diff --git a/lib/tzinfo/ruby_core_support.rb b/lib/tzinfo/ruby_core_support.rb
index 7ba776b3..27633d09 100644
--- a/lib/tzinfo/ruby_core_support.rb
+++ b/lib/tzinfo/ruby_core_support.rb
@@ -153,16 +153,23 @@ def self.open_file(file_name, mode, opts, &block)
     end
 
 
-    # Object#untaint is a deprecated no-op in Ruby >= 2.7 and will be removed in
-    # 3.2. Add a refinement to either silence the warning, or supply the method
-    # if needed.
+    # Object#untaint is deprecated and becomes a no-op in Ruby >= 2.7. It has
+    # been removed from Ruby 3.2.
     if !Object.new.respond_to?(:untaint) || RUBY_VERSION =~ /\A(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.|\z)/ && ($1 == '2' && $2.to_i >= 7 || $1.to_i >= 3)
-      module UntaintExt
-        refine Object do
-          def untaint
-            self
-          end
-        end
+      # Returns the supplied `Object`
+      #
+      # @param o [Object] the `Object` to untaint.
+      # @return [Object] `o`.
+      def self.untaint(o)
+        o
+      end
+    else
+      # Untaints and returns the supplied `Object`.
+      #
+      # @param o [Object] the `Object` to untaint.
+      # @return [Object] `o`.
+      def self.untaint(o)
+        o.untaint
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/tzinfo/ruby_data_source.rb b/lib/tzinfo/ruby_data_source.rb
index 792ca820..fd0b0878 100644
--- a/lib/tzinfo/ruby_data_source.rb
+++ b/lib/tzinfo/ruby_data_source.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
 module TZInfo
-  # Use send as a workaround for erroneous 'wrong number of arguments' errors
-  # with JRuby 9.0.5.0 when calling methods with Java implementations. See #114.
-  send(:using, RubyCoreSupport::UntaintExt) if RubyCoreSupport.const_defined?(:UntaintExt)
-
   # A DataSource that loads data from the set of Ruby modules included in the
   # TZInfo::Data library (tzinfo-data gem).
   #
@@ -25,7 +21,7 @@ def initialize
         data_file = File.join('', 'tzinfo', 'data.rb')
         path = $".reverse_each.detect {|p| p.end_with?(data_file) }
         if path
-          @base_path = File.join(File.dirname(path), 'data').untaint
+          @base_path = RubyCoreSupport.untaint(File.join(File.dirname(path), 'data'))
         else
           @base_path = tzinfo_data
         end
@@ -45,7 +41,7 @@ def load_timezone_info(identifier)
       # Untaint identifier after it has been reassigned to a new string. We
       # don't want to modify the original identifier. identifier may also be 
       # frozen and therefore cannot be untainted.
-      identifier.untaint
+      RubyCoreSupport.untaint(identifier)
       
       identifier = identifier.split('/')
       begin
diff --git a/lib/tzinfo/zoneinfo_data_source.rb b/lib/tzinfo/zoneinfo_data_source.rb
index 5cbc6947..2fa83d50 100644
--- a/lib/tzinfo/zoneinfo_data_source.rb
+++ b/lib/tzinfo/zoneinfo_data_source.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,4 @@
 module TZInfo
-  # Use send as a workaround for an issue on JRuby 9.2.9.0 where using the
-  # refinement causes calls to RubyCoreSupport.file_open to fail to pass the
-  # block parameter.
-  #
-  # https://travis-ci.org/tzinfo/tzinfo/jobs/628812051#L1931
-  # https://github.com/jruby/jruby/issues/6009
-  send(:using, TZInfo::RubyCoreSupport::UntaintExt) if TZInfo::RubyCoreSupport.const_defined?(:UntaintExt)
-
   # An InvalidZoneinfoDirectory exception is raised if the DataSource is
   # set to a specific zoneinfo path, which is not a valid zoneinfo directory
   # (i.e. a directory containing index files named iso3166.tab and zone.tab
@@ -229,7 +221,7 @@ def load_timezone_info(identifier)
           # Untaint path rather than identifier. We don't want to modify 
           # identifier. identifier may also be frozen and therefore cannot be
           # untainted.
-          path.untaint
+          RubyCoreSupport.untaint(path)
           
