gardener-kube-scheduler: Support K8s 1.24 Seeds

[ialidzhikov]

How to categorize this PR?

/area scalability
/kind enhancement

What this PR does / why we need it:
As there aren't any significant changes in the kube-scheduler config between 1.23 and 1.24, I decided to reuse the 1.23 types for 1.24 as well (instead of duplicating the upstream pkgs for 1.24 under ./third_party).

To check the changes in the kube-scheduler types between 1.23 and 1.24:

git diff release-1.23..release-1.24 ./staging/src/k8s.io/kube-scheduler/config

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:
Part of #4741
Part of #5912

Release note:

`SeedKubeScheduler`: `gardenlet` does now support the `SeedKubeScheduler` feature gate to be enabled for K8s `1.24` Seed clusters.

[gardener-prow]

@ialidzhikov: The following test failed, say /retest to rerun all failed tests or /retest-required to rerun all mandatory failed tests:

Test name	Commit	Details	Required	Rerun command
pull-gardener-apidiff	7147c83	link	false	/test pull-gardener-apidiff

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[rfranzke]

/lgtm
/approve

[gardener-prow]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: rfranzke

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