NullAway.java

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2017 Uber Technologies, Inc.
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 * THE SOFTWARE.
 */

package com.uber.nullaway;

import static com.google.errorprone.BugPattern.SeverityLevel.WARNING;
import static com.sun.source.tree.Tree.Kind.EXPRESSION_STATEMENT;
import static com.sun.source.tree.Tree.Kind.IDENTIFIER;
import static com.sun.source.tree.Tree.Kind.PARENTHESIZED;
import static com.sun.source.tree.Tree.Kind.TYPE_CAST;
import static com.uber.nullaway.ErrorBuilder.errMsgForInitializer;

import com.google.auto.service.AutoService;
import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMultimap;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
import com.google.common.collect.LinkedHashMultimap;
import com.google.common.collect.Multimap;
import com.google.common.collect.SetMultimap;
import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
import com.google.errorprone.BugPattern;
import com.google.errorprone.ErrorProneFlags;
import com.google.errorprone.VisitorState;
import com.google.errorprone.bugpatterns.BugChecker;
import com.google.errorprone.fixes.SuggestedFix;
import com.google.errorprone.matchers.Description;
import com.google.errorprone.matchers.Matcher;
import com.google.errorprone.matchers.Matchers;
import com.google.errorprone.util.ASTHelpers;
import com.sun.source.tree.AnnotationTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.ArrayAccessTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.AssignmentTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.BinaryTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.BlockTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.ClassTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.CompoundAssignmentTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.ConditionalExpressionTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.EnhancedForLoopTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.ExpressionStatementTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.ExpressionTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.ForLoopTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.IdentifierTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.IfTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.LambdaExpressionTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.MemberReferenceTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.MemberSelectTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.MethodInvocationTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.MethodTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.NewClassTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.ParenthesizedTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.ReturnTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.StatementTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.SwitchTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.Tree;
import com.sun.source.tree.TryTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.TypeCastTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.UnaryTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.VariableTree;
import com.sun.source.tree.WhileLoopTree;
import com.sun.source.util.TreePath;
import com.sun.source.util.Trees;
import com.sun.tools.javac.code.Symbol;
import com.sun.tools.javac.code.Symbol.VarSymbol;
import com.sun.tools.javac.code.Type;
import com.sun.tools.javac.code.Types;
import com.sun.tools.javac.processing.JavacProcessingEnvironment;
import com.sun.tools.javac.tree.JCTree;
import com.uber.nullaway.ErrorMessage.MessageTypes;
import com.uber.nullaway.dataflow.AccessPathNullnessAnalysis;
import com.uber.nullaway.dataflow.EnclosingEnvironmentNullness;
import com.uber.nullaway.handlers.Handler;
import com.uber.nullaway.handlers.Handlers;
import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.stream.StreamSupport;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;
import javax.lang.model.element.AnnotationMirror;
import javax.lang.model.element.Element;
import javax.lang.model.element.ElementKind;
import javax.lang.model.element.Modifier;
import javax.lang.model.element.NestingKind;
import javax.lang.model.type.TypeKind;
import org.checkerframework.dataflow.cfg.node.MethodInvocationNode;
import org.checkerframework.javacutil.AnnotationUtils;

/**
 * Checker for nullability errors. It assumes that any field, method parameter, or return type that
 * may be null is annotated with {@link Nullable}, and then checks the following rules:
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li>no assignment of a nullable expression into a non-null field
 *   <li>no passing a nullable expression into a non-null parameter
 *   <li>no returning a nullable expression from a method with non-null return type
 *   <li>no field access or method invocation on an expression that is nullable
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>This checker also detects errors related to field initialization. For any @NonNull instance
 * field <code>f</code>, this checker ensures that at least one of the following cases holds:
 *
 * <ol>
 *   <li><code>f</code> is directly initialized at its declaration
 *   <li><code>f</code> is always initialized in all constructors
 *   <li><code>f</code> is always initialized in some method annotated with @Initializer
 * </ol>
 *
 * <p>For any @NonNull static field <code>f</code>, this checker ensures that at least one of the
 * following cases holds:
 *
 * <ol>
 *   <li><code>f</code> is directly initialized at its declaration
 *   <li><code>f</code> is always initialized in some static initializer block
 * </ol>
 */
@AutoService(BugChecker.class)
@BugPattern(
    name = "NullAway",
    altNames = {"CheckNullabilityTypes"},
    summary = "Nullability type error.",
    tags = BugPattern.StandardTags.LIKELY_ERROR,
    severity = WARNING)
public class NullAway extends BugChecker
    implements BugChecker.MethodInvocationTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.AssignmentTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.MemberSelectTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.ArrayAccessTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.ReturnTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.ClassTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.MethodTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.VariableTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.NewClassTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.BinaryTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.UnaryTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.ConditionalExpressionTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.IfTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.WhileLoopTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.ForLoopTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.EnhancedForLoopTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.LambdaExpressionTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.IdentifierTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.MemberReferenceTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.CompoundAssignmentTreeMatcher,
        BugChecker.SwitchTreeMatcher {

  static final String INITIALIZATION_CHECK_NAME = "NullAway.Init";

  private static final Matcher<ExpressionTree> THIS_MATCHER =
      (expressionTree, state) -> isThisIdentifier(expressionTree);

  private final Predicate<MethodInvocationNode> nonAnnotatedMethod;

  /** should we match within the current class? */
  private boolean matchWithinClass = true;

  private final Config config;

  private final ErrorBuilder errorBuilder;

  /**
   * The handler passed to our analysis (usually a {@code CompositeHandler} including handlers for
   * various APIs.
   */
  private final Handler handler;

  /**
   * entities relevant to field initialization per class. cached for performance. nulled out in
   * {@link #matchClass(ClassTree, VisitorState)}
   */
  private final Map<Symbol.ClassSymbol, FieldInitEntities> class2Entities = new LinkedHashMap<>();

  /**
   * fields not initialized by constructors, per class. cached for performance. nulled out in {@link
   * #matchClass(ClassTree, VisitorState)}
   */
  private final SetMultimap<Symbol.ClassSymbol, Symbol> class2ConstructorUninit =
      LinkedHashMultimap.create();

  /**
   * maps each top-level initialization member (constructor, init block, field decl with initializer
   * expression) to the set of @NonNull fields known to be initialized before that member executes.
   *
   * <p>cached for performance. nulled out in {@link #matchClass(ClassTree, VisitorState)}
   */
  private final Map<Symbol.ClassSymbol, Multimap<Tree, Element>> initTree2PrevFieldInit =
      new LinkedHashMap<>();

  /**
   * dynamically computer/overriden nullness facts for certain expressions, such as specific method
   * calls where we can infer a more precise set of facts than those given by the method's
   * annotations.
   */
  private final Map<ExpressionTree, Nullness> computedNullnessMap = new LinkedHashMap<>();

  private final ImmutableSet<Class<? extends Annotation>> customSuppressionAnnotations;

  /**
   * Error Prone requires us to have an empty constructor for each Plugin, in addition to the
   * constructor taking an ErrorProneFlags object. This constructor should not be used anywhere
   * else. Checker objects constructed with this constructor will fail with IllegalStateException if
   * ever used for analysis.
   */
  public NullAway() {
    config = new DummyOptionsConfig();
    handler = Handlers.buildEmpty();
    nonAnnotatedMethod = nonAnnotatedMethodCheck();
    customSuppressionAnnotations = ImmutableSet.of();
    errorBuilder = new ErrorBuilder(config, "", ImmutableSet.of());
  }

  public NullAway(ErrorProneFlags flags) {
    config = new ErrorProneCLIFlagsConfig(flags);
    handler = Handlers.buildDefault(config);
    nonAnnotatedMethod = nonAnnotatedMethodCheck();
    customSuppressionAnnotations = initCustomSuppressions();
    errorBuilder = new ErrorBuilder(config, canonicalName(), allNames());
    // workaround for Checker Framework static state bug;
    // See https://github.com/typetools/checker-framework/issues/1482
    AnnotationUtils.clear();
  }

  private ImmutableSet<Class<? extends Annotation>> initCustomSuppressions() {
    ImmutableSet.Builder<Class<? extends Annotation>> builder = ImmutableSet.builder();
    builder.addAll(super.customSuppressionAnnotations());
    for (String annotName : config.getExcludedClassAnnotations()) {
      try {
        builder.add(Class.forName(annotName).asSubclass(Annotation.class));
      } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
        // in this case, the annotation may be a source file currently being compiled,
        // in which case we won't be able to resolve the class
      }
    }
    return builder.build();
  }

  private Predicate<MethodInvocationNode> nonAnnotatedMethodCheck() {
    return invocationNode ->
        invocationNode == null
            || NullabilityUtil.isUnannotated(
                ASTHelpers.getSymbol(invocationNode.getTree()), config);
  }

  @Override
  public String linkUrl() {
    // add a space to make it clickable from iTerm
    return config.getErrorURL() + " ";
  }

  @Override
  public Set<Class<? extends Annotation>> customSuppressionAnnotations() {
    return customSuppressionAnnotations;
  }

  /**
   * We are trying to see if (1) we are in a method guaranteed to return something non-null, and (2)
   * this return statement can return something null.
   */
  @Override
  public Description matchReturn(ReturnTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    handler.onMatchReturn(this, tree, state);
    ExpressionTree retExpr = tree.getExpression();
    // let's do quick checks on returned expression first
    if (retExpr == null) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    // now let's check the enclosing method
    TreePath enclosingMethodOrLambda =
        NullabilityUtil.findEnclosingMethodOrLambdaOrInitializer(state.getPath());
    if (enclosingMethodOrLambda == null) {
      throw new RuntimeException("no enclosing method, lambda or initializer!");
    }
    if (!(enclosingMethodOrLambda.getLeaf() instanceof MethodTree
        || enclosingMethodOrLambda.getLeaf() instanceof LambdaExpressionTree)) {
      throw new RuntimeException(
          "return statement outside of a method or lambda! (e.g. in an initializer block)");
    }
    Tree leaf = enclosingMethodOrLambda.getLeaf();
    Symbol.MethodSymbol methodSymbol;
    if (leaf instanceof MethodTree) {
      MethodTree enclosingMethod = (MethodTree) leaf;
      methodSymbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(enclosingMethod);
    } else {
      // we have a lambda
      methodSymbol =
          NullabilityUtil.getFunctionalInterfaceMethod(
              (LambdaExpressionTree) leaf, state.getTypes());
    }
    return checkReturnExpression(tree, retExpr, methodSymbol, state);
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchMethodInvocation(MethodInvocationTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    final Symbol.MethodSymbol methodSymbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(tree);
    if (methodSymbol == null) {
      throw new RuntimeException("not expecting unresolved method here");
    }
    handler.onMatchMethodInvocation(this, tree, state, methodSymbol);
    // assuming this list does not include the receiver
    List<? extends ExpressionTree> actualParams = tree.getArguments();
    return handleInvocation(tree, state, methodSymbol, actualParams);
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchNewClass(NewClassTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    Symbol.MethodSymbol methodSymbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(tree);
    if (methodSymbol == null) {
      throw new RuntimeException("not expecting unresolved method here");
    }
    List<? extends ExpressionTree> actualParams = tree.getArguments();
    if (tree.getClassBody() != null && actualParams.size() > 0) {
      // passing parameters to constructor of anonymous class
      // this constructor just invokes the constructor of the superclass, and
      // in the AST does not have the parameter nullability annotations from the superclass.
      // so, treat as if the superclass constructor is being invoked directly
      // see https://github.com/uber/NullAway/issues/102
      methodSymbol = getSymbolOfSuperConstructor(methodSymbol, state);
    }
    return handleInvocation(tree, state, methodSymbol, actualParams);
  }

