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[Docs] Update project readme
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 - Remove mention of react-a11y from the file
 - Add recommendation to use jsx-a11y together with @axe-core/react
 - Add recommendation to complement automated tools with manual testing

Fixes #829.
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@uncommon-type @ljharb
uncommon-type authored and ljharb committed Feb 15, 2022
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109 changes: 55 additions & 54 deletions README.md
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Expand Up @@ -26,16 +26,13 @@

Static AST checker for accessibility rules on JSX elements.



#### *Read this in [other languages](https://github.com/ari-os310/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/translations/Translations.md).*
#### _Read this in [other languages](https://github.com/ari-os310/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/translations/Translations.md)._

[Mexican Spanish🇲🇽](https://github.com/ari-os310/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/translations/README.mx.md)

## Why?
Ryan Florence built out this awesome runtime-analysis tool called [react-a11y](https://github.com/reactjs/react-a11y). It is super useful. However, since you're probably already using linting in your project, this plugin comes for free and closer to the actual development process. Pairing this plugin with an editor lint plugin, you can bake accessibility standards into your application in real-time.

**Note**: This project does not *replace* react-a11y, but can and should be used in conjunction with it. Static analysis tools cannot determine values of variables that are being placed in props before runtime, so linting will not fail if that value is undefined and/or does not pass the lint rule.
This plugin does a static evaluation of the JSX to spot accessibility issues in React apps. Because it only catches errors in static code, use it in combination with [@axe-core/react](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core-npm/tree/develop/packages/react) to test the accessibility of the rendered DOM. Consider these tools just as one step of a larger a11y testing process and always test your apps with assistive technology.

## Installation

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -69,13 +66,10 @@ Add `jsx-a11y` to the plugins section of your `.eslintrc` configuration file. Yo

```json
{
"plugins": [
"jsx-a11y"
]
"plugins": ["jsx-a11y"]
}
```


Then configure the rules you want to use under the rules section.

```json
Expand All @@ -91,9 +85,7 @@ Add `plugin:jsx-a11y/recommended` or `plugin:jsx-a11y/strict` in `extends`:

