Add OrderPreservingInterner::lookup (#2677)

[tustvold]

Which issue does this PR close?

Part of #2677

Rationale for this change

This is a precursor to being able to convert from the row format back to arrow arrays

What changes are included in this PR?

Adds lookup methods to SortPreservingInterner

Are there any user-facing changes?

No, this is an implementation detail of the row format

[alamb]

Makes sense to me -- I had to spend some time re-reading the code to remember how Interned is different than a normalized_key

[ursabot]

Benchmark runs are scheduled for baseline = 15f8cfd and contender = 70054fd. 70054fd is a master commit associated with this PR. Results will be available as each benchmark for each run completes.
Conbench compare runs links:
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-rs-commits is not supported on ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2] ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-rs-commits is not supported on test-mac-arm] test-mac-arm
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-rs-commits is not supported on ursa-i9-9960x] ursa-i9-9960x
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-rs-commits is not supported on ursa-thinkcentre-m75q] ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Buildkite builds:
Supported benchmarks:
ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R. Runs only benchmarks with cloud = True
test-mac-arm: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Python, R
ursa-i9-9960x: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R, JavaScript
ursa-thinkcentre-m75q: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Java