  /**
   * Updates the {@link EnclosingEnvironmentNullness} with an entry for lambda or anonymous class,
   * capturing nullability info for locals just before the declaration of the entity
   *
   * @param tree either a lambda or a local / anonymous class
   * @param state visitor state
   */
  private void updateEnvironmentMapping(Tree tree, VisitorState state) {
    AccessPathNullnessAnalysis analysis = getNullnessAnalysis(state);
    // two notes:
    // 1. we are free to take local variable information from the program point before
    // the lambda / class declaration as only effectively final variables can be accessed
    // from the nested scope, so the program point doesn't matter
    // 2. we keep info on all locals rather than just effectively final ones for simplicity
    EnclosingEnvironmentNullness.instance(state.context)
        .addEnvironmentMapping(
            tree, analysis.getNullnessInfoBeforeNewContext(state.getPath(), state, handler));
  }

  private Symbol.MethodSymbol getSymbolOfSuperConstructor(
      Symbol.MethodSymbol anonClassConstructorSymbol, VisitorState state) {
    // get the statements in the body of the anonymous class constructor
    List<? extends StatementTree> statements =
        getTreesInstance(state).getTree(anonClassConstructorSymbol).getBody().getStatements();
    // there should be exactly one statement, which is an invocation of the super constructor
    if (statements.size() == 1) {
      StatementTree stmt = statements.get(0);
      if (stmt instanceof ExpressionStatementTree) {
        ExpressionTree expression = ((ExpressionStatementTree) stmt).getExpression();
        if (expression instanceof MethodInvocationTree) {
          return ASTHelpers.getSymbol((MethodInvocationTree) expression);
        }
      }
    }
    throw new IllegalStateException("unexpected anonymous class constructor body " + statements);
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchAssignment(AssignmentTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    Type lhsType = ASTHelpers.getType(tree.getVariable());
    if (lhsType != null && lhsType.isPrimitive()) {
      return doUnboxingCheck(state, tree.getExpression());
    }
    Symbol assigned = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(tree.getVariable());
    if (assigned == null || assigned.getKind() != ElementKind.FIELD) {
      // not a field of nullable type
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }

    if (Nullness.hasNullableAnnotation(assigned)) {
      // field already annotated
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    ExpressionTree expression = tree.getExpression();
    if (mayBeNullExpr(state, expression)) {
      String message = "assigning @Nullable expression to @NonNull field";
      return errorBuilder.createErrorDescriptionForNullAssignment(
          new ErrorMessage(MessageTypes.ASSIGN_FIELD_NULLABLE, message),
          expression,
          state.getPath(),
          buildDescription(tree));
    }
    return Description.NO_MATCH;
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchCompoundAssignment(CompoundAssignmentTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    Type lhsType = ASTHelpers.getType(tree.getVariable());
    Type stringType = state.getTypeFromString("java.lang.String");
    if (lhsType != null && !state.getTypes().isSameType(lhsType, stringType)) {
      // both LHS and RHS could get unboxed
      return doUnboxingCheck(state, tree.getVariable(), tree.getExpression());
    }
    return Description.NO_MATCH;
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchArrayAccess(ArrayAccessTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    Description description = matchDereference(tree.getExpression(), tree, state);
    if (!description.equals(Description.NO_MATCH)) {
      return description;
    }
    // also check for unboxing of array index expression
    return doUnboxingCheck(state, tree.getIndex());
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchMemberSelect(MemberSelectTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    Symbol symbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(tree);
    // some checks for cases where we know it is not
    // a null dereference
    if (symbol == null || symbol.getSimpleName().toString().equals("class") || symbol.isEnum()) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }

    Description badDeref = matchDereference(tree.getExpression(), tree, state);
    if (!badDeref.equals(Description.NO_MATCH)) {
      return badDeref;
    }
    // if we're accessing a field of this, make sure we're not reading the field before init
    if (tree.getExpression() instanceof IdentifierTree
        && ((IdentifierTree) tree.getExpression()).getName().toString().equals("this")) {
      return checkForReadBeforeInit(tree, state);
    }
    return Description.NO_MATCH;
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchMethod(MethodTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    // if the method is overriding some other method,
    // check that nullability annotations are consistent with
    // overridden method (if overridden method is in an annotated
    // package)
    Symbol.MethodSymbol methodSymbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(tree);
    handler.onMatchMethod(this, tree, state, methodSymbol);
    boolean isOverriding = ASTHelpers.hasAnnotation(methodSymbol, Override.class, state);
    boolean exhaustiveOverride = config.exhaustiveOverride();
    if (isOverriding || !exhaustiveOverride) {
      Symbol.MethodSymbol closestOverriddenMethod =
          getClosestOverriddenMethod(methodSymbol, state.getTypes());
      if (closestOverriddenMethod != null) {
        return checkOverriding(closestOverriddenMethod, methodSymbol, null, state);
      }
    }
    return Description.NO_MATCH;
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchSwitch(SwitchTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }

    ExpressionTree switchExpression = tree.getExpression();
    if (switchExpression instanceof ParenthesizedTree) {
      switchExpression = ((ParenthesizedTree) switchExpression).getExpression();
    }

    if (mayBeNullExpr(state, switchExpression)) {
      final String message =
          "switch expression " + state.getSourceForNode(switchExpression) + " is @Nullable";
      ErrorMessage errorMessage =
          new ErrorMessage(MessageTypes.SWITCH_EXPRESSION_NULLABLE, message);

      return errorBuilder.createErrorDescription(
          errorMessage, switchExpression, buildDescription(switchExpression));
    }

    return Description.NO_MATCH;
  }

  /**
   * checks that an overriding method does not override a {@code @Nullable} parameter with a
   * {@code @NonNull} parameter
   *
   * @param overridingParamSymbols parameters of the overriding method
   * @param overriddenMethod method being overridden
   * @param lambdaExpressionTree if the overriding method is a lambda, the {@link
   *     LambdaExpressionTree}; otherwise {@code null}
   * @param memberReferenceTree if the overriding method is a member reference (which "overrides" a
   *     functional interface method), the {@link MemberReferenceTree}; otherwise {@code null}
   * @return
   */
  private Description checkParamOverriding(
      List<VarSymbol> overridingParamSymbols,
      Symbol.MethodSymbol overriddenMethod,
      @Nullable LambdaExpressionTree lambdaExpressionTree,
      @Nullable MemberReferenceTree memberReferenceTree,
      VisitorState state) {
    com.sun.tools.javac.util.List<VarSymbol> superParamSymbols = overriddenMethod.getParameters();
    boolean unboundMemberRef =
        (memberReferenceTree != null)
            && ((JCTree.JCMemberReference) memberReferenceTree).kind.isUnbound();
    // if we have an unbound method reference, the first parameter of the overridden method must be
    // @NonNull, as this parameter will be used as a method receiver inside the generated lambda
    if (unboundMemberRef) {
      // there must be at least one parameter; otherwise code wouldn't compile
      if (Nullness.hasNullableAnnotation(superParamSymbols.get(0))) {
        String message =
            "unbound instance method reference cannot be used, as first parameter of "
                + "functional interface method "
                + ASTHelpers.enclosingClass(overriddenMethod)
                + "."
                + overriddenMethod.toString()
                + " is @Nullable";
        return errorBuilder.createErrorDescription(
            new ErrorMessage(MessageTypes.WRONG_OVERRIDE_PARAM, message),
            state.getPath(),
            buildDescription(memberReferenceTree));
      }
    }
    // for unbound member references, we need to adjust parameter indices by 1 when matching with
    // overridden method
    int startParam = unboundMemberRef ? 1 : 0;
    // Collect @Nullable params of overriden method
    ImmutableSet<Integer> nullableParamsOfOverriden;
    if (NullabilityUtil.isUnannotated(overriddenMethod, config)) {
      nullableParamsOfOverriden =
          handler.onUnannotatedInvocationGetExplicitlyNullablePositions(
              state.context, overriddenMethod, ImmutableSet.of());
    } else {
      ImmutableSet.Builder<Integer> builder = ImmutableSet.builder();
      for (int i = startParam; i < superParamSymbols.size(); i++) {
        // we need to call paramHasNullableAnnotation here since overriddenMethod may be defined
        // in a class file
        if (Nullness.paramHasNullableAnnotation(overriddenMethod, i)) {
          builder.add(i);
        }
      }
      nullableParamsOfOverriden = builder.build();
    }
    for (int i : nullableParamsOfOverriden) {
      int methodParamInd = i - startParam;
      VarSymbol paramSymbol = overridingParamSymbols.get(methodParamInd);
      // in the case where we have a parameter of a lambda expression, we do
      // *not* force the parameter to be annotated with @Nullable; instead we "inherit"
      // nullability from the corresponding functional interface method.
      // So, we report an error if the @Nullable annotation is missing *and*
      // we don't have a lambda with implicitly typed parameters
      boolean implicitlyTypedLambdaParam =
          lambdaExpressionTree != null
              && NullabilityUtil.lambdaParamIsImplicitlyTyped(
                  lambdaExpressionTree.getParameters().get(methodParamInd));
      if (!Nullness.hasNullableAnnotation(paramSymbol) && !implicitlyTypedLambdaParam) {
        final String message =
            "parameter "
                + paramSymbol.name.toString()
                + (memberReferenceTree != null ? " of referenced method" : "")
                + " is @NonNull, but parameter in "
                + ((lambdaExpressionTree != null || memberReferenceTree != null)
                    ? "functional interface "
                    : "superclass ")
                + "method "
                + ASTHelpers.enclosingClass(overriddenMethod)
                + "."
                + overriddenMethod.toString()
                + " is @Nullable";
        Tree errorTree;
        if (memberReferenceTree != null) {
          errorTree = memberReferenceTree;
        } else {
          errorTree = getTreesInstance(state).getTree(paramSymbol);
        }
        return errorBuilder.createErrorDescription(
            new ErrorMessage(MessageTypes.WRONG_OVERRIDE_PARAM, message),
            state.getPath(),
            buildDescription(errorTree));
      }
    }
    return Description.NO_MATCH;
  }