```json
{
"extends": [
"plugin:jsx-a11y/recommended"
]
"extends": ["plugin:jsx-a11y/recommended"]
}
```

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -135,45 +127,45 @@ Add `plugin:jsx-a11y/recommended` or `plugin:jsx-a11y/strict` in `extends`:

### Rule strictness in different modes

Rule | Recommended | Strict
------------ | ------------- | -------------
[alt-text](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/alt-text.md) | error | error
[anchor-has-content](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/anchor-has-content.md) | error | error
[anchor-is-valid](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/anchor-is-valid.md) | error | error
[aria-activedescendant-has-tabindex](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/aria-activedescendant-has-tabindex.md) | error | error
[aria-props](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/aria-props.md) | error | error
[aria-proptypes](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/aria-proptypes.md) | error | error
[aria-role](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/aria-role.md) | error | error
[aria-unsupported-elements](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/aria-unsupported-elements.md) | error | error
[autocomplete-valid](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/autocomplete-valid.md) | error | error
[click-events-have-key-events](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/click-events-have-key-events.md) | error | error
[heading-has-content](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/heading-has-content.md) | error | error
[html-has-lang](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/html-has-lang.md) | error | error
[iframe-has-title](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/iframe-has-title.md) | error | error
[img-redundant-alt](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/img-redundant-alt.md) | error | error
[interactive-supports-focus](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/interactive-supports-focus.md) | error | error
[label-has-associated-control](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/label-has-associated-control.md) | error | error
[media-has-caption](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/media-has-caption.md) | error | error
[mouse-events-have-key-events](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/mouse-events-have-key-events.md) | error | error
[no-access-key](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-access-key.md) | error | error
[no-autofocus](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-autofocus.md) | error | error
[no-distracting-elements](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-distracting-elements.md) | error | error
[no-interactive-element-to-noninteractive-role](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-interactive-element-to-noninteractive-role.md) | error, with options | error
[no-noninteractive-element-interactions](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-noninteractive-element-interactions.md) | error, with options | error
[no-noninteractive-element-to-interactive-role](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-noninteractive-element-to-interactive-role.md) | error, with options | error
[no-noninteractive-tabindex](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-noninteractive-tabindex.md) | error, with options | error
[no-onchange](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-onchange.md) | error | error
[no-redundant-roles](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-redundant-roles.md) | error | error
[no-static-element-interactions](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-static-element-interactions.md) | error, with options | error
[role-has-required-aria-props](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/role-has-required-aria-props.md) | error | error
[role-supports-aria-props](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/role-supports-aria-props.md) | error | error
[scope](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/scope.md) | error, with options | error
[tabindex-no-positive](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/tabindex-no-positive.md) | error | error


The following rules have extra options when in *recommended* mode:
| Rule | Recommended | Strict |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------- | ------ |
| [alt-text](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/alt-text.md) | error | error |
| [anchor-has-content](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/anchor-has-content.md) | error | error |
| [anchor-is-valid](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/anchor-is-valid.md) | error | error |
| [aria-activedescendant-has-tabindex](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/aria-activedescendant-has-tabindex.md) | error | error |
| [aria-props](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/aria-props.md) | error | error |
| [aria-proptypes](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/aria-proptypes.md) | error | error |
| [aria-role](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/aria-role.md) | error | error |
| [aria-unsupported-elements](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/aria-unsupported-elements.md) | error | error |
| [autocomplete-valid](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/autocomplete-valid.md) | error | error |
| [click-events-have-key-events](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/click-events-have-key-events.md) | error | error |
| [heading-has-content](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/heading-has-content.md) | error | error |
| [html-has-lang](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/html-has-lang.md) | error | error |
| [iframe-has-title](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/iframe-has-title.md) | error | error |
| [img-redundant-alt](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/img-redundant-alt.md) | error | error |
| [interactive-supports-focus](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/interactive-supports-focus.md) | error | error |
| [label-has-associated-control](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/label-has-associated-control.md) | error | error |
| [media-has-caption](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/media-has-caption.md) | error | error |
| [mouse-events-have-key-events](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/mouse-events-have-key-events.md) | error | error |
| [no-access-key](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-access-key.md) | error | error |
| [no-autofocus](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-autofocus.md) | error | error |
| [no-distracting-elements](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-distracting-elements.md) | error | error |
| [no-interactive-element-to-noninteractive-role](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-interactive-element-to-noninteractive-role.md) | error, with options | error |
| [no-noninteractive-element-interactions](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-noninteractive-element-interactions.md) | error, with options | error |
| [no-noninteractive-element-to-interactive-role](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-noninteractive-element-to-interactive-role.md) | error, with options | error |
| [no-noninteractive-tabindex](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-noninteractive-tabindex.md) | error, with options | error |
| [no-onchange](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-onchange.md) | error | error |
| [no-redundant-roles](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-redundant-roles.md) | error | error |
| [no-static-element-interactions](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/no-static-element-interactions.md) | error, with options | error |
| [role-has-required-aria-props](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/role-has-required-aria-props.md) | error | error |
| [role-supports-aria-props](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/role-supports-aria-props.md) | error | error |
| [scope](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/scope.md) | error, with options | error |
| [tabindex-no-positive](https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y/blob/HEAD/docs/rules/tabindex-no-positive.md) | error | error |

The following rules have extra options when in _recommended_ mode:

#### no-interactive-element-to-noninteractive-role

```js
'jsx-a11y/no-interactive-element-to-noninteractive-role': [
'error',
Expand All @@ -184,6 +176,7 @@ The following rules have extra options when in *recommended* mode:
```

#### no-noninteractive-element-interactions

```js
'jsx-a11y/no-noninteractive-element-interactions': [
'error',
Expand All @@ -201,6 +194,7 @@ The following rules have extra options when in *recommended* mode:
```

#### no-noninteractive-element-to-interactive-role

