Set LIBFFI_TMPDIR at startup

Today if `libffi` cannot allocate pages of memory which are both
writeable and executable then it will attempt to write code to a
temporary file. Elasticsearch configures itself a suitable temporary
directory for use by JNA but by default `libffi` won't find this
directory and will try various other places. In certain configurations,
none of the other places that `libffi` tries are suitable. With older
versions of JNA this would result in a `SIGSEGV`; since elastic#80617 the JVM
will exit with an exception.

With this commit we use the `LIBFFI_TMPDIR` environment variable to
configure `libffi` to use the same directory as JNA for its temporary
files if they are needed.

Closes elastic#18272
Closes elastic#73309
Closes elastic#74545
Closes elastic#77014
Closes elastic#77053
Largely supersedes elastic#77285

distribution/src/bin/elasticsearch

@@ -47,6 +47,11 @@ if [ -z "$ES_TMPDIR" ]; then
   ES_TMPDIR=`"$JAVA" "$XSHARE" -cp "$ES_CLASSPATH" org.elasticsearch.tools.launchers.TempDirectory`
 fi
 
+if [ -z "$LIBFFI_TMPDIR" ]; then
+  LIBFFI_TMPDIR="$ES_TMPDIR"
+  export LIBFFI_TMPDIR
+fi
+
 # get keystore password before setting java options to avoid
 # conflicting GC configurations for the keystore tools
 unset KEYSTORE_PASSWORD

docs/reference/setup/sysconfig/executable-jna-tmpdir.asciidoc

@@ -4,22 +4,34 @@
 [NOTE]
 This is only relevant for Linux.
 
-Elasticsearch uses the Java Native Access (JNA) library for executing some
-platform-dependent native code. On Linux, the native code backing this library
-is extracted at runtime from the JNA archive. This code is extracted
-to the Elasticsearch temporary directory which defaults to a sub-directory of
-`/tmp` and can be configured with the <<es-tmpdir,ES_TMPDIR>> variable.
-Alternatively, this location can be controlled with the JVM flag
-`-Djna.tmpdir=<path>`. As the native library is mapped into the JVM virtual
-address space as executable, the underlying mount point of the location that
-this code is extracted to must *not* be mounted with `noexec` as this prevents
-the JVM process from being able to map this code as executable. On some hardened
-Linux installations this is a default mount option for `/tmp`. One indication
-that the underlying mount is mounted with `noexec` is that at startup JNA will
-fail to load with a `java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkerError` exception with a message
-along the lines of `failed to map segment from shared object`. Note that the
-exception message can differ amongst JVM versions. Additionally, the components
-of Elasticsearch that rely on execution of native code via JNA will fail with
-messages indicating that it is `because JNA is not available`. If you are seeing
-such error messages, you must remount the temporary directory used for JNA to
-not be mounted with `noexec`.
+Elasticsearch uses the Java Native Access (JNA) library, and another library
+called `libffi`, for executing some platform-dependent native code. On Linux,
+the native code backing these libraries is extracted at runtime into a
+temporary directory and then mapped into executable pages in Elasticsearch's
+address space. This requires the underlying files not to be on a filesystem
+mounted with the `noexec` option.
+
+By default, Elasticsearch will create its temporary directory within `/tmp`.
+However, some hardened Linux installations mount `/tmp` with the `noexec`
+option by default. This prevents JNA and `libffi` from working correctly. For
+instance, at startup JNA may fail to load with an
+`java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkerError` exception or with a message along the lines
+of `failed to map segment from shared object`. Note that the exception message
+can differ amongst JVM versions. Additionally, the components of Elasticsearch
+that rely on execution of native code via JNA may fail with messages indicating
+that it is `because JNA is not available`.
+
+To resolve these problems, either remove the `noexec` option from your `/tmp`
+filesystem, or configure {es} to use a different location for its temporary
+directory by setting the <<es-tmpdir,`$ES_TMPDIR`>> environment variable. For
+instance:
+
+["source","sh",subs="attributes"]
+--------------------------------------------
+export ES_TMPDIR=/usr/share/elasticsearch/tmp
+--------------------------------------------
+
+Alternatively, you can configure the path that JNA uses for its temporary files
+with the <<set-jvm-options,JVM flag>> `-Djna.tmpdir=<path>` and you can
+configure the path that `libffi` uses for its temporary files with the
+`LIBFFI_TMPDIR` environment variable.

qa/os/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/packaging/test/TemporaryDirectoryConfigTests.java