  static Trees getTreesInstance(VisitorState state) {
    return Trees.instance(JavacProcessingEnvironment.instance(state.context));
  }

  private Description checkReturnExpression(
      Tree tree, ExpressionTree retExpr, Symbol.MethodSymbol methodSymbol, VisitorState state) {
    Type returnType = methodSymbol.getReturnType();
    if (returnType.isPrimitive()) {
      // check for unboxing
      return doUnboxingCheck(state, retExpr);
    }
    if (returnType.toString().equals("java.lang.Void")) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    if (NullabilityUtil.isUnannotated(methodSymbol, config)
        || Nullness.hasNullableAnnotation(methodSymbol)) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    if (mayBeNullExpr(state, retExpr)) {
      String message = "returning @Nullable expression from method with @NonNull return type";
      return errorBuilder.createErrorDescriptionForNullAssignment(
          new ErrorMessage(MessageTypes.RETURN_NULLABLE, message),
          retExpr,
          state.getPath(),
          buildDescription(tree));
    }
    return Description.NO_MATCH;
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchLambdaExpression(LambdaExpressionTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    Symbol.MethodSymbol funcInterfaceMethod =
        NullabilityUtil.getFunctionalInterfaceMethod(tree, state.getTypes());
    // we need to update environment mapping before running the handler, as some handlers
    // (like Rx nullability) run dataflow analysis
    updateEnvironmentMapping(tree, state);
    handler.onMatchLambdaExpression(this, tree, state, funcInterfaceMethod);
    if (NullabilityUtil.isUnannotated(funcInterfaceMethod, config)) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    Description description =
        checkParamOverriding(
            tree.getParameters().stream().map(ASTHelpers::getSymbol).collect(Collectors.toList()),
            funcInterfaceMethod,
            tree,
            null,
            state);
    if (description != Description.NO_MATCH) {
      return description;
    }
    // if the body has a return statement, that gets checked in matchReturn().  We need this code
    // for lambdas with expression bodies
    if (tree.getBodyKind() == LambdaExpressionTree.BodyKind.EXPRESSION
        && funcInterfaceMethod.getReturnType().getKind() != TypeKind.VOID) {
      ExpressionTree resExpr = (ExpressionTree) tree.getBody();
      return checkReturnExpression(tree, resExpr, funcInterfaceMethod, state);
    }
    return Description.NO_MATCH;
  }

  /**
   * for method references, we check that the referenced method correctly overrides the
   * corresponding functional interface method
   */
  @Override
  public Description matchMemberReference(MemberReferenceTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    Symbol.MethodSymbol referencedMethod = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(tree);
    Symbol.MethodSymbol funcInterfaceSymbol =
        NullabilityUtil.getFunctionalInterfaceMethod(tree, state.getTypes());
    handler.onMatchMethodReference(this, tree, state, referencedMethod);
    return checkOverriding(funcInterfaceSymbol, referencedMethod, tree, state);
  }

  /**
   * check that nullability annotations of an overriding method are consistent with those in the
   * overridden method (both return and parameters)
   *
   * @param overriddenMethod method being overridden
   * @param overridingMethod overriding method
   * @param memberReferenceTree if override is via a method reference, the relevant {@link
   *     MemberReferenceTree}; otherwise {@code null}. If non-null, overridingTree is the AST of the
   *     referenced method
   * @param state
   * @return discovered error, or {@link Description#NO_MATCH} if no error
   */
  private Description checkOverriding(
      Symbol.MethodSymbol overriddenMethod,
      Symbol.MethodSymbol overridingMethod,
      @Nullable MemberReferenceTree memberReferenceTree,
      VisitorState state) {
    final boolean isOverridenMethodUnannotated =
        NullabilityUtil.isUnannotated(overriddenMethod, config);
    final boolean overriddenMethodReturnsNonNull =
        ((isOverridenMethodUnannotated
                && handler.onUnannotatedInvocationGetExplicitlyNonNullReturn(
                    overriddenMethod, false))
            || (!isOverridenMethodUnannotated
                && !Nullness.hasNullableAnnotation(overriddenMethod)));
    // if the super method returns nonnull,
    // overriding method better not return nullable
    if (overriddenMethodReturnsNonNull
        && Nullness.hasNullableAnnotation(overridingMethod)
        && getComputedNullness(memberReferenceTree).equals(Nullness.NULLABLE)) {
      String message;
      if (memberReferenceTree != null) {
        message =
            "referenced method returns @Nullable, but functional interface method "
                + ASTHelpers.enclosingClass(overriddenMethod)
                + "."
                + overriddenMethod.toString()
                + " returns @NonNull";

      } else {
        message =
            "method returns @Nullable, but superclass method "
                + ASTHelpers.enclosingClass(overriddenMethod)
                + "."
                + overriddenMethod.toString()
                + " returns @NonNull";
      }
      Tree errorTree =
          memberReferenceTree != null
              ? memberReferenceTree
              : getTreesInstance(state).getTree(overridingMethod);
      return errorBuilder.createErrorDescription(
          new ErrorMessage(MessageTypes.WRONG_OVERRIDE_RETURN, message),
          state.getPath(),
          buildDescription(errorTree));
    }
    // if any parameter in the super method is annotated @Nullable,
    // overriding method cannot assume @Nonnull
    return checkParamOverriding(
        overridingMethod.getParameters(), overriddenMethod, null, memberReferenceTree, state);
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchIdentifier(IdentifierTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    return checkForReadBeforeInit(tree, state);
  }

  private Description checkForReadBeforeInit(ExpressionTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    // do a bunch of filtering.  first, filter out anything outside an initializer
    TreePath path = state.getPath();
    TreePath enclosingBlockPath = NullabilityUtil.findEnclosingMethodOrLambdaOrInitializer(path);
    if (enclosingBlockPath == null) {
      // is this possible?
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    if (!relevantInitializerMethodOrBlock(enclosingBlockPath, state)) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }

    // now, make sure we have a field read
    Symbol symbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(tree);
    if (symbol == null) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    if (!symbol.getKind().equals(ElementKind.FIELD)) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    // for static fields, make sure the enclosing init is a static method or block
    if (symbol.isStatic()) {
      Tree enclosing = enclosingBlockPath.getLeaf();
      if (enclosing instanceof MethodTree
          && !ASTHelpers.getSymbol((MethodTree) enclosing).isStatic()) {
        return Description.NO_MATCH;
      } else if (enclosing instanceof BlockTree && !((BlockTree) enclosing).isStatic()) {
        return Description.NO_MATCH;
      }
    }
    if (okToReadBeforeInitialized(path)) {
      // writing the field, not reading it
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }

    // check that the field might actually be problematic to read
    FieldInitEntities entities = class2Entities.get(enclosingClassSymbol(enclosingBlockPath));
    if (!(entities.nonnullInstanceFields().contains(symbol)
        || entities.nonnullStaticFields().contains(symbol))) {
      // field is either nullable or initialized at declaration
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    if (errorBuilder.symbolHasSuppressInitializationWarningsAnnotation(symbol)) {
      // also suppress checking read before init, as we may not find explicit initialization
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    return checkPossibleUninitFieldRead(tree, state, symbol, path, enclosingBlockPath);
  }

  private Symbol.ClassSymbol enclosingClassSymbol(TreePath enclosingBlockPath) {
    Tree leaf = enclosingBlockPath.getLeaf();
    if (leaf instanceof BlockTree) {
      // parent must be a ClassTree
      Tree parent = enclosingBlockPath.getParentPath().getLeaf();
      return ASTHelpers.getSymbol((ClassTree) parent);
    } else {
      return ASTHelpers.enclosingClass(ASTHelpers.getSymbol(leaf));
    }
  }

  private boolean relevantInitializerMethodOrBlock(
      TreePath enclosingBlockPath, VisitorState state) {
    Tree methodLambdaOrBlock = enclosingBlockPath.getLeaf();
    if (methodLambdaOrBlock instanceof LambdaExpressionTree) {
      return false;
    } else if (methodLambdaOrBlock instanceof MethodTree) {
      MethodTree methodTree = (MethodTree) methodLambdaOrBlock;
      if (isConstructor(methodTree) && !constructorInvokesAnother(methodTree, state)) return true;
      if (ASTHelpers.getSymbol(methodTree).isStatic()) {
        Set<MethodTree> staticInitializerMethods =
            class2Entities.get(enclosingClassSymbol(enclosingBlockPath)).staticInitializerMethods();
        return staticInitializerMethods.size() == 1
            && staticInitializerMethods.contains(methodTree);
      } else {
        Set<MethodTree> instanceInitializerMethods =
            class2Entities
                .get(enclosingClassSymbol(enclosingBlockPath))
                .instanceInitializerMethods();
        return instanceInitializerMethods.size() == 1
            && instanceInitializerMethods.contains(methodTree);
      }
    } else {
      // initializer or field declaration
      return true;
    }
  }

  private Description checkPossibleUninitFieldRead(
      ExpressionTree tree,
      VisitorState state,
      Symbol symbol,
      TreePath path,
      TreePath enclosingBlockPath) {
    if (!fieldInitializedByPreviousInitializer(symbol, enclosingBlockPath, state)
        && !fieldAlwaysInitializedBeforeRead(symbol, path, state, enclosingBlockPath)) {
      ErrorMessage errorMessage =
          new ErrorMessage(
              MessageTypes.NONNULL_FIELD_READ_BEFORE_INIT,
              "read of @NonNull field " + symbol + " before initialization");
      return errorBuilder.createErrorDescription(errorMessage, path, buildDescription(tree));
    } else {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
  }