           begin
             ZoneinfoTimezoneInfo.new(identifier, path, @posix_tz_parser)
@@ -388,7 +380,7 @@ def load_timezone_index
     def enum_timezones(dir, exclude = [], &block)
       Dir.foreach(dir ? File.join(@zoneinfo_dir, dir) : @zoneinfo_dir) do |entry|
         unless entry =~ /\./ || exclude.include?(entry)
-          entry.untaint
+          RubyCoreSupport.untaint(entry)
           path = dir ? File.join(dir, entry) : entry
           full_path = File.join(@zoneinfo_dir, path)
  
diff --git a/lib/tzinfo/zoneinfo_timezone_info.rb b/lib/tzinfo/zoneinfo_timezone_info.rb
index a2fa9954..1551d74f 100644
--- a/lib/tzinfo/zoneinfo_timezone_info.rb
+++ b/lib/tzinfo/zoneinfo_timezone_info.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
 module TZInfo
-  # Use send as a workaround for erroneous 'wrong number of arguments' errors
-  # with JRuby 9.0.5.0 when calling methods with Java implementations. See #114.
-  send(:using, RubyCoreSupport::UntaintExt) if RubyCoreSupport.const_defined?(:UntaintExt)
-
   # An InvalidZoneinfoFile exception is raised if an attempt is made to load an
   # invalid zoneinfo file.
   class InvalidZoneinfoFile < StandardError
@@ -351,7 +347,7 @@ def define_offset(index, offset)
           std_offset = 0
         end
 
-        offset index, utc_offset, std_offset, offset[:abbr].untaint.to_sym
+        offset index, utc_offset, std_offset, RubyCoreSupport.untaint(offset[:abbr]).to_sym
       end
       
       # Parses a zoneinfo file and intializes the DataTimezoneInfo structures.
diff --git a/test/tc_country.rb b/test/tc_country.rb
index faa3bb52..c4ab10e7 100644
--- a/test/tc_country.rb
+++ b/test/tc_country.rb
@@ -2,10 +2,6 @@
 
 include TZInfo
 
-# Use send as a workaround for erroneous 'wrong number of arguments' errors with
-# JRuby 9.0.5.0 when calling methods with Java implementations. See #114.
-send(:using, TaintExt) if Module.const_defined?(:TaintExt)
-
 class TCCountry < Minitest::Test
   def setup
     @orig_data_source = DataSource.get
@@ -48,6 +44,7 @@ def test_get_case
   end
   
   def test_get_tainted_loaded
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
     Country.get('GB')
   
     safe_test(:unavailable => :skip) do
@@ -60,6 +57,7 @@ def test_get_tainted_loaded
   end
   
   def test_get_tainted_and_frozen_loaded
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
     Country.get('GB')
   
     safe_test do
@@ -69,6 +67,8 @@ def test_get_tainted_and_frozen_loaded
   end
   
   def test_get_tainted_not_previously_loaded
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
+
     safe_test(:unavailable => :skip) do
       code = 'GB'.dup.taint
       assert(code.tainted?)
@@ -79,6 +79,8 @@ def test_get_tainted_not_previously_loaded
   end
   
   def test_get_tainted_and_frozen_not_previously_loaded
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
+
     safe_test do
       country = Country.get('GB'.dup.taint.freeze)
       assert_equal('GB', country.code)
diff --git a/test/tc_ruby_data_source.rb b/test/tc_ruby_data_source.rb
index 23ecdfab..4250d5bf 100644
--- a/test/tc_ruby_data_source.rb
+++ b/test/tc_ruby_data_source.rb
@@ -2,10 +2,6 @@
 
 include TZInfo
 
-# Use send as a workaround for erroneous 'wrong number of arguments' errors with
-# JRuby 9.0.5.0 when calling methods with Java implementations. See #114.
-send(:using, TaintExt) if Module.const_defined?(:TaintExt)
-
 class TCRubyDataSource < Minitest::Test
   def setup
     @data_source = RubyDataSource.new
@@ -81,6 +77,7 @@ def test_load_timezone_info_minus
   end
 
   def test_load_timezone_info_tainted
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
     skip_if_has_bug_14060
 
     safe_test(:unavailable => :skip) do
@@ -93,6 +90,7 @@ def test_load_timezone_info_tainted
   end
   
   def test_load_timezone_info_tainted_and_frozen
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
     skip_if_has_bug_14060
 
     safe_test do
@@ -149,6 +147,8 @@ def test_load_country_info_case
   end
   
   def test_load_country_info_tainted
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
+
     safe_test(:unavailable => :skip) do
       code = 'NL'.dup.taint
       assert(code.tainted?)
@@ -159,6 +159,8 @@ def test_load_country_info_tainted
   end
   
