Coding Cheat Sheets

This is a collection of programs that showcases basic functionalities in each programming language (that I know of).

Core concepts include*:

• Hello World
• Variables (e.g., int, char, enums, structs, null)
• Input/Output
• Math Operations (e.g., +, -, *, /, %)
• Logical Operators (e.g., and, or, not)
• Conditional Operators (e.g., if, else)
• Loops (e.g., while, for)
• Pointers
• Optionals
• Functions
  • String Methods
  • Docstrings
  • Recursion
  • Generics
  • Operator Overloading
• Arrays
  • Static & Dynamic Arrays
  • Array Methods
• Dictionaries
• Tuples
• Sets
• Exception Handling
• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
  • Classes (constructors & destructors)
  • Encapsulation (access modifiers)
  • Inheritance (base & derived classes)
  • Abstraction (interfaces & abstract classes)
  • Polymorphism (virtual classes & functions)

*Note that not all languages support these features. And some languages like SQL operate using their own syntax.

When did you come up with the idea?

In 2018, I was learning Python and was bombarded with so much info about its syntax. To help me retain all the information, I created how_to_python.py, a culmination of all the basic Python syntax into one program. I was very proud of the end product that I considered doing something similar to other programming languages. However, I never committed to the idea until a few years later.

Python was a language I would utilize, but not regularly. So, to jog my memory, I would always refer back to how_to_python. One day when I was stuck at home, I looked back at that program and remembered just how useful it was to have a cheat sheet you could run. I had plenty of free time on my hand, so I finally decided to incorporate multiple languages into this long-overdue project.

How can I utilize this repo?

Each language is divided into folders, where each folder contains a separate README detailing the backstory of each language and how to run each file. From there, you can learn how each component of a language comes together. Note that this only covers the basics of a language. Please refer to the documentation or take a learning course to thoroughly learn a particular language.

Fun Facts

Note: Excluding CSS, HTML, JSON, Markdown, and SQL since they're not typical procedural languages

Compiled Languages

• C
• C#
• C++
• Dart (compiles ahead-of-time (AOT) for mobile and just-in-time (JIT) for web)
• Go
• Java (compiles to bytecode, then uses a JIT compiler at runtime)
• Kotlin
• Rust
• Scala
• Swift
• TypeScript (compiles to JS)

Interpreted Languages

• JavaScript
• MATLAB
• PHP
• Python
• Ruby
• Shell

Languages that Require Semicolons

• C
• C#
• C++
• Dart
• Java
• MATLAB (to suppress output)
• PHP
• Rust

Languages that aren't Open-Source

• MATLAB

Languages that Support Class-Based OOP

• C#
• C++
• Dart
• Java
• Kotlin
• MATLAB
• PHP
• Python
• Ruby
• Scala
• Swift
• TypeScript (JS classes are syntactic sugar for prototypes)

Languages that Support Multiple Inheritance

• C++
• MATLAB
• Python

Languages with Destructors

• C#
• C++
• PHP
• Python
• Rust
• Swift

Statically Typed Languages

• C
• C#
• C++
• Dart
• Go
• Java
• Kotlin
• Rust
• Scala
• Swift
• TypeScript (but can be dynamic like JS)

Dynamically Typed Languages

• JavaScript
• MATLAB
• PHP
• Python
• Ruby
• Shell

Languages with Pointers

• C
• C#
• C++
• Go
• Rust

Languages that Require Manual Memory Management

• C
• C++

Languages that Don't Require break in Switch Statements

• Go
• Kotlin (when statements)
• MATLAB
• Ruby (case statements)
• Rust (match statements)
• Scala (match statements)
• Swift

Languages with Null Safety

• C#
• Dart
• Kotlin
• Rust
• Scala
• Swift
• TypeScript

Languages with // Comments

• C
• C#
• C++
• Dart
• Go
• Java
• JavaScript
• Kotlin
• PHP
• Rust
• Scala
• Swift
• TypeScript

Languages with # Comments

• PHP (less common)
• Python
• Ruby
• Shell

Languages that Don't Support Multiline Comments

• Python
• Shell