  /**
   * @param symbol the field being read
   * @param pathToRead TreePath to the read operation
   * @param state visitor state
   * @param enclosingBlockPath TreePath to enclosing initializer block
   * @return true if within the initializer, the field is always initialized before the read
   *     operation, false otherwise
   */
  private boolean fieldAlwaysInitializedBeforeRead(
      Symbol symbol, TreePath pathToRead, VisitorState state, TreePath enclosingBlockPath) {
    AccessPathNullnessAnalysis nullnessAnalysis = getNullnessAnalysis(state);
    Set<Element> nonnullFields;
    if (symbol.isStatic()) {
      nonnullFields = nullnessAnalysis.getNonnullStaticFieldsBefore(pathToRead, state.context);
    } else {
      nonnullFields = new LinkedHashSet<>();
      nonnullFields.addAll(
          nullnessAnalysis.getNonnullFieldsOfReceiverBefore(pathToRead, state.context));
      nonnullFields.addAll(safeInitByCalleeBefore(pathToRead, state, enclosingBlockPath));
    }
    return nonnullFields.contains(symbol);
  }

  /**
   * computes those fields always initialized by callee safe init methods before a read operation
   * (pathToRead) is invoked. See <a
   * href="https://github.com/uber/NullAway/wiki/Error-Messages#initializer-method-does-not-guarantee-nonnull-field-is-initialized--nonnull-field--not-initialized">the
   * docs</a> for what is considered a safe initializer method.
   */
  private ImmutableSet<Element> safeInitByCalleeBefore(
      TreePath pathToRead, VisitorState state, TreePath enclosingBlockPath) {
    Set<Element> safeInitMethods = new LinkedHashSet<>();
    Tree enclosingBlockOrMethod = enclosingBlockPath.getLeaf();
    if (enclosingBlockOrMethod instanceof VariableTree) {
      return ImmutableSet.of();
    }
    ImmutableSet.Builder<Element> resultBuilder = ImmutableSet.builder();
    BlockTree blockTree =
        enclosingBlockOrMethod instanceof BlockTree
            ? (BlockTree) enclosingBlockOrMethod
            : ((MethodTree) enclosingBlockOrMethod).getBody();
    List<? extends StatementTree> statements = blockTree.getStatements();
    Tree readExprTree = pathToRead.getLeaf();
    int readStartPos = getStartPos((JCTree) readExprTree);
    TreePath classTreePath = enclosingBlockPath;
    // look for the parent ClassTree node, which represents the enclosing class / enum / interface
    while (!(classTreePath.getLeaf() instanceof ClassTree)) {
      classTreePath = classTreePath.getParentPath();
      if (classTreePath == null) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(
            "could not find enclosing class / enum / interface for "
                + state.getSourceForNode(enclosingBlockPath.getLeaf()));
      }
    }
    Symbol.ClassSymbol classSymbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol((ClassTree) classTreePath.getLeaf());
    for (int i = 0; i < statements.size(); i++) {
      StatementTree curStmt = statements.get(i);
      if (getStartPos((JCTree) curStmt) <= readStartPos) {
        Element privMethodElem = getInvokeOfSafeInitMethod(curStmt, classSymbol, state);
        if (privMethodElem != null) {
          safeInitMethods.add(privMethodElem);
        }
        // Hack: Handling try{...}finally{...} statement, see getSafeInitMethods
        if (curStmt.getKind().equals(Tree.Kind.TRY)) {
          TryTree tryTree = (TryTree) curStmt;
          // ToDo: Should we check initialization inside tryTree.getResources ? What is the scope of
          // that initialization?
          if (tryTree.getCatches().size() == 0) {
            if (tryTree.getBlock() != null) {
              resultBuilder.addAll(
                  safeInitByCalleeBefore(
                      pathToRead, state, new TreePath(enclosingBlockPath, tryTree.getBlock())));
            }
            if (tryTree.getFinallyBlock() != null) {
              resultBuilder.addAll(
                  safeInitByCalleeBefore(
                      pathToRead,
                      state,
                      new TreePath(enclosingBlockPath, tryTree.getFinallyBlock())));
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
    addGuaranteedNonNullFromInvokes(
        state, getTreesInstance(state), safeInitMethods, getNullnessAnalysis(state), resultBuilder);
    return resultBuilder.build();
  }

  private int getStartPos(JCTree tree) {
    return tree.pos().getStartPosition();
  }

  /**
   * @param fieldSymbol the field
   * @param initTreePath TreePath to the initializer method / block
   * @param state visitor state
   * @return true if the field is always initialized (by some other initializer) before the
   *     initializer corresponding to initTreePath executes
   */
  private boolean fieldInitializedByPreviousInitializer(
      Symbol fieldSymbol, TreePath initTreePath, VisitorState state) {
    TreePath enclosingClassPath = initTreePath.getParentPath();
    ClassTree enclosingClass = (ClassTree) enclosingClassPath.getLeaf();
    Multimap<Tree, Element> tree2Init =
        initTree2PrevFieldInit.get(ASTHelpers.getSymbol(enclosingClass));
    if (tree2Init == null) {
      tree2Init = computeTree2Init(enclosingClassPath, state);
      initTree2PrevFieldInit.put(ASTHelpers.getSymbol(enclosingClass), tree2Init);
    }
    return tree2Init.containsEntry(initTreePath.getLeaf(), fieldSymbol);
  }

  /**
   * @param enclosingClassPath TreePath to class
   * @param state visitor state
   * @return a map from each initializer <em>i</em> to the fields known to be initialized before
   *     <em>i</em> executes
   */
  private Multimap<Tree, Element> computeTree2Init(
      TreePath enclosingClassPath, VisitorState state) {
    ClassTree enclosingClass = (ClassTree) enclosingClassPath.getLeaf();
    ImmutableMultimap.Builder<Tree, Element> builder = ImmutableMultimap.builder();
    // NOTE: this set includes both instance and static fields
    Set<Element> initThusFar = new LinkedHashSet<>();
    Set<MethodTree> constructors = new LinkedHashSet<>();
    AccessPathNullnessAnalysis nullnessAnalysis = getNullnessAnalysis(state);
    // NOTE: we assume the members are returned in their syntactic order.  This has held
    // true in our testing
    for (Tree memberTree : enclosingClass.getMembers()) {
      if (memberTree instanceof VariableTree || memberTree instanceof BlockTree) {
        // putAll does not keep a reference to initThusFar, so we don't need to make a copy here
        builder.putAll(memberTree, initThusFar);
      }
      if (memberTree instanceof BlockTree) {
        BlockTree blockTree = (BlockTree) memberTree;
        // add whatever gets initialized here
        TreePath memberPath = new TreePath(enclosingClassPath, memberTree);
        if (blockTree.isStatic()) {
          initThusFar.addAll(
              nullnessAnalysis.getNonnullStaticFieldsAtExit(memberPath, state.context));
        } else {
          initThusFar.addAll(
              nullnessAnalysis.getNonnullFieldsOfReceiverAtExit(memberPath, state.context));
        }
      }
      if (memberTree instanceof MethodTree) {
        MethodTree methodTree = (MethodTree) memberTree;
        if (isConstructor(methodTree)) {
          constructors.add(methodTree);
        }
      }
    }
    // all the initializer blocks have run before any code inside a constructor
    constructors.stream().forEach((c) -> builder.putAll(c, initThusFar));
    Symbol.ClassSymbol classSymbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(enclosingClass);
    FieldInitEntities entities = class2Entities.get(classSymbol);
    if (entities.instanceInitializerMethods().size() == 1) {
      MethodTree initMethod = entities.instanceInitializerMethods().iterator().next();
      // collect the fields that may not be initialized by *some* constructor NC
      Set<Symbol> constructorUninitSymbols = class2ConstructorUninit.get(classSymbol);
      // fields initialized after constructors is initThusFar + (nonNullFields - constructorUninit)
      Sets.SetView<Element> initAfterConstructors =
          Sets.union(
              initThusFar,
              Sets.difference(entities.nonnullInstanceFields(), constructorUninitSymbols));
      builder.putAll(initMethod, initAfterConstructors);
    }
    if (entities.staticInitializerMethods().size() == 1) {
      MethodTree staticInitMethod = entities.staticInitializerMethods().iterator().next();
      // constructors aren't relevant here; just use initThusFar
      builder.putAll(staticInitMethod, initThusFar);
    }
    return builder.build();
  }

  /**
   * @param path tree path to read operation
   * @return true if it is permissible to perform this read before the field has been initialized,
   *     false otherwise
   */
  private boolean okToReadBeforeInitialized(TreePath path) {
    TreePath parentPath = path.getParentPath();
    Tree leaf = path.getLeaf();
    Tree parent = parentPath.getLeaf();
    if (parent instanceof AssignmentTree) {
      // ok if it's actually a write
      AssignmentTree assignment = (AssignmentTree) parent;
      return assignment.getVariable().equals(leaf);
    } else if (parent instanceof BinaryTree) {
      // ok if we're comparing to null
      BinaryTree binaryTree = (BinaryTree) parent;
      Tree.Kind kind = binaryTree.getKind();
      if (kind.equals(Tree.Kind.EQUAL_TO) || kind.equals(Tree.Kind.NOT_EQUAL_TO)) {
        ExpressionTree left = binaryTree.getLeftOperand();
        ExpressionTree right = binaryTree.getRightOperand();
        return (left.equals(leaf) && right.getKind().equals(Tree.Kind.NULL_LITERAL))
            || (right.equals(leaf) && left.getKind().equals(Tree.Kind.NULL_LITERAL));
      }
    } else if (parent instanceof MethodInvocationTree) {
      // ok if it's invoking castToNonNull and the read is the argument
      MethodInvocationTree methodInvoke = (MethodInvocationTree) parent;
      Symbol.MethodSymbol methodSymbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(methodInvoke);
      String qualifiedName =
          ASTHelpers.enclosingClass(methodSymbol) + "." + methodSymbol.getSimpleName().toString();
      if (qualifiedName.equals(config.getCastToNonNullMethod())) {
        List<? extends ExpressionTree> arguments = methodInvoke.getArguments();
        return arguments.size() == 1 && leaf.equals(arguments.get(0));
      }
    }
    return false;
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchVariable(VariableTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    VarSymbol symbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(tree);
    if (symbol.type.isPrimitive() && tree.getInitializer() != null) {
      return doUnboxingCheck(state, tree.getInitializer());
    }
    if (!symbol.getKind().equals(ElementKind.FIELD)) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    ExpressionTree initializer = tree.getInitializer();
    if (initializer != null) {
      if (!symbol.type.isPrimitive() && !skipDueToFieldAnnotation(symbol)) {
        if (mayBeNullExpr(state, initializer)) {
          final ErrorMessage errorMessage =
              new ErrorMessage(
                  MessageTypes.ASSIGN_FIELD_NULLABLE,
                  "assigning @Nullable expression to @NonNull field");
          return errorBuilder.createErrorDescriptionForNullAssignment(
              errorMessage, initializer, state.getPath(), buildDescription(tree));
        }
      }
    }
    return Description.NO_MATCH;
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchClass(ClassTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    // check if the class is excluded according to the filter
    // if so, set the flag to match within the class to false
    // NOTE: for this mechanism to work, we rely on the enclosing ClassTree
    // always being visited before code within that class.  We also
    // assume that a single checker object is not being
    // used from multiple threads
    Symbol.ClassSymbol classSymbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(tree);
    // we don't want to update the flag for nested classes.
    // ideally we would keep a stack of flags to handle nested types,
    // but this is not easy within the Error Prone APIs
    NestingKind nestingKind = classSymbol.getNestingKind();
    if (!nestingKind.isNested()) {
      matchWithinClass = !isExcludedClass(classSymbol);
      // since we are processing a new top-level class, invalidate any cached
      // results for previous classes
      handler.onMatchTopLevelClass(this, tree, state, classSymbol);
      getNullnessAnalysis(state).invalidateCaches();
      initTree2PrevFieldInit.clear();
      class2Entities.clear();
      class2ConstructorUninit.clear();
      computedNullnessMap.clear();
      EnclosingEnvironmentNullness.instance(state.context).clear();
    }
    if (matchWithinClass) {
      // we need to update the environment before checking field initialization, as the latter
      // may run dataflow analysis
      if (nestingKind.equals(NestingKind.LOCAL) || nestingKind.equals(NestingKind.ANONYMOUS)) {
        updateEnvironmentMapping(tree, state);
      }
      checkFieldInitialization(tree, state);
    }
    return Description.NO_MATCH;
  }

