Introduce a safe function for apply_filter

[MathieuLamiot]

Context

• In the continuation of this WP Core issue: https://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/51525
• @CrochetFeve0251 mentioned having something a bit related in WP Launchpad -> To check and possibly go from there?
• This is useful for WP Rocket, but also WP Media in general and maybe WP Core. So we need to identify the proper way to implement a first version that could easily be re-used for all those projects. Start only in WP Rocket? Or a library/file easily movable to Launchpad and/or other plugins? That could easily be transmitted to WP Core? The proper way to implement this must be identify.

Expected behavior

• Add a apply_filters_typed function, as per https://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/51525, that does apply_filter and throws a _doing_it_wrong in case of type mismatch.
• Add a apply_filters_safetyped function, as per https://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/51525, that does apply_filte, throws a _doing_it_wrong in case of type mismatch and skips the $next_value to keep a valid one.
• Add custom types to the is_type method, based on what we usually need
  • positive_integer: type integer and >= 0
  • strictly_positive_integer: type integer and > 0

Targeted implementation

The goal is to have a method we can start using in at least WP Rocket (and if possible in other places) that we can also share as a PoC to WP Core.