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright Elasticsearch B.V. and/or licensed to Elasticsearch B.V. under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements. Licensed under the Elastic License
+ * 2.0 and the Server Side Public License, v 1; you may not use this file except
+ * in compliance with, at your election, the Elastic License 2.0 or the Server
+ * Side Public License, v 1.
+ */
+
+package org.elasticsearch.packaging.test;
+
+import org.apache.http.client.fluent.Request;
+import org.elasticsearch.core.CheckedConsumer;
+import org.elasticsearch.packaging.util.Distribution;
+import org.elasticsearch.packaging.util.ServerUtils;
+import org.elasticsearch.packaging.util.Shell;
+import org.elasticsearch.packaging.util.docker.DockerRun;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+
+import static org.elasticsearch.packaging.util.FileUtils.append;
+import static org.elasticsearch.packaging.util.docker.Docker.removeContainer;
+import static org.elasticsearch.packaging.util.docker.Docker.runContainer;
+import static org.elasticsearch.packaging.util.docker.Docker.runContainerExpectingFailure;
+import static org.elasticsearch.packaging.util.docker.Docker.waitForElasticsearch;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsString;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
+
+public class TemporaryDirectoryConfigTests extends PackagingTestCase {
+
+    @Before
+    public void onlyLinux() {
+        assumeTrue("only Linux", distribution.platform == Distribution.Platform.LINUX);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void cleanupContainer() {
+        if (distribution().isDocker()) {
+            removeContainer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void test10Install() throws Exception {
+        install();
+        setFileSuperuser("test_superuser", "test_superuser_password");
+    }
+
+    public void test20AcceptsCustomPath() throws Exception {
+        assumeFalse(distribution().isDocker());
+
+        final Path tmpDir = createTempDir("libffi");
+        sh.getEnv().put("LIBFFI_TMPDIR", tmpDir.toString());
+        withLibffiTmpdir(tmpDir.toString(), confPath -> assertWhileRunning(() -> {
+            ServerUtils.makeRequest(
+                Request.Get("https://localhost:9200/"),
+                "test_superuser",
+                "test_superuser_password",
+                ServerUtils.getCaCert(confPath)
+            ); // just checking it doesn't throw
+        }));
+    }
+
+    public void test21AcceptsCustomPathInDocker() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(distribution().isDocker());
+
+        final Path tmpDir = createTempDir("libffi");
+
+        installation = runContainer(
+            distribution(),
+            DockerRun.builder()
+                // There's no actual need for this to be a bind-mounted dir, but it's the quickest
+                // way to create a directory in the container before the entrypoint runs.
+                .volume(tmpDir, tmpDir)
+                .envVar("ELASTIC_PASSWORD", "nothunter2")
+                .envVar("LIBFFI_TMPDIR", tmpDir.toString())
+        );
+
+        waitForElasticsearch(installation, "elastic", "nothunter2");
+    }
+
+    public void test30VerifiesCustomPath() throws Exception {
+        assumeFalse(distribution().isDocker());
+
+        final Path tmpFile = createTempDir("libffi").resolve("file");
+        Files.createFile(tmpFile);
+        withLibffiTmpdir(
+            tmpFile.toString(),
+            confPath -> assertElasticsearchFailure(runElasticsearchStartCommand(null, false, false), "LIBFFI_TMPDIR", null)
+        );
+    }
+
+    public void test31VerifiesCustomPathInDocker() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(distribution().isDocker());
+
+        final Path tmpDir = createTempDir("libffi");
+        final Path tmpFile = tmpDir.resolve("file");
+        Files.createFile(tmpFile);
+
+        final Shell.Result result = runContainerExpectingFailure(
+            distribution(),
+            DockerRun.builder().volume(tmpDir, tmpDir).envVar("LIBFFI_TMPDIR", tmpFile.toString())
+        );
+        assertThat(result.stderr, containsString("LIBFFI_TMPDIR"));
+    }
+
+    private void withLibffiTmpdir(String tmpDir, CheckedConsumer<Path, Exception> action) throws Exception {
+        sh.getEnv().put("LIBFFI_TMPDIR", tmpDir);
+        withCustomConfig(confPath -> {
+            if (distribution.isPackage()) {
+                append(installation.envFile, "LIBFFI_TMPDIR=" + tmpDir);
+            }
+            action.accept(confPath);
+        });
+
+    }
+}

qa/os/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/packaging/util/docker/Docker.java

@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ private static void waitForElasticsearchToExit() {
             } catch (Exception e) {
                 logger.warn("Caught exception while waiting for ES to exit", e);
             }
-        } while (attempt++ < 8);
+        } while (attempt++ < 60);
 
         if (isElasticsearchRunning) {
             final Shell.Result dockerLogs = getContainerLogs();

server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/bootstrap/Bootstrap.java

@@ -173,6 +173,11 @@ private void setup(boolean addShutdownHook, Environment environment) throws Boot
             throw new BootstrapException(e);
         }
 
