These are the ones I found particularly impactful, it is by no means an exhaustive list of papers/essays/books I recommend!
Meditations 1/2/3 - Descartes link
Minds, Brains, and Programs - John Searle link
Substance Dualism (Meditations 6) - Descartes link
The replies to the Chinese Room Argument - Various link
Computing Machinery and Intelligence - Turing link
Division by Zero - Chiang link
What is it Like to be a Bat - Thomas Nagel link
EdX course on Minds and Machines
Decoupled Neural Interfaces using Synthetic Gradients - Jaderberg et. al. link
Learning representations by back-propagating errors - Rumelhart et. al. link
Distilling a Neural Network Into a Soft Decision Tree - Frosst, Hinton link
Deep Learning: A Critical Appraisal - Gary Marcus link
Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (PRML) - Christopher Bishop link
Memory Fusion Network for Multi-view Sequential Learning - Zadeh et. al. link
A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) - Patterson, Gibson, Katz link
APT1: Exposing One of China’s Cyber Espionage Units - Mandiant link
Lest We Remember: Cold Boot Attacks on Encryption Keys - Halderman et. al. link
PicoCTF: A Game-Based Computer Security Competition for High School Students - Chapman, Burket, Brumley link
Common Sense Guide to Prevention and Detection of Insider Threats - Cappelli et. al link
Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems - Cong et. al. link
Chemical specificity of nucleic acids and mechanism of their enzymatic degradation - Erwin Chargaff link
Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized genome - Gibson et. al. link
ATG Systems from the Protein Structural Point of View - Noda, Ohsumi, Inagaki link
Activation of the middle fusiform 'face area' increases with expertise in recognizing novel objects - Gauthier et. al. link
Hand Movements: A Window into Haptic Object Recognition - Lederman, Klatzky link
Open Babel: An open chemical toolbox - Boyle et. al. link
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy In a National Football League Player - Omalu et. al. link
(shoutout to my friend Hannah Lynch for getting me interested in reading anything about horses)
A Critical Review of Horse-Related Risk: A Research Agenda for Safer Mounts, Riders and Equestrian Cultures - Thompson, McGreevy, McManus link
Validation of a Laboratory Method for Evaluating Dynamic Properties of Reconstructed Equine Racetrack Surfaces - Setterbo et. al. link
Some really cool papers :)
Gradient-Based Learning Applied to Document Recognition (Very well written paper!!!) link
(Most of the stuff that I will post on this section is still related to ML)
Synthesizing Obama: Learning Lip Sync from Audio link
tbh prob the coolest one on this list, but i'll leave you to decide that
MimbleWimble link
Working hard to make a more open internet.
Untraceable electronic mail, return addresses, and digital pseudonyms
Crowds: Anonymity for Web Transactions
Tor: The Second Generation Onion Router
Evading Censorship with Browser-Based Proxies
Dat - Distributed Dataset Synchronization and Versioning
How the Great Firewall of China is Blocking Tor
Hackers and Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age
Countdown to Zero Day: Stuxnet and the Launch of the World's First Digital Weapon
Functional Programming in Scala
Roots: The Saga of an American Family
How to Win Friends and Influence People
A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier
The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life
Manhood: How to Be a Better Man-or Just Live with One
Without Their Permission: How the 21st Century Will Be Made, Not Managed