  // UNBOXING CHECKS

  @Override
  public Description matchBinary(BinaryTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    ExpressionTree leftOperand = tree.getLeftOperand();
    ExpressionTree rightOperand = tree.getRightOperand();
    Type leftType = ASTHelpers.getType(leftOperand);
    Type rightType = ASTHelpers.getType(rightOperand);
    if (leftType == null || rightType == null) {
      throw new RuntimeException();
    }
    if (leftType.isPrimitive() && !rightType.isPrimitive()) {
      return doUnboxingCheck(state, rightOperand);
    }
    if (rightType.isPrimitive() && !leftType.isPrimitive()) {
      return doUnboxingCheck(state, leftOperand);
    }
    return Description.NO_MATCH;
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchUnary(UnaryTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    return doUnboxingCheck(state, tree.getExpression());
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchConditionalExpression(
      ConditionalExpressionTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    return doUnboxingCheck(state, tree.getCondition());
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchIf(IfTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    return doUnboxingCheck(state, tree.getCondition());
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchWhileLoop(WhileLoopTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    return doUnboxingCheck(state, tree.getCondition());
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchForLoop(ForLoopTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    if (tree.getCondition() != null) {
      return doUnboxingCheck(state, tree.getCondition());
    }
    return Description.NO_MATCH;
  }

  @Override
  public Description matchEnhancedForLoop(EnhancedForLoopTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    if (!matchWithinClass) {
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    ExpressionTree expr = tree.getExpression();
    final ErrorMessage errorMessage =
        new ErrorMessage(
            MessageTypes.DEREFERENCE_NULLABLE,
            "enhanced-for expression " + state.getSourceForNode(expr) + " is @Nullable");
    if (mayBeNullExpr(state, expr)) {
      return errorBuilder.createErrorDescription(
          errorMessage, state.getPath(), buildDescription(expr));
    }
    return Description.NO_MATCH;
  }

  /**
   * if any expression has non-primitive type, we should check that it can't be null as it is
   * getting unboxed
   *
   * @param expressions expressions to check
   * @return error Description if an error is found, otherwise NO_MATCH
   */
  private Description doUnboxingCheck(VisitorState state, ExpressionTree... expressions) {
    for (ExpressionTree tree : expressions) {
      Type type = ASTHelpers.getType(tree);
      if (type == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("was not expecting null type");
      }
      if (!type.isPrimitive()) {
        if (mayBeNullExpr(state, tree)) {
          final ErrorMessage errorMessage =
              new ErrorMessage(MessageTypes.UNBOX_NULLABLE, "unboxing of a @Nullable value");
          return errorBuilder.createErrorDescription(
              errorMessage, state.getPath(), buildDescription(tree));
        }
      }
    }
    return Description.NO_MATCH;
  }

  /**
   * handle either a method invocation or a 'new' invocation
   *
   * @param tree the corresponding MethodInvocationTree or NewClassTree
   * @param state visitor state
   * @param methodSymbol symbol for invoked method
   * @param actualParams parameters passed at call
   * @return description of error or NO_MATCH if no error
   */
  private Description handleInvocation(
      Tree tree,
      VisitorState state,
      Symbol.MethodSymbol methodSymbol,
      List<? extends ExpressionTree> actualParams) {
    ImmutableSet<Integer> nonNullPositions = null;
    if (NullabilityUtil.isUnannotated(methodSymbol, config)) {
      nonNullPositions =
          handler.onUnannotatedInvocationGetNonNullPositions(
              this, state, methodSymbol, actualParams, ImmutableSet.of());
    }
    List<VarSymbol> formalParams = methodSymbol.getParameters();
    if (nonNullPositions == null) {
      ImmutableSet.Builder<Integer> builder = ImmutableSet.builder();
      // compute which arguments are @NonNull
      for (int i = 0; i < formalParams.size(); i++) {
        VarSymbol param = formalParams.get(i);
        if (param.type.isPrimitive()) {
          Description unboxingCheck = doUnboxingCheck(state, actualParams.get(i));
          if (unboxingCheck != Description.NO_MATCH) {
            return unboxingCheck;
          } else {
            continue;
          }
        }
        // we need to call paramHasNullableAnnotation here since the invoked method may be defined
        // in a class file
        if (!Nullness.paramHasNullableAnnotation(methodSymbol, i)) {
          builder.add(i);
        }
      }
      nonNullPositions = builder.build();
    }
    // now actually check the arguments
    // NOTE: the case of an invocation on a possibly-null reference
    // is handled by matchMemberSelect()
    for (int argPos : nonNullPositions) {
      ExpressionTree actual = null;
      boolean mayActualBeNull = false;
      if (argPos == formalParams.size() - 1 && methodSymbol.isVarArgs()) {
        // Check all vararg actual arguments for nullability
        if (actualParams.size() <= argPos) {
          continue;
        }
        for (ExpressionTree arg : actualParams.subList(argPos, actualParams.size())) {
          actual = arg;
          mayActualBeNull = mayBeNullExpr(state, actual);
          if (mayActualBeNull) {
            break;
          }
        }
      } else {
        actual = actualParams.get(argPos);
        mayActualBeNull = mayBeNullExpr(state, actual);
      }
      // This statement should be unreachable without assigning actual beforehand:
      Preconditions.checkNotNull(actual);
      // make sure we are passing a non-null value
      if (mayActualBeNull) {
        String message =
            "passing @Nullable parameter '"
                + state.getSourceForNode(actual)
                + "' where @NonNull is required";
        return errorBuilder.createErrorDescriptionForNullAssignment(
            new ErrorMessage(MessageTypes.PASS_NULLABLE, message),
            actual,
            state.getPath(),
            buildDescription(actual));
      }
    }
    // Check for @NonNull being passed to castToNonNull (if configured)
    return checkCastToNonNullTakesNullable(tree, state, methodSymbol, actualParams);
  }

  private Description checkCastToNonNullTakesNullable(
      Tree tree,
      VisitorState state,
      Symbol.MethodSymbol methodSymbol,
      List<? extends ExpressionTree> actualParams) {
    String qualifiedName =
        ASTHelpers.enclosingClass(methodSymbol) + "." + methodSymbol.getSimpleName().toString();
    if (qualifiedName.equals(config.getCastToNonNullMethod())) {
      if (actualParams.size() != 1) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
            "Invalid number of parameters passed to configured CastToNonNullMethod.");
      }
      ExpressionTree actual = actualParams.get(0);
      TreePath enclosingMethodOrLambda =
          NullabilityUtil.findEnclosingMethodOrLambdaOrInitializer(state.getPath());
      boolean isInitializer;
      if (enclosingMethodOrLambda == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("no enclosing method, lambda or initializer!");
      } else if (enclosingMethodOrLambda.getLeaf() instanceof LambdaExpressionTree) {
        isInitializer = false;
      } else if (enclosingMethodOrLambda.getLeaf() instanceof MethodTree) {
        MethodTree enclosingMethod = (MethodTree) enclosingMethodOrLambda.getLeaf();
        isInitializer = isInitializerMethod(state, ASTHelpers.getSymbol(enclosingMethod));
      } else {
        // Initializer block
        isInitializer = true;
      }
      if (!isInitializer && !mayBeNullExpr(state, actual)) {
        String message =
            "passing known @NonNull parameter '"
                + state.getSourceForNode(actual)
                + "' to CastToNonNullMethod ("
                + qualifiedName
                + "). This method should only take arguments that NullAway considers @Nullable "
                + "at the invocation site, but which are known not to be null at runtime.";
        return errorBuilder.createErrorDescription(
            new ErrorMessage(MessageTypes.CAST_TO_NONNULL_ARG_NONNULL, message),
            tree,
            buildDescription(tree));
      }
    }
    return Description.NO_MATCH;
  }

