mod.rs

#![cfg_attr(loom, allow(dead_code, unreachable_pub, unused_imports))]

//! Synchronization primitives for use in asynchronous contexts.
//!
//! Tokio programs tend to be organized as a set of [tasks] where each task
//! operates independently and may be executed on separate physical threads. The
//! synchronization primitives provided in this module permit these independent
//! tasks to communicate together.
//!
//! [tasks]: crate::task
//!
//! # Message passing
//!
//! The most common form of synchronization in a Tokio program is message
//! passing. Two tasks operate independently and send messages to each other to
//! synchronize. Doing so has the advantage of avoiding shared state.
//!
//! Message passing is implemented using channels. A channel supports sending a
//! message from one producer task to one or more consumer tasks. There are a
//! few flavors of channels provided by Tokio. Each channel flavor supports
//! different message passing patterns. When a channel supports multiple
//! producers, many separate tasks may **send** messages. When a channel
//! supports muliple consumers, many different separate tasks may **receive**
//! messages.
//!
//! Tokio provides many different channel flavors as different message passing
//! patterns are best handled with different implementations.
//!
//! ## `oneshot` channel
//!
//! The [`oneshot` channel][oneshot] supports sending a **single** value from a
//! single producer to a single consumer. This channel is usually used to send
//! the result of a computation to a waiter.
//!
//! **Example:** using a `oneshot` channel to receive the result of a
//! computation.
//!
//! ```
//! use tokio::sync::oneshot;
//!
//! async fn some_computation() -> String {
//!     "represents the result of the computation".to_string()
//! }
//!
//! #[tokio::main]
//! async fn main() {
//!     let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
//!
//!     tokio::spawn(async move {
//!         let res = some_computation().await;
//!         tx.send(res).unwrap();
//!     });
//!
//!     // Do other work while the computation is happening in the background
//!
//!     // Wait for the computation result
//!     let res = rx.await.unwrap();
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! Note, if the task produces the the computation result as its final action
//! before terminating, the [`JoinHandle`] can be used to receive the
//! computation result instead of allocating resources for the `oneshot`
//! channel. Awaiting on [`JoinHandle`] returns `Result`. If the task panics,
//! the `Joinhandle` yields `Err` with the panic cause.
//!
//! **Example:**
//!
//! ```
//! async fn some_computation() -> String {
//!     "the result of the computation".to_string()
//! }
//!
//! #[tokio::main]
//! async fn main() {
//!     let join_handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
//!         some_computation().await
//!     });
//!
//!     // Do other work while the computation is happening in the background
//!
//!     // Wait for the computation result
//!     let res = join_handle.await.unwrap();
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! [`JoinHandle`]: crate::task::JoinHandle
//!
//! ## `mpsc` channel
//!
//! The [`mpsc` channel][mpsc] supports sending **many** values from **many**
//! producers to a single consumer. This channel is often used to send work to a
//! task or to receive the result of many computations.
//!
//! **Example:** using an mpsc to incrementally stream the results of a series
//! of computations.
//!
//! ```
//! use tokio::sync::mpsc;
//!
//! async fn some_computation(input: u32) -> String {
//!     format!("the result of computation {}", input)
//! }
//!
//! #[tokio::main]
//! async fn main() {
//!     let (mut tx, mut rx) = mpsc::channel(100);
//!
//!     tokio::spawn(async move {
//!         for i in 0..10 {
//!             let res = some_computation(i).await;
//!             tx.send(res).await.unwrap();
//!         }
//!     });
//!
//!     while let Some(res) = rx.recv().await {
//!         println!("got = {}", res);
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! The argument to `mpsc::channel` is the channel capacity. This is the maximum
//! number of values that can be stored in the channel pending receipt at any
//! given time. Properly setting this value is key in implementing robust
//! programs as the channel capacity plays a critical part in handling back
//! pressure.
//!
//! A common concurrency pattern for resource management is to spawn a task
//! dedicated to managing that resource and using message passing betwen other
//! tasks to interact with the resource. The resource may be anything that may
//! not be concurrently used. Some examples include a socket and program state.
//! For example, if multiple tasks need to send data over a single socket, spawn
//! a task to manage the socket and use a channel to synchronize.
//!
//! **Example:** sending data from many tasks over a single socket using message
//! passing.
//!
//! ```no_run
//! use tokio::io::{self, AsyncWriteExt};
//! use tokio::net::TcpStream;
//! use tokio::sync::mpsc;
//!
//! #[tokio::main]
//! async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
//!     let mut socket = TcpStream::connect("www.example.com:1234").await?;
//!     let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::channel(100);
//!
//!     for _ in 0..10 {
//!         // Each task needs its own `tx` handle. This is done by cloning the
//!         // original handle.
//!         let mut tx = tx.clone();
//!
//!         tokio::spawn(async move {
//!             tx.send(&b"data to write"[..]).await.unwrap();
//!         });
//!     }
//!
//!     // The `rx` half of the channel returns `None` once **all** `tx` clones
//!     // drop. To ensure `None` is returned, drop the handle owned by the
//!     // current task. If this `tx` handle is not dropped, there will always
//!     // be a single outstanding `tx` handle.
//!     drop(tx);
//!
//!     while let Some(res) = rx.recv().await {
//!         socket.write_all(res).await?;
//!     }
//!
//!     Ok(())
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! The [`mpsc`][mpsc] and [`oneshot`][oneshot] channels can be combined to
//! provide a request / response type synchronization pattern with a shared
//! resource. A task is spawned to synchronize a resource and waits on commands
//! received on a [`mpsc`][mpsc] channel. Each command includes a
//! [`oneshot`][oneshot] `Sender` on which the result of the command is sent.
//!
//! **Example:** use a task to synchronize a `u64` counter. Each task sends an
//! "fetch and increment" command. The counter value **before** the increment is
//! sent over the provided `oneshot` channel.
//!
//! ```
//! use tokio::sync::{oneshot, mpsc};
//! use Command::Increment;
//!
//! enum Command {
//!     Increment,
//!     // Other commands can be added here
//! }
//!
//! #[tokio::main]
//! async fn main() {
//!     let (cmd_tx, mut cmd_rx) = mpsc::channel::<(Command, oneshot::Sender<u64>)>(100);
//!
//!     // Spawn a task to manage the counter
//!     tokio::spawn(async move {
//!         let mut counter: u64 = 0;
//!
//!         while let Some((cmd, response)) = cmd_rx.recv().await {
//!             match cmd {
//!                 Increment => {
//!                     let prev = counter;
//!                     counter += 1;
//!                     response.send(prev).unwrap();
//!                 }
//!             }
//!         }
//!     });
//!
//!     let mut join_handles = vec![];
//!
//!     // Spawn tasks that will send the increment command.
//!     for _ in 0..10 {
//!         let mut cmd_tx = cmd_tx.clone();
//!
//!         join_handles.push(tokio::spawn(async move {
//!             let (resp_tx, resp_rx) = oneshot::channel();
//!
//!             cmd_tx.send((Increment, resp_tx)).await.ok().unwrap();
//!             let res = resp_rx.await.unwrap();
//!
//!             println!("previous value = {}", res);
//!         }));
//!     }
//!
//!     // Wait for all tasks to complete
//!     for join_handle in join_handles.drain(..) {
//!         join_handle.await.unwrap();
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ## `broadcast` channel
//!
//! The [`broadcast` channel][broadcast] supports sending **many** values from
//! **many** producers to **many** consumers. Each consumer will receive
//! **each** value. This channel can be used to implement "fan out" style
//! patterns common with pub / sub or "chat" systems.
//!
//! This channel tends to be used less often than `oneshot` and `mpsc` but still
//! has its use cases.
//!
//! Basic usage
//!
//! ```
//! use tokio::sync::broadcast;
//!
//! #[tokio::main]
//! async fn main() {
//!     let (tx, mut rx1) = broadcast::channel(16);
//!     let mut rx2 = tx.subscribe();
//!
//!     tokio::spawn(async move {
//!         assert_eq!(rx1.recv().await.unwrap(), 10);
//!         assert_eq!(rx1.recv().await.unwrap(), 20);
//!     });
//!
//!     tokio::spawn(async move {
//!         assert_eq!(rx2.recv().await.unwrap(), 10);
//!         assert_eq!(rx2.recv().await.unwrap(), 20);
//!     });
//!
//!     tx.send(10).unwrap();
//!     tx.send(20).unwrap();
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ## `watch` channel
//!
//! The [`watch` channel][watch] supports sending **many** values from a
//! **single** producer to **many** consumers. However, only the **most recent**
//! value is stored in the channel. Consumers are notified when a new value is
//! sent, but there is no guarantee that consumers will see **all** values.
//!
//! The [`watch` channel] is similar to a [`broadcast` channel] with capacity 1.
//!
//! Use cases for the [`watch` channel] include broadcasting configuration
//! changes or signalling program state changes, such as transitioning to
//! shutdown.
//!
//! **Example:** use a `watch` channel to notify tasks of configuration changes.
//! In this example, a configuration file is checked periodically. When the file
//! changes, the configuration changes are signalled to consumers.
//!
//! ```
//! use tokio::sync::watch;
//! use tokio::time::{self, Duration, Instant};
//!
//! use std::io;
//!
//! #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
//! struct Config {
//!     timeout: Duration,
//! }
//!
//! impl Config {
//!     async fn load_from_file() -> io::Result<Config> {
//!         // file loading and deserialization logic here
//! # Ok(Config { timeout: Duration::from_secs(1) })
//!     }
//! }
//!
//! async fn my_async_operation() {
//!     // Do something here
//! }
//!
//! #[tokio::main]
//! async fn main() {
//!     // Load initial configuration value
//!     let mut config = Config::load_from_file().await.unwrap();
//!
//!     // Create the watch channel, initialized with the loaded configuration
//!     let (tx, rx) = watch::channel(config.clone());
//!
//!     // Spawn a task to monitor the file.
//!     tokio::spawn(async move {
//!         loop {
//!             // Wait 10 seconds between checks
//!             time::delay_for(Duration::from_secs(10)).await;
//!
//!             // Load the configuration file
//!             let new_config = Config::load_from_file().await.unwrap();
//!
//!             // If the configuration changed, send the new config value
//!             // on the watch channel.
//!             if new_config != config {
//!                 tx.broadcast(new_config.clone()).unwrap();
//!                 config = new_config;
//!             }
//!         }
//!     });
//!
//!     let mut handles = vec![];
//!
//!     // Spawn tasks that runs the async operation for at most `timeout`. If
//!     // the timeout elapses, restart the operation.
//!     //
//!     // The task simultaneously watches the `Config` for changes. When the
//!     // timeout duration changes, the timeout is updated without restarting
//!     // the in-flight operation.
//!     for _ in 0..5 {
//!         // Clone a config watch handle for use in this task
//!         let mut rx = rx.clone();
//!
//!         let handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
//!             // Start the initial operation and pin the future to the stack.
//!             // Pinning to the stack is required to resume the operation
//!             // across multiple calls to `select!`
//!             let op = my_async_operation();
//!             tokio::pin!(op);
//!
//!             // Receive the **initial** configuration value. As this is the
//!             // first time the config is received from the watch, it will
//!             // always complete immediatedly.
//!             let mut conf = rx.recv().await.unwrap();
//!
//!             let mut op_start = Instant::now();
//!             let mut delay = time::delay_until(op_start + conf.timeout);
//!
//!             loop {
//!                 tokio::select! {
//!                     _ = &mut delay => {
//!                         // The operation elapsed. Restart it
//!                         op.set(my_async_operation());
//!
//!                         // Track the new start time
//!                         op_start = Instant::now();
//!
//!                         // Restart the timeout
//!                         delay = time::delay_until(op_start + conf.timeout);
//!                     }
//!                     new_conf = rx.recv() => {
//!                         conf = new_conf.unwrap();
//!
//!                         // The configuration has been updated. Update the
//!                         // `delay` using the new `timeout` value.
//!                         delay.reset(op_start + conf.timeout);
//!                     }
//!                     _ = &mut op => {
//!                         // The operation completed!
//!                         return
//!                     }
//!                 }
//!             }
//!         });
//!
//!         handles.push(handle);
//!     }
//!
//!     for handle in handles.drain(..) {
//!         handle.await.unwrap();
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! # State synchronization
//!
//! The remaining synchronization primitives focus on synchronizing state.
//! These are asynchronous equivalents to versions provided by `std`. They
//! operate in a similar way as their `std` counterparts parts but will wait
//! asynchronously instead of blocking the thread.
//!
//! * [`Barrier`][Barrier] Ensures multiple tasks will wait for each other to
//!   reach a point in the program, before continuing execution all together.
//!
//! * [`Mutex`][Mutex] Mutual Exclusion mechanism, which ensures that at most
//!   one thread at a time is able to access some data.
//!
//! * [`Notify`][Notify] Basic task notification. `Notify` supports notifying a
//!   receiving task without sending data. In this case, the task wakes up and
//!   resumes processing.
//!
//! * [`RwLock`][RwLock] Provides a mutual exclusion mechanism which allows
//!   multiple readers at the same time, while allowing only one writer at a
//!   time. In some cases, this can be more efficient than a mutex.
//!
//! * [`Semaphore`][Semaphore] Limits the amount of concurrency. A semaphore
//!   holds a number of permits, which tasks may request in order to enter a
//!   critical section. Semaphores are useful for implementing limiting of
//!   bounding of any kind.

cfg_sync! {
    mod barrier;
    pub use barrier::{Barrier, BarrierWaitResult};

    pub mod broadcast;

    pub mod mpsc;

    mod mutex;
    pub use mutex::{Mutex, MutexGuard, TryLockError};

    mod notify;
    pub use notify::Notify;

    pub mod oneshot;

    pub(crate) mod batch_semaphore;
    pub(crate) mod semaphore_ll;
    mod semaphore;
    pub use semaphore::{Semaphore, SemaphorePermit, OwnedSemaphorePermit};

    mod rwlock;
    pub use rwlock::{RwLock, RwLockReadGuard, RwLockWriteGuard, MappedRwLockReadGuard, MappedRwLockWriteGuard};

    mod task;
