, POSIX::exit is
called to work around this, but it means that objects that are still
referred to at that time are not cleaned up. So setting package vars or
closure vars to point to objects that rely on DESTROY to affect things
outside the process (files, etc), will lead to bugs.

I goofed on the syntax: "<pipe" vs. "<pty<" and ">filename" are both
oddities.

TODO Allow one harness to "adopt" another: $new_h = harness @cmd2; $h->adopt( $new_h );

Close all filehandles not explicitly marked to stay open.
    The problem with this one is that there's no good way to scan all
    open FILEHANDLEs in Perl, yet you don't want child processes
    inheriting handles willy-nilly.

INSPIRATION Well, select() and waitpid() badly needed wrapping, and open3() isn't open-minded enough for me.

The shell-like API inspired by a message Russ Allbery sent to
perl5-porters, which included:

   I've thought for some time that it would be
   nice to have a module that could handle full Bourne shell pipe syntax
   internally, with fork and exec, without ever invoking a shell.  Something
   that you could give things like:

   pipeopen (PIPE, [ qw/cat file/ ], '|', [ 'analyze', @args ], '>&3');

Message ylln51p2b6.fsf@windlord.stanford.edu, on 2000/02/04.

SUPPORT Bugs should always be submitted via the CPAN bug tracker

<http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/ReportBug.html?Queue=IPC-Run>

For other issues, contact the maintainer (the first listed author)

AUTHORS Adam Kennedy adamk@cpan.org

Barrie Slaymaker <barries@slaysys.com>

COPYRIGHT Some parts copyright 2008 - 2009 Adam Kennedy.

Copyright 1999 Barrie Slaymaker.

You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.