  /**
   * check that all @NonNull fields of the class are properly initialized
   *
   * @param tree the class
   * @param state visitor state
   */
  private void checkFieldInitialization(ClassTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    FieldInitEntities entities = collectEntities(tree, state);
    Symbol.ClassSymbol classSymbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(tree);
    class2Entities.put(classSymbol, entities);
    // set of all non-null instance fields f such that *some* constructor does not initialize f
    Set<Symbol> notInitializedInConstructors;
    SetMultimap<MethodTree, Symbol> constructorInitInfo;
    if (entities.constructors().isEmpty()) {
      constructorInitInfo = null;
      notInitializedInConstructors = entities.nonnullInstanceFields();
    } else {
      constructorInitInfo = checkConstructorInitialization(entities, state);
      notInitializedInConstructors = ImmutableSet.copyOf(constructorInitInfo.values());
    }
    class2ConstructorUninit.putAll(classSymbol, notInitializedInConstructors);
    Set<Symbol> notInitializedAtAll =
        notAssignedInAnyInitializer(entities, notInitializedInConstructors, state);
    SetMultimap<Element, Element> errorFieldsForInitializer = LinkedHashMultimap.create();
    // non-null if we have a single initializer method
    Symbol.MethodSymbol singleInitializerMethod = null;
    if (entities.instanceInitializerMethods().size() == 1) {
      singleInitializerMethod =
          ASTHelpers.getSymbol(entities.instanceInitializerMethods().iterator().next());
    }
    for (Symbol uninitField : notInitializedAtAll) {
      if (singleInitializerMethod != null) {
        // report it on the initializer
        errorFieldsForInitializer.put(singleInitializerMethod, uninitField);
      } else if (constructorInitInfo == null) {
        // report it on the field, except in the case where the class is externalInit and
        // we have no initializer methods
        if (!(isExternalInit(classSymbol) && entities.instanceInitializerMethods().isEmpty())) {
          errorBuilder.reportInitErrorOnField(
              uninitField, state, buildDescription(getTreesInstance(state).getTree(uninitField)));
        }
      } else {
        // report it on each constructor that does not initialize it
        for (MethodTree methodTree : constructorInitInfo.keySet()) {
          Set<Symbol> uninitFieldsForConstructor = constructorInitInfo.get(methodTree);
          if (uninitFieldsForConstructor.contains(uninitField)) {
            errorFieldsForInitializer.put(ASTHelpers.getSymbol(methodTree), uninitField);
          }
        }
      }
    }
    for (Element constructorElement : errorFieldsForInitializer.keySet()) {
      errorBuilder.reportInitializerError(
          (Symbol.MethodSymbol) constructorElement,
          errMsgForInitializer(errorFieldsForInitializer.get(constructorElement)),
          state,
          buildDescription(getTreesInstance(state).getTree(constructorElement)));
    }
    // For static fields
    Set<Symbol> notInitializedStaticFields = notInitializedStatic(entities, state);
    for (Symbol uninitSField : notInitializedStaticFields) {
      // Always report it on the field for static fields (can't do @SuppressWarnings on a static
      // initialization block
      // anyways).
      errorBuilder.reportInitErrorOnField(
          uninitSField, state, buildDescription(getTreesInstance(state).getTree(uninitSField)));
    }
  }

  /**
   * @param entities relevant entities from class
   * @param notInitializedInConstructors those fields not initialized in some constructor
   * @param state
   * @return those fields from notInitializedInConstructors that are not initialized in any
   *     initializer method
   */
  private Set<Symbol> notAssignedInAnyInitializer(
      FieldInitEntities entities, Set<Symbol> notInitializedInConstructors, VisitorState state) {
    Trees trees = getTreesInstance(state);
    Symbol.ClassSymbol classSymbol = entities.classSymbol();
    ImmutableSet.Builder<Element> initInSomeInitializerBuilder = ImmutableSet.builder();
    for (MethodTree initMethodTree : entities.instanceInitializerMethods()) {
      if (initMethodTree.getBody() == null) {
        continue;
      }
      addInitializedFieldsForBlock(
          state,
          trees,
          classSymbol,
          initInSomeInitializerBuilder,
          initMethodTree.getBody(),
          new TreePath(state.getPath(), initMethodTree));
    }
    for (BlockTree block : entities.instanceInitializerBlocks()) {
      addInitializedFieldsForBlock(
          state,
          trees,
          classSymbol,
          initInSomeInitializerBuilder,
          block,
          new TreePath(state.getPath(), block));
    }
    Set<Symbol> result = new LinkedHashSet<>();
    ImmutableSet<Element> initInSomeInitializer = initInSomeInitializerBuilder.build();
    for (Symbol fieldSymbol : notInitializedInConstructors) {
      if (!initInSomeInitializer.contains(fieldSymbol)) {
        result.add(fieldSymbol);
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

  private void addInitializedFieldsForBlock(
      VisitorState state,
      Trees trees,
      Symbol.ClassSymbol classSymbol,
      ImmutableSet.Builder<Element> initInSomeInitializerBuilder,
      BlockTree block,
      TreePath path) {
    AccessPathNullnessAnalysis nullnessAnalysis = getNullnessAnalysis(state);
    Set<Element> nonnullAtExit =
        nullnessAnalysis.getNonnullFieldsOfReceiverAtExit(path, state.context);
    initInSomeInitializerBuilder.addAll(nonnullAtExit);
    Set<Element> safeInitMethods = getSafeInitMethods(block, classSymbol, state);
    addGuaranteedNonNullFromInvokes(
        state, trees, safeInitMethods, nullnessAnalysis, initInSomeInitializerBuilder);
  }

  /**
   * @param entities field init info
   * @param state visitor state
   * @return a map from each constructor C to the nonnull fields that C does *not* initialize
   */
  private SetMultimap<MethodTree, Symbol> checkConstructorInitialization(
      FieldInitEntities entities, VisitorState state) {
    SetMultimap<MethodTree, Symbol> result = LinkedHashMultimap.create();
    Set<Symbol> nonnullInstanceFields = entities.nonnullInstanceFields();
    Trees trees = getTreesInstance(state);
    boolean isExternalInit = isExternalInit(entities.classSymbol());
    for (MethodTree constructor : entities.constructors()) {
      if (constructorInvokesAnother(constructor, state)) {
        continue;
      }
      if (constructor.getParameters().size() == 0 && isExternalInit) {
        // external framework initializes fields in this case
        continue;
      }
      Set<Element> guaranteedNonNull =
          guaranteedNonNullForConstructor(entities, state, trees, constructor);
      for (Symbol fieldSymbol : nonnullInstanceFields) {
        if (!guaranteedNonNull.contains(fieldSymbol)) {
          result.put(constructor, fieldSymbol);
        }
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

  private boolean isExternalInit(Symbol.ClassSymbol classSymbol) {
    return StreamSupport.stream(NullabilityUtil.getAllAnnotations(classSymbol).spliterator(), false)
        .map((anno) -> anno.getAnnotationType().toString())
        .anyMatch(config::isExternalInitClassAnnotation);
  }

  private ImmutableSet<Element> guaranteedNonNullForConstructor(
      FieldInitEntities entities, VisitorState state, Trees trees, MethodTree constructor) {
    Set<Element> safeInitMethods =
        getSafeInitMethods(constructor.getBody(), entities.classSymbol(), state);
    AccessPathNullnessAnalysis nullnessAnalysis = getNullnessAnalysis(state);
    ImmutableSet.Builder<Element> guaranteedNonNullBuilder = ImmutableSet.builder();
    guaranteedNonNullBuilder.addAll(
        nullnessAnalysis.getNonnullFieldsOfReceiverAtExit(
            new TreePath(state.getPath(), constructor), state.context));
    addGuaranteedNonNullFromInvokes(
        state, trees, safeInitMethods, nullnessAnalysis, guaranteedNonNullBuilder);
    return guaranteedNonNullBuilder.build();
  }

  /** does the constructor invoke another constructor in the same class via this(...)? */
  private boolean constructorInvokesAnother(MethodTree constructor, VisitorState state) {
    BlockTree body = constructor.getBody();
    List<? extends StatementTree> statements = body.getStatements();
    if (statements.size() > 0) {
      StatementTree statementTree = statements.get(0);
      if (isThisCall(statementTree, state)) {
        return true;
      }
    }
    return false;
  }

  private Set<Symbol> notInitializedStatic(FieldInitEntities entities, VisitorState state) {
    Set<Symbol> nonNullStaticFields = entities.nonnullStaticFields();
    Set<Element> initializedInStaticInitializers = new LinkedHashSet<Element>();
    AccessPathNullnessAnalysis nullnessAnalysis = getNullnessAnalysis(state);
    for (BlockTree initializer : entities.staticInitializerBlocks()) {
      Set<Element> nonnullAtExit =
          nullnessAnalysis.getNonnullStaticFieldsAtExit(
              new TreePath(state.getPath(), initializer), state.context);
      initializedInStaticInitializers.addAll(nonnullAtExit);
    }
    for (MethodTree initializerMethod : entities.staticInitializerMethods()) {
      Set<Element> nonnullAtExit =
          nullnessAnalysis.getNonnullStaticFieldsAtExit(
              new TreePath(state.getPath(), initializerMethod), state.context);
      initializedInStaticInitializers.addAll(nonnullAtExit);
    }
    Set<Symbol> notInitializedStaticFields = new LinkedHashSet<Symbol>();
    for (Symbol field : nonNullStaticFields) {
      if (!initializedInStaticInitializers.contains(field)) {
        notInitializedStaticFields.add(field);
      }
    }
    return notInitializedStaticFields;
  }

  private void addGuaranteedNonNullFromInvokes(
      VisitorState state,
      Trees trees,
      Set<Element> safeInitMethods,
      AccessPathNullnessAnalysis nullnessAnalysis,
      ImmutableSet.Builder<Element> guaranteedNonNullBuilder) {
    for (Element invoked : safeInitMethods) {
      Tree invokedTree = trees.getTree(invoked);
      guaranteedNonNullBuilder.addAll(
          nullnessAnalysis.getNonnullFieldsOfReceiverAtExit(
              new TreePath(state.getPath(), invokedTree), state.context));
    }
  }

