Added HDC2010 component

[optimusprimespace]

What does this implement/fix?

Description:

This PR introduces a new temperature and humidity sensor to our system. The sensor, HDC2010 from Texas Instruments, provides accurate and reliable readings, enhancing our environmental monitoring capabilities.

Key Features for the sensor:

• High precision temperature and humidity measurements.
• Wide operating range suitable for various environments.
• Low power consumption for extended use.
• Easy integration with existing systems aka. HDC1080

PS: I need some help with the code, and testing, this is only a draft as of now.

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Other

Related issue or feature (if applicable): fixes

Pull request in esphome-docs with documentation (if applicable): esphome/esphome-docs#

Test Environment

• ESP32
• ESP32 IDF
• ESP8266
• RP2040
• BK72xx
• RTL87xx

Example entry for config.yaml:

external_components:
  - source: github://pr#6674
    components: [ hdc2010 ]
sensor:
  - platform: hdc2010
    temperature:
      name: "Living Room Temperature"
    humidity:
      name: "Living Room Humidity"
    update_interval: 60s

Checklist:

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under tests/ folder).

If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:

• Documentation added/updated in esphome-docs.

[probot-esphome]

Hey there @optimusprimespace,
Thanks for submitting this pull request! Can you add yourself as a codeowner for this integration? This way we can notify you if a bug report for this integration is reported.
In __init__.py of the integration, please add:

CODEOWNERS = ["@optimusprimespace"]

And run script/build_codeowners.py

_{^{(message by NeedsCodeownersLabel)}}

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 54.13%. Comparing base (4d8b5ed) to head (378a153).
Report is 630 commits behind head on dev.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##              dev    #6674      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   53.70%   54.13%   +0.42%     
==========================================
  Files          50       50              
  Lines        9408     9619     +211     
  Branches     1654     1698      +44     
==========================================
+ Hits         5053     5207     +154     
- Misses       4056     4087      +31     
- Partials      299      325      +26     

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