```js
'jsx-a11y/no-noninteractive-element-to-interactive-role': [
'error',
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -231,6 +225,7 @@ The following rules have extra options when in *recommended* mode:
```

#### no-noninteractive-tabindex

```js
'jsx-a11y/no-noninteractive-tabindex': [
'error',
Expand All @@ -242,6 +237,7 @@ The following rules have extra options when in *recommended* mode:
```

#### no-static-element-interactions

```js
'jsx-a11y/no-noninteractive-element-interactions': [
'error',
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -270,16 +266,19 @@ $ ./scripts/create-rule.js my-new-rule
## Some background on WAI-ARIA, the AX Tree and Browsers

### Accessibility API

An operating system will provide an accessibility API that maps application state and content onto input/output controllers such as a screen reader, braille device, keyboard, etc.

These APIs were developed as computer interfaces shifted from buffers (which are text-based and inherently quite accessible) to graphical user interfaces (GUIs). The first attempts to make GUIs accessible involved raster image parsing to recognize characters, words, etc. This information was stored in a parallel buffer and made accessible to assistive technology (AT) devices.

As GUIs became more complex, the raster parsing approach became untenable. Accessibility APIs were developed to replace them. Check out [NSAccessibility (AXAPI)](https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Cocoa/Reference/ApplicationKit/Protocols/NSAccessibility_Protocol/index.html) for an example. See [Core Accessibility API Mappings 1.1](https://www.w3.org/TR/core-aam-1.1/) for more details.

### Browsers

Browsers support an Accessibility API on a per operating system basis. For instance, Firefox implements the MSAA accessibility API on Windows, but does not implement the AXAPI on OSX.

### The Accessibility (AX) Tree & DOM

From the [W3 Core Accessibility API Mappings 1.1](https://www.w3.org/TR/core-aam-1.1/#intro_treetypes)

> The accessibility tree and the DOM tree are parallel structures. Roughly speaking the accessibility tree is a subset of the DOM tree. It includes the user interface objects of the user agent and the objects of the document. Accessible objects are created in the accessibility tree for every DOM element that should be exposed to assistive technology, either because it may fire an accessibility event or because it has a property, relationship or feature which needs to be exposed. Generally, if something can be trimmed out it will be, for reasons of performance and simplicity. For example, a `<span>` with just a style change and no semantics may not get its own accessible object, but the style change will be exposed by other means.
Expand All @@ -289,13 +288,15 @@ Browser vendors are beginning to expose the AX Tree through inspection tools. Ch
You can also see a text-based version of the AX Tree in Chrome in the stable release version.

#### Viewing the AX Tree in Chrome
1. Navigate to `chrome://accessibility/` in Chrome.
1. Toggle the `accessibility off` link for any tab that you want to inspect.
1. A link labeled `show accessibility tree` will appear; click this link.
1. Balk at the wall of text that gets displayed, but then regain your conviction.
1. Use the browser's find command to locate strings and values in the wall of text.

1. Navigate to `chrome://accessibility/` in Chrome.
1. Toggle the `accessibility off` link for any tab that you want to inspect.
1. A link labeled `show accessibility tree` will appear; click this link.
1. Balk at the wall of text that gets displayed, but then regain your conviction.
1. Use the browser's find command to locate strings and values in the wall of text.

### Pulling it all together

A browser constructs an AX Tree as a subset of the DOM. ARIA heavily informs the properties of this AX Tree. This AX Tree is exposed to the system level Accessibility API which mediates assistive technology agents.

We model ARIA in the [aria-query](https://github.com/a11yance/aria-query) project. We model AXObjects (that comprise the AX Tree) in the [axobject-query](https://github.com/A11yance/axobject-query) project. The goal of the WAI-ARIA specification is to be a complete declarative interface to the AXObject model. The [in-draft 1.2 version](https://github.com/w3c/aria/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22ARIA+1.2%22) is moving towards this goal. But until then, we must consider the semantics constructs afforded by ARIA as well as those afforded by the AXObject model (AXAPI) in order to determine how HTML can be used to express user interface affordances to assistive technology users.
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