  /**
   * @param blockTree block of statements
   * @param state visitor state
   * @return Elements of safe init methods that are invoked as top-level statements in the method
   */
  private Set<Element> getSafeInitMethods(
      BlockTree blockTree, Symbol.ClassSymbol classSymbol, VisitorState state) {
    Set<Element> result = new LinkedHashSet<>();
    List<? extends StatementTree> statements = blockTree.getStatements();
    for (StatementTree stmt : statements) {
      Element privMethodElem = getInvokeOfSafeInitMethod(stmt, classSymbol, state);
      if (privMethodElem != null) {
        result.add(privMethodElem);
      }
      // Hack: If we see a try{...}finally{...} statement, without a catch, we consider the methods
      // inside both blocks
      // as "top level" for the purposes of finding initialization methods. Any exception happening
      // there is also an
      // exception of the full method.
      if (stmt.getKind().equals(Tree.Kind.TRY)) {
        TryTree tryTree = (TryTree) stmt;
        if (tryTree.getCatches().size() == 0) {
          if (tryTree.getBlock() != null) {
            result.addAll(getSafeInitMethods(tryTree.getBlock(), classSymbol, state));
          }
          if (tryTree.getFinallyBlock() != null) {
            result.addAll(getSafeInitMethods(tryTree.getFinallyBlock(), classSymbol, state));
          }
        }
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * A safe init method is an instance method that is either private or final (so no overriding is
   * possible)
   *
   * @param stmt the statement
   * @param enclosingClassSymbol symbol for enclosing constructor / initializer
   * @param state visitor state
   * @return element of safe init function if stmt invokes that function; null otherwise
   */
  @Nullable
  private Element getInvokeOfSafeInitMethod(
      StatementTree stmt, final Symbol.ClassSymbol enclosingClassSymbol, VisitorState state) {
    Matcher<ExpressionTree> invokeMatcher =
        (expressionTree, s) -> {
          if (!(expressionTree instanceof MethodInvocationTree)) {
            return false;
          }
          MethodInvocationTree methodInvocationTree = (MethodInvocationTree) expressionTree;
          Symbol.MethodSymbol symbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(methodInvocationTree);
          Set<Modifier> modifiers = symbol.getModifiers();
          if ((symbol.isPrivate() || modifiers.contains(Modifier.FINAL))
              && !symbol.isStatic()
              && !modifiers.contains(Modifier.NATIVE)) {
            // check it's the same class (could be an issue with inner classes)
            if (ASTHelpers.enclosingClass(symbol).equals(enclosingClassSymbol)) {
              // make sure the receiver is 'this'
              ExpressionTree receiver = ASTHelpers.getReceiver(expressionTree);
              return receiver == null || isThisIdentifier(receiver);
            }
          }
          return false;
        };
    if (stmt.getKind().equals(EXPRESSION_STATEMENT)) {
      ExpressionTree expression = ((ExpressionStatementTree) stmt).getExpression();
      if (invokeMatcher.matches(expression, state)) {
        return ASTHelpers.getSymbol(expression);
      }
    }
    return null;
  }

  private boolean isThisCall(StatementTree statementTree, VisitorState state) {
    if (statementTree.getKind().equals(EXPRESSION_STATEMENT)) {
      ExpressionTree expression = ((ExpressionStatementTree) statementTree).getExpression();
      return Matchers.methodInvocation(THIS_MATCHER).matches(expression, state);
    }
    return false;
  }

  private FieldInitEntities collectEntities(ClassTree tree, VisitorState state) {
    Symbol.ClassSymbol classSymbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(tree);
    Set<Symbol> nonnullInstanceFields = new LinkedHashSet<>();
    Set<Symbol> nonnullStaticFields = new LinkedHashSet<>();
    List<BlockTree> instanceInitializerBlocks = new ArrayList<>();
    List<BlockTree> staticInitializerBlocks = new ArrayList<>();
    Set<MethodTree> constructors = new LinkedHashSet<>();
    Set<MethodTree> instanceInitializerMethods = new LinkedHashSet<>();
    Set<MethodTree> staticInitializerMethods = new LinkedHashSet<>();

    // we assume getMembers() returns members in the same order as the declarations
    for (Tree memberTree : tree.getMembers()) {
      switch (memberTree.getKind()) {
        case METHOD:
          // check if it is a constructor or an @Initializer method
          MethodTree methodTree = (MethodTree) memberTree;
          Symbol.MethodSymbol symbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(methodTree);
          if (isConstructor(methodTree)) {
            constructors.add(methodTree);
          } else if (isInitializerMethod(state, symbol)) {
            if (symbol.isStatic()) {
              staticInitializerMethods.add(methodTree);
            } else {
              instanceInitializerMethods.add(methodTree);
            }
          }
          break;
        case VARIABLE:
          // field declaration
          VariableTree varTree = (VariableTree) memberTree;
          Symbol fieldSymbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(varTree);
          if (fieldSymbol.type.isPrimitive() || skipDueToFieldAnnotation(fieldSymbol)) {
            continue;
          }
          if (varTree.getInitializer() != null) {
            // note that we check that the initializer does the right thing in
            // matchVariable()
            continue;
          }
          if (fieldSymbol.isStatic()) {
            nonnullStaticFields.add(fieldSymbol);
          } else {
            nonnullInstanceFields.add(fieldSymbol);
          }
          break;
        case BLOCK:
          // initializer block
          BlockTree blockTree = (BlockTree) memberTree;
          if (blockTree.isStatic()) {
            staticInitializerBlocks.add(blockTree);
          } else {
            instanceInitializerBlocks.add(blockTree);
          }
          break;
        case ENUM:
        case CLASS:
        case INTERFACE:
        case ANNOTATION_TYPE:
          // do nothing
          break;
        default:
          throw new RuntimeException(
              memberTree.getKind().toString() + " " + state.getSourceForNode(memberTree));
      }
    }

    return FieldInitEntities.create(
        classSymbol,
        ImmutableSet.copyOf(nonnullInstanceFields),
        ImmutableSet.copyOf(nonnullStaticFields),
        ImmutableList.copyOf(instanceInitializerBlocks),
        ImmutableList.copyOf(staticInitializerBlocks),
        ImmutableSet.copyOf(constructors),
        ImmutableSet.copyOf(instanceInitializerMethods),
        ImmutableSet.copyOf(staticInitializerMethods));
  }

  private boolean isConstructor(MethodTree methodTree) {
    return ASTHelpers.getSymbol(methodTree).isConstructor()
        && !ASTHelpers.isGeneratedConstructor(methodTree);
  }

  private boolean isInitializerMethod(VisitorState state, Symbol.MethodSymbol symbol) {
    if (ASTHelpers.hasDirectAnnotationWithSimpleName(symbol, "Initializer")
        || config.isKnownInitializerMethod(symbol)) {
      return true;
    }
    for (AnnotationMirror anno : symbol.getAnnotationMirrors()) {
      String annoTypeStr = anno.getAnnotationType().toString();
      if (config.isInitializerMethodAnnotation(annoTypeStr)) {
        return true;
      }
    }
    Symbol.MethodSymbol closestOverriddenMethod =
        getClosestOverriddenMethod(symbol, state.getTypes());
    if (closestOverriddenMethod == null) {
      return false;
    }
    return isInitializerMethod(state, closestOverriddenMethod);
  }

  private boolean skipDueToFieldAnnotation(Symbol fieldSymbol) {
    return NullabilityUtil.getAllAnnotations(fieldSymbol)
        .map(anno -> anno.getAnnotationType().toString())
        .anyMatch(config::isExcludedFieldAnnotation);
  }

  private boolean isExcludedClass(Symbol.ClassSymbol classSymbol) {
    String className = classSymbol.getQualifiedName().toString();
    if (config.isExcludedClass(className)) {
      return true;
    }
    if (!config.fromAnnotatedPackage(classSymbol)) {
      return true;
    }
    // check annotations
    ImmutableSet<String> excludedClassAnnotations = config.getExcludedClassAnnotations();
    return classSymbol
        .getAnnotationMirrors()
        .stream()
        .map(anno -> anno.getAnnotationType().toString())
        .anyMatch(excludedClassAnnotations::contains);
  }

  private boolean mayBeNullExpr(VisitorState state, ExpressionTree expr) {
    expr = stripParensAndCasts(expr);
    if (ASTHelpers.constValue(expr) != null) {
      // This should include literals such as "true" or a string
      // obviously not null
      return false;
    }
    // the logic here is to avoid doing dataflow analysis whenever possible
    Symbol exprSymbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(expr);
    boolean exprMayBeNull;
    switch (expr.getKind()) {
      case NULL_LITERAL:
        // obviously null
        exprMayBeNull = true;
        break;
      case ARRAY_ACCESS:
        // unsound!  we cannot check for nullness of array contents yet
        exprMayBeNull = false;
        break;
      case NEW_CLASS:
      case NEW_ARRAY:
        // for string concatenation, auto-boxing
      case LAMBDA_EXPRESSION:
        // Lambdas may return null, but the lambda literal itself should not be null
      case MEMBER_REFERENCE:
        // These cannot be null; the compiler would catch it
      case MULTIPLY_ASSIGNMENT:
      case DIVIDE_ASSIGNMENT:
      case REMAINDER_ASSIGNMENT:
      case PLUS_ASSIGNMENT:
      case MINUS_ASSIGNMENT:
      case LEFT_SHIFT_ASSIGNMENT:
      case RIGHT_SHIFT_ASSIGNMENT:
      case UNSIGNED_RIGHT_SHIFT_ASSIGNMENT:
      case AND_ASSIGNMENT:
      case XOR_ASSIGNMENT:
      case OR_ASSIGNMENT:
        // result of compound assignment cannot be null
      case PLUS:
        // rest are for auto-boxing
      case MINUS:
      case MULTIPLY:
      case DIVIDE:
      case REMAINDER:
      case CONDITIONAL_AND:
      case CONDITIONAL_OR:
      case LOGICAL_COMPLEMENT:
      case INSTANCE_OF:
      case PREFIX_INCREMENT:
      case PREFIX_DECREMENT:
      case POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
      case POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
      case EQUAL_TO:
      case NOT_EQUAL_TO:
      case GREATER_THAN:
      case GREATER_THAN_EQUAL:
      case LESS_THAN:
      case LESS_THAN_EQUAL:
      case UNARY_MINUS:
      case UNARY_PLUS:
      case AND:
      case OR:
      case XOR:
      case LEFT_SHIFT:
      case RIGHT_SHIFT:
      case UNSIGNED_RIGHT_SHIFT:
        // clearly not null
        exprMayBeNull = false;
        break;
      case MEMBER_SELECT:
        exprMayBeNull = mayBeNullFieldAccess(state, expr, exprSymbol);
        break;
      case IDENTIFIER:
        if (exprSymbol != null && exprSymbol.getKind().equals(ElementKind.FIELD)) {
          // Special case: mayBeNullFieldAccess runs handler.onOverrideMayBeNullExpr before
          // dataflow.
          return mayBeNullFieldAccess(state, expr, exprSymbol);
        } else {
          // Check handler.onOverrideMayBeNullExpr before dataflow.
          exprMayBeNull = handler.onOverrideMayBeNullExpr(this, expr, state, true);
          return exprMayBeNull ? nullnessFromDataflow(state, expr) : false;
        }
      case METHOD_INVOCATION:
        // Special case: mayBeNullMethodCall runs handler.onOverrideMayBeNullExpr before dataflow.
        return mayBeNullMethodCall(state, expr, (Symbol.MethodSymbol) exprSymbol);
      case CONDITIONAL_EXPRESSION:
      case ASSIGNMENT:
        exprMayBeNull = nullnessFromDataflow(state, expr);
        break;
      default:
        throw new RuntimeException(
            "whoops, better handle " + expr.getKind() + " " + state.getSourceForNode(expr));
    }
    exprMayBeNull = handler.onOverrideMayBeNullExpr(this, expr, state, exprMayBeNull);
    return exprMayBeNull;
  }