+        try {
+            environment.validateNativesConfig(); // temporary directories are important for JNA
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new BootstrapException(e);
+        }
         initializeNatives(
             environment.tmpFile(),
             BootstrapSettings.MEMORY_LOCK_SETTING.get(settings),

server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/env/Environment.java

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 package org.elasticsearch.env;
 
+import org.apache.lucene.util.Constants;
 import org.elasticsearch.common.settings.Setting;
 import org.elasticsearch.common.settings.Setting.Property;
 import org.elasticsearch.common.settings.Settings;
@@ -304,12 +305,44 @@ public Path tmpFile() {
 
     /** Ensure the configured temp directory is a valid directory */
     public void validateTmpFile() throws IOException {
-        if (Files.exists(tmpFile) == false) {
-            throw new FileNotFoundException("Temporary file directory [" + tmpFile + "] does not exist or is not accessible");
+        validateTemporaryDirectory("Temporary directory", tmpFile);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensure the temp directories needed for JNA are set up correctly.
+     */
+    public void validateNativesConfig() throws IOException {
+        validateTmpFile();
+        if (Constants.LINUX) {
+            validateTemporaryDirectory(LIBFFI_TMPDIR_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE + " environment variable", getLibffiTemporaryDirectory());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void validateTemporaryDirectory(String description, Path path) throws IOException {
+        if (path == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException(description + " was not specified");
+        }
+        if (Files.exists(path) == false) {
+            throw new FileNotFoundException(description + " [" + path + "] does not exist or is not accessible");
         }
-        if (Files.isDirectory(tmpFile) == false) {
-            throw new IOException("Configured temporary file directory [" + tmpFile + "] is not a directory");
+        if (Files.isDirectory(path) == false) {
+            throw new IOException(description + " [" + path + "] is not a directory");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final String LIBFFI_TMPDIR_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE = "LIBFFI_TMPDIR";
+
+    @SuppressForbidden(reason = "using PathUtils#get since libffi resolves paths without interference from the JVM")
+    private static Path getLibffiTemporaryDirectory() {
+        final String workingDirectory = System.getProperty("user.dir");
+        if (workingDirectory == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        final String environmentVariable = System.getenv(LIBFFI_TMPDIR_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE);
+        if (environmentVariable == null) {
+            return null;
         }
+        return PathUtils.get(workingDirectory).resolve(environmentVariable);
     }
 
     /** Returns true if the data path is a list, false otherwise */

server/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/env/EnvironmentTests.java

@@ -116,15 +116,31 @@ public void testNonExistentTempPathValidation() {
         Settings build = Settings.builder().put(Environment.PATH_HOME_SETTING.getKey(), createTempDir()).build();
         Environment environment = new Environment(build, null, createTempDir().resolve("this_does_not_exist"));
         FileNotFoundException e = expectThrows(FileNotFoundException.class, environment::validateTmpFile);
-        assertThat(e.getMessage(), startsWith("Temporary file directory ["));
+        assertThat(e.getMessage(), startsWith("Temporary directory ["));
         assertThat(e.getMessage(), endsWith("this_does_not_exist] does not exist or is not accessible"));
     }
 
     public void testTempPathValidationWhenRegularFile() throws IOException {
         Settings build = Settings.builder().put(Environment.PATH_HOME_SETTING.getKey(), createTempDir()).build();
         Environment environment = new Environment(build, null, createTempFile("something", ".test"));
         IOException e = expectThrows(IOException.class, environment::validateTmpFile);
-        assertThat(e.getMessage(), startsWith("Configured temporary file directory ["));
+        assertThat(e.getMessage(), startsWith("Temporary directory ["));
+        assertThat(e.getMessage(), endsWith(".test] is not a directory"));
+    }
+
+    public void testNonExistentTempPathValidationForNatives() {
+        Settings build = Settings.builder().put(Environment.PATH_HOME_SETTING.getKey(), createTempDir()).build();
+        Environment environment = new Environment(build, null, createTempDir().resolve("this_does_not_exist"));
+        FileNotFoundException e = expectThrows(FileNotFoundException.class, environment::validateNativesConfig);
+        assertThat(e.getMessage(), startsWith("Temporary directory ["));
+        assertThat(e.getMessage(), endsWith("this_does_not_exist] does not exist or is not accessible"));
+    }
+
+    public void testTempPathValidationWhenRegularFileForNatives() throws IOException {
+        Settings build = Settings.builder().put(Environment.PATH_HOME_SETTING.getKey(), createTempDir()).build();
+        Environment environment = new Environment(build, null, createTempFile("something", ".test"));
+        IOException e = expectThrows(IOException.class, environment::validateNativesConfig);
+        assertThat(e.getMessage(), startsWith("Temporary directory ["));
         assertThat(e.getMessage(), endsWith(".test] is not a directory"));
     }