diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/esbuild.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/esbuild.ts
index 246fb8f9667a63..304cdd31cd66c9 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/esbuild.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/esbuild.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ import {
   createFilter,
   ensureWatchedFile,
   generateCodeFrame,
-  toUpperCaseDriveLetter,
 } from '../utils'
 import type { ResolvedConfig, ViteDevServer } from '..'
 import type { Plugin } from '../plugin'
@@ -192,8 +191,14 @@ export async function transformWithEsbuild(
           ? JSON.parse(result.map)
           : { mappings: '' }
     }
-    if (Array.isArray(map.sources)) {
-      map.sources = map.sources.map((it) => toUpperCaseDriveLetter(it))
+    if (Array.isArray(map.sources) && path.isAbsolute(filename)) {
+      const sourceFolder = path.dirname(filename)
+      map.sources = map.sources.map((source) => {
+        if (path.isAbsolute(source)) {
+          source = path.relative(sourceFolder, source)
+        }
+        return source
+      })
     }
     return {
       ...result,
diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/utils.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/utils.ts
index 13ef1c8c91326e..738e323f8c8739 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/utils.ts
@@ -909,10 +909,6 @@ export function arraify<T>(target: T | T[]): T[] {
   return Array.isArray(target) ? target : [target]
 }
 
-export function toUpperCaseDriveLetter(pathName: string): string {
-  return pathName.replace(/^\w:/, (letter) => letter.toUpperCase())
-}
-
 // Taken from https://stackoverflow.com/a/36328890
 export const multilineCommentsRE = /\/\*[^*]*\*+(?:[^/*][^*]*\*+)*\//g
 export const singlelineCommentsRE = /\/\/.*/g