  private boolean mayBeNullMethodCall(
      VisitorState state, ExpressionTree expr, Symbol.MethodSymbol exprSymbol) {
    boolean exprMayBeNull = true;
    if (NullabilityUtil.isUnannotated(exprSymbol, config)) {
      exprMayBeNull = false;
    }
    if (!Nullness.hasNullableAnnotation(exprSymbol)) {
      exprMayBeNull = false;
    }
    exprMayBeNull = handler.onOverrideMayBeNullExpr(this, expr, state, exprMayBeNull);
    return exprMayBeNull ? nullnessFromDataflow(state, expr) : false;
  }

  public boolean nullnessFromDataflow(VisitorState state, ExpressionTree expr) {
    Nullness nullness =
        getNullnessAnalysis(state).getNullness(new TreePath(state.getPath(), expr), state.context);
    if (nullness == null) {
      // this may be unsound, like for field initializers
      // figure out if we care
      return false;
    }
    return nullnessToBool(nullness);
  }

  public AccessPathNullnessAnalysis getNullnessAnalysis(VisitorState state) {
    return AccessPathNullnessAnalysis.instance(
        state.context, nonAnnotatedMethod, config, this.handler);
  }

  private boolean mayBeNullFieldAccess(VisitorState state, ExpressionTree expr, Symbol exprSymbol) {
    boolean exprMayBeNull = true;
    if (!NullabilityUtil.mayBeNullFieldFromType(exprSymbol, config)) {
      exprMayBeNull = false;
    }
    exprMayBeNull = handler.onOverrideMayBeNullExpr(this, expr, state, exprMayBeNull);
    return exprMayBeNull ? nullnessFromDataflow(state, expr) : false;
  }

  /**
   * @param kind
   * @return <code>true</code> if a deference of the kind might dereference null, <code>false</code>
   *     otherwise
   */
  private boolean kindMayDeferenceNull(ElementKind kind) {
    switch (kind) {
      case CLASS:
      case PACKAGE:
      case ENUM:
      case INTERFACE:
      case ANNOTATION_TYPE:
        return false;
      default:
        return true;
    }
  }

  private Description matchDereference(
      ExpressionTree baseExpression, ExpressionTree derefExpression, VisitorState state) {
    Symbol dereferenced = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(baseExpression);
    if (dereferenced == null
        || dereferenced.type.isPrimitive()
        || !kindMayDeferenceNull(dereferenced.getKind())) {
      // we know we don't have a null dereference here
      return Description.NO_MATCH;
    }
    if (mayBeNullExpr(state, baseExpression)) {
      final String message =
          "dereferenced expression " + state.getSourceForNode(baseExpression) + " is @Nullable";
      ErrorMessage errorMessage = new ErrorMessage(MessageTypes.DEREFERENCE_NULLABLE, message);

      handler.onPrepareErrorMessage(baseExpression, state, errorMessage);

      return errorBuilder.createErrorDescriptionForNullAssignment(
          errorMessage, baseExpression, state.getPath(), buildDescription(derefExpression));
    }
    return Description.NO_MATCH;
  }

  @SuppressWarnings("unused")
  private Description.Builder changeReturnNullabilityFix(
      Tree suggestTree, Description.Builder builder, VisitorState state) {
    if (suggestTree.getKind() != Tree.Kind.METHOD) {
      throw new RuntimeException("This should be a MethodTree");
    }
    SuggestedFix.Builder fixBuilder = SuggestedFix.builder();
    MethodTree methodTree = (MethodTree) suggestTree;
    int countNullableAnnotations = 0;
    for (AnnotationTree annotationTree : methodTree.getModifiers().getAnnotations()) {
      if (state.getSourceForNode(annotationTree.getAnnotationType()).endsWith("Nullable")) {
        fixBuilder.delete(annotationTree);
        countNullableAnnotations += 1;
      }
    }
    assert countNullableAnnotations > 1;
    return builder.addFix(fixBuilder.build());
  }

  @SuppressWarnings("unused")
  private Description.Builder changeParamNullabilityFix(
      Tree suggestTree, Description.Builder builder) {
    return builder.addFix(SuggestedFix.prefixWith(suggestTree, "@Nullable "));
  }

  @SuppressWarnings("unused")
  private int depth(ExpressionTree expression) {
    switch (expression.getKind()) {
      case MEMBER_SELECT:
        MemberSelectTree selectTree = (MemberSelectTree) expression;
        return 1 + depth(selectTree.getExpression());
      case METHOD_INVOCATION:
        MethodInvocationTree invTree = (MethodInvocationTree) expression;
        return depth(invTree.getMethodSelect());
      case IDENTIFIER:
        IdentifierTree varTree = (IdentifierTree) expression;
        Symbol symbol = ASTHelpers.getSymbol(varTree);
        return symbol.getKind().equals(ElementKind.FIELD) ? 2 : 1;
      default:
        return 0;
    }
  }

  private static boolean isThisIdentifier(ExpressionTree expressionTree) {
    return expressionTree.getKind().equals(IDENTIFIER)
        && ((IdentifierTree) expressionTree).getName().toString().equals("this");
  }

  public ErrorBuilder getErrorBuilder() {
    return errorBuilder;
  }

  /**
   * strip out enclosing parentheses and type casts.
   *
   * @param expr
   * @return
   */
  private static ExpressionTree stripParensAndCasts(ExpressionTree expr) {
    boolean someChange = true;
    while (someChange) {
      someChange = false;
      if (expr.getKind().equals(PARENTHESIZED)) {
        expr = ((ParenthesizedTree) expr).getExpression();
        someChange = true;
      }
      if (expr.getKind().equals(TYPE_CAST)) {
        expr = ((TypeCastTree) expr).getExpression();
        someChange = true;
      }
    }
    return expr;
  }

  private static boolean nullnessToBool(Nullness nullness) {
    switch (nullness) {
      case BOTTOM:
      case NONNULL:
        return false;
      case NULL:
      case NULLABLE:
        return true;
      default:
        throw new AssertionError("Impossible: " + nullness);
    }
  }

  /**
   * find the closest ancestor method in a superclass or superinterface that method overrides
   *
   * @param method the subclass method
   * @param types the types data structure from javac
   * @return closest overridden ancestor method, or <code>null</code> if method does not override
   *     anything
   */
  @Nullable
  private Symbol.MethodSymbol getClosestOverriddenMethod(Symbol.MethodSymbol method, Types types) {
    // taken from Error Prone MethodOverrides check
    Symbol.ClassSymbol owner = method.enclClass();
    for (Type s : types.closure(owner.type)) {
      if (types.isSameType(s, owner.type)) {
        continue;
      }
      for (Symbol m : s.tsym.members().getSymbolsByName(method.name)) {
        if (!(m instanceof Symbol.MethodSymbol)) {
          continue;
        }
        Symbol.MethodSymbol msym = (Symbol.MethodSymbol) m;
        if (msym.isStatic()) {
          continue;
        }
        if (method.overrides(msym, owner, types, /*checkReturn*/ false)) {
          return msym;
        }
      }
    }
    return null;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the computed nullness information from an expression. If none is available, it returns
   * Nullable.
   *
   * <p>Computed information can be added by handlers or by the core, and should supersede that
   * comming from annotations.
   *
   * <p>The default value of an expression without additional computed nullness information is
   * always Nullable, since this method should only be called when the fact that the expression is
   * NonNull is not clear from looking at annotations.
   *
   * @param e an expression
   * @return computed nullness for e, if any, else Nullable
   */
  public Nullness getComputedNullness(ExpressionTree e) {
    if (computedNullnessMap.containsKey(e)) {
      return computedNullnessMap.get(e);
    } else {
      return Nullness.NULLABLE;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Add computed nullness informat to an expression.
   *
   * <p>Used by handlers to communicate that an expression should has a more precise nullness than
   * what is known from source annotations.
   *
   * @param e
   * @param nullness
   */
  public void setComputedNullness(ExpressionTree e, Nullness nullness) {
    computedNullnessMap.put(e, nullness);
  }

  @AutoValue
  abstract static class FieldInitEntities {

    static FieldInitEntities create(
        Symbol.ClassSymbol classSymbol,
        Set<Symbol> nonnullInstanceFields,
        Set<Symbol> nonnullStaticFields,
        List<BlockTree> instanceInitializerBlocks,
        List<BlockTree> staticInitializerBlocks,
        Set<MethodTree> constructors,
        Set<MethodTree> instanceInitializerMethods,
        Set<MethodTree> staticInitializerMethods) {
      return new AutoValue_NullAway_FieldInitEntities(
          classSymbol,
          ImmutableSet.copyOf(nonnullInstanceFields),
          ImmutableSet.copyOf(nonnullStaticFields),
          ImmutableList.copyOf(instanceInitializerBlocks),
          ImmutableList.copyOf(staticInitializerBlocks),
          ImmutableSet.copyOf(constructors),
          ImmutableSet.copyOf(instanceInitializerMethods),
          ImmutableSet.copyOf(staticInitializerMethods));
    }

    /** @return symbol for class */
    abstract Symbol.ClassSymbol classSymbol();

    /** @return @NonNull instance fields that are not directly initialized at declaration */
    abstract ImmutableSet<Symbol> nonnullInstanceFields();

    /** @return @NonNull static fields that are not directly initialized at declaration */
    abstract ImmutableSet<Symbol> nonnullStaticFields();

    /**
     * @return the list of instance initializer blocks (e.g. blocks of the form `class X { { //Code
     *     } } ), in the order in which they appear in the class
     */
    abstract ImmutableList<BlockTree> instanceInitializerBlocks();

    /**
     * @return the list of static initializer blocks (e.g. blocks of the form `class X { static {
     *     //Code } } ), in the order in which they appear in the class
     */
    abstract ImmutableList<BlockTree> staticInitializerBlocks();

    /** @return the list of constructor */
    abstract ImmutableSet<MethodTree> constructors();

    /**
     * @return the list of non-static (instance) initializer methods. This includes methods
     *     annotated @Initializer, as well as those specified by -XepOpt:NullAway:KnownInitializers
     *     or annotated with annotations passed to -XepOpt:NullAway:CustomInitializerAnnotations
     */
    abstract ImmutableSet<MethodTree> instanceInitializerMethods();

    /**
     * @return the list of static initializer methods. This includes static methods
     *     annotated @Initializer, as well as those specified by -XepOpt:NullAway:KnownInitializers
     *     or annotated with annotations passed to -XepOpt:NullAway:CustomInitializerAnnotations
     */
    abstract ImmutableSet<MethodTree> staticInitializerMethods();
  }
}