build: Patch boost install checksum mismatch error (#57658)

* build: Patch boost install checksum mismatch error

Apply the workaround provided by the React Native community to address a
checksum mismatch error that occurs when installing `boost`. The error
originates from issues with the `boost` host, JFrog.

facebook/react-native#42180

* Fix uninstallable patch

* Apply previous patch changes from c5f4583

* Add EOF newline to react-native@0.71.11.patch

* Upgrade patch-package to 8.0.0

* Remove boost.podspec updates from react-native+0.71.11.patch

* Add boost-podspec patch and convert existing react-native+0.71.11 patch to initial patch

See also:
  https://github.com/ds300/patch-package?tab=readme-ov-file#creating-multiple-patches-for-the-same-package

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Co-authored-by: Derek Blank <derekpblank@gmail.com>