fix(core): add support for ES2015 constructor delegation

[ts2do]

The change adds better support for native ES2015 targets. The previous
behavior didn't detect parameter delegation of constructor-less classes
containing at least one inline property initialization before
compilation.

PR Checklist

Please check if your PR fulfills the following requirements:

• The commit message follows our guidelines: https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#commit
• Tests for the changes have been added (for bug fixes / features)
• Docs have been added / updated (for bug fixes / features)

PR Type

What kind of change does this PR introduce?

[x] Bugfix
[ ] Feature
[ ] Code style update (formatting, local variables)
[ ] Refactoring (no functional changes, no api changes)
[ ] Build related changes
[ ] CI related changes
[ ] Documentation content changes
[ ] angular.io application / infrastructure changes
[ ] Other... Please describe:

What is the current behavior?

The following TypeScript code would incorrectly discard Parent's ctorParameters when compiled targeting ES2015, causing a runtime error when instantiated. See issue Dependency injection does not work with es2015 target in angular/material2.

class Parent {
  constructor(protected dep: Dep) { }
}
class Child extends Parent {
  x = 10;
}

What is the new behavior?

The above case should now be handled properly.

Does this PR introduce a breaking change?

[ ] Yes
[x] No

[trotyl]

Relates to #22642, #24014.

Better to land #22642 first as it's the real fix.

[petebacondarwin]

Hi @ts2do - are you interested in working more on this PR to get it merged? I see that your repository has disappeared so I guess that you may not be working with Angular any more?
In the meantime, I will take your changes and fix up the conflicts into a new PR.

[mbenna]

@petebacondarwin this problem may have been resolved in angular 8 at around beta 9 or thereabouts. Best to re-test with one if the 8 rc's before devoting too much time to it.

[petebacondarwin]

Yeah, I believe this fixed it #29232

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