   def test_load_country_info_tainted_and_frozen
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
+
     safe_test do
       info = @data_source.load_country_info('NL'.dup.taint.freeze)
       assert_equal('NL', info.code)
diff --git a/test/tc_timezone.rb b/test/tc_timezone.rb
index 5f4614d3..51c2bf8d 100644
--- a/test/tc_timezone.rb
+++ b/test/tc_timezone.rb
@@ -2,10 +2,6 @@
 
 include TZInfo
 
-# Use send as a workaround for erroneous 'wrong number of arguments' errors with
-# JRuby 9.0.5.0 when calling methods with Java implementations. See #114.
-send(:using, TaintExt) if Module.const_defined?(:TaintExt)
-
 class TCTimezone < Minitest::Test
 
   class BlockCalled < StandardError
@@ -244,6 +240,7 @@ def test_get_proxy_invalid
   end
   
   def test_get_tainted_loaded
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
     Timezone.get('Europe/Andorra')
   
     safe_test(:unavailable => :skip) do
@@ -256,6 +253,7 @@ def test_get_tainted_loaded
   end
   
   def test_get_tainted_and_frozen_loaded
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
     Timezone.get('Europe/Andorra')
   
     safe_test do
@@ -265,6 +263,7 @@ def test_get_tainted_and_frozen_loaded
   end
   
   def test_get_tainted_not_previously_loaded
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
     skip_if_has_bug_14060
 
     safe_test(:unavailable => :skip) do
@@ -277,6 +276,7 @@ def test_get_tainted_not_previously_loaded
   end
   
   def test_get_tainted_and_frozen_not_previously_loaded
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
     skip_if_has_bug_14060
 
     safe_test do
diff --git a/test/tc_zoneinfo_data_source.rb b/test/tc_zoneinfo_data_source.rb
index e0afe5fc..f9864dc9 100644
--- a/test/tc_zoneinfo_data_source.rb
+++ b/test/tc_zoneinfo_data_source.rb
@@ -7,17 +7,8 @@
 
 include TZInfo
 
-# Use send as a workaround for an issue on JRuby 9.2.9.0 where using the
-# refinement causes calls to RubyCoreSupport.file_open to fail to pass the block
-# parameter.
-#
-# https://travis-ci.org/tzinfo/tzinfo/jobs/628812051#L1931
-# https://github.com/jruby/jruby/issues/6009
-send(:using, TZInfo::RubyCoreSupport::UntaintExt) if TZInfo::RubyCoreSupport.const_defined?(:UntaintExt)
-send(:using, TaintExt) if Module.const_defined?(:TaintExt)
-
 class TCZoneinfoDataSource < Minitest::Test
-  ZONEINFO_DIR = File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), 'zoneinfo').untaint
+  ZONEINFO_DIR = RubyCoreSupport.untaint(File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), 'zoneinfo'))
   
   def setup
     @orig_search_path = ZoneinfoDataSource.search_path.clone
@@ -662,6 +653,8 @@ def test_load_timezone_info_invalid_file_2
   end
 
   def test_load_timezone_info_tainted
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
+
     safe_test(:unavailable => :skip) do
       identifier = 'Europe/Amsterdam'.dup.taint
       assert(identifier.tainted?)
@@ -672,6 +665,8 @@ def test_load_timezone_info_tainted
   end
   
   def test_load_timezone_info_tainted_and_frozen
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
+
     safe_test do
       info = @data_source.load_timezone_info('Europe/Amsterdam'.dup.taint.freeze)
       assert_equal('Europe/Amsterdam', info.identifier)
@@ -679,6 +674,8 @@ def test_load_timezone_info_tainted_and_frozen
   end
   
   def test_load_timezone_info_tainted_zoneinfo_dir_safe_mode
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
+
     safe_test(:unavailable => :skip) do
       assert_raises(SecurityError) do
         ZoneinfoDataSource.new(@data_source.zoneinfo_dir.dup.taint)
@@ -687,6 +684,8 @@ def test_load_timezone_info_tainted_zoneinfo_dir_safe_mode
   end
   
   def test_load_timezone_info_tainted_zoneinfo_dir
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
+
     data_source = ZoneinfoDataSource.new(@data_source.zoneinfo_dir.dup.taint)
     info = data_source.load_timezone_info('Europe/London')
     assert_kind_of(ZoneinfoTimezoneInfo, info)
@@ -697,7 +696,7 @@ def get_timezone_filenames(directory)
     entries = Dir.glob(File.join(directory, '**', '*'))
     
     entries = entries.select do |file|
-      file.untaint
+      RubyCoreSupport.untaint(file)
       File.file?(file)
     end
        
@@ -868,6 +867,8 @@ def test_load_country_info_case
   end
   
   def test_load_country_info_tainted
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
+
     safe_test(:unavailable => :skip) do
       code = 'NL'.dup.taint
       assert(code.tainted?)
@@ -878,6 +879,8 @@ def test_load_country_info_tainted
   end
   
   def test_load_country_info_tainted_and_frozen
+    skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
+
     safe_test do
       info = @data_source.load_country_info('NL'.dup.taint.freeze)
       assert_equal('NL', info.code)
diff --git a/test/tc_zoneinfo_timezone_info.rb b/test/tc_zoneinfo_timezone_info.rb
index 7d66282e..6c6e962d 100644
--- a/test/tc_zoneinfo_timezone_info.rb
+++ b/test/tc_zoneinfo_timezone_info.rb
@@ -5,10 +5,6 @@
 
 include TZInfo
 
-# Use send as a workaround for erroneous 'wrong number of arguments' errors with
-# JRuby 9.0.5.0 when calling methods with Java implementations. See #114.
-send(:using, RubyCoreSupport::UntaintExt) if RubyCoreSupport.const_defined?(:UntaintExt)
-
 class TCZoneinfoTimezoneInfo < Minitest::Test
   class FakePosixTimeZoneParser
     def initialize(&block)
@@ -1281,7 +1277,7 @@ def test_load_in_safe_mode
         
     tzif_test(offsets, []) do |path, format|
       # untaint only required for Ruby 1.9.2
-      path.untaint
+      RubyCoreSupport.untaint(path)
       
       safe_test do        
         info = ZoneinfoTimezoneInfo.new('Zone/three', path, @posix_tz_parser)
diff --git a/test/test_utils.rb b/test/test_utils.rb
index 389d935a..2b0671d1 100644
--- a/test/test_utils.rb
+++ b/test/test_utils.rb
@@ -108,6 +108,25 @@ def skip_if_has_bug_14060
       skip('Skipping test due to Ruby 2.4.4 being affected by Bug 14060 (see https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14060#note-5)')
     end
   end
+
+  # Object#taint is deprecated in Ruby >= 2.7 and will be removed in 3.2.
+  # 2.7 makes it a no-op with a warning.
+  # Define a method that will skip for use in tests that deal with tainted
+  # objects.
+  if Object.respond_to?(:taint)
+    if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.7'
+      def skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
+        skip('Object#taint is a no-op')
+      end
+    else
+      def skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
+      end
+    end
+  else
+    def skip_if_taint_is_undefined_or_no_op
+      skip('Object#taint is not defined')
+    end
+  end
   
   def assert_array_same_items(expected, actual, msg = nil)
     full_message = message(msg, '') { diff(expected, actual) }
@@ -184,19 +203,6 @@ def assert_nothing_raised(msg = nil)
 end
 
 
-# Object#taint is a deprecated no-op in Ruby 2.7 and outputs a warning. It will
-# be removed in 3.2. Silence the warning or supply a replacement.
-if TZInfo::RubyCoreSupport.const_defined?(:UntaintExt)
-  module TaintExt
-    refine Object do
-      def taint
-        self
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-
 # JRuby 1.7.5 to 1.7.9 consider DateTime instances that differ by less than 
 # 1 millisecond to be equivalent (https://github.com/jruby/jruby/issues/1311).
 #
diff --git a/test/ts_all_zoneinfo.rb b/test/ts_all_zoneinfo.rb
index ae1ba15e..6d6c67e2 100644
--- a/test/ts_all_zoneinfo.rb
+++ b/test/ts_all_zoneinfo.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # Use a zoneinfo directory containing files needed by the tests.
 # The symlinks in this directory are set up in test_utils.rb.
 zoneinfo_path = File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), 'zoneinfo')
-zoneinfo_path.untaint if RUBY_VERSION < '2.7'
+TZInfo.const_get(:RubyCoreSupport).untaint(zoneinfo_path) if RUBY_VERSION < '2.7'
 TZInfo::DataSource.set(:zoneinfo, zoneinfo_path)
 
 require File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), 'ts_all.rb')