Fix DoPutUpdateResult

[avantgardnerio]

Which issue does this PR close?

Closes #2403.

Rationale for this change

My company would like to have JDBC/ODBC support work so that we can develop a market offering on top of Ballista.

What changes are included in this PR?

Update the responses to follow the spec and be compatible with the JDBC implementation.

Are there any user-facing changes?

Queries shouldn't hang forever.

[tustvold]

I wonder if there are any other erroneous uses of as_any in this file?

[andygrove]

@wangfenjin fyi

[andygrove]

It would be nice if we could eventually add some tests for this

[ursabot]

Benchmark runs are scheduled for baseline = 27f4762 and contender = c275c5e. c275c5e is a master commit associated with this PR. Results will be available as each benchmark for each run completes.
Conbench compare runs links:
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-rs-commits is not supported on ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2] ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-rs-commits is not supported on test-mac-arm] test-mac-arm
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-rs-commits is not supported on ursa-i9-9960x] ursa-i9-9960x
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-rs-commits is not supported on ursa-thinkcentre-m75q] ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Buildkite builds:
Supported benchmarks:
ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R. Runs only benchmarks with cloud = True
test-mac-arm: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Python, R
ursa-i9-9960x: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R, JavaScript
ursa-thinkcentre-m75q: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Java

[tustvold]

I created a high-level ticket for some form of integration testing - #2409

I've left it fairly brief as I'm probably not the right person to flesh it out, as my knowledge of FlightSQL is pretty limited, but I agree it would be a good thing to have

[avantgardnerio]

some form of integration testing

100%. I think this is the right way to go. I can probably take that one on. I'm experienced with it, and I think it's the type of testing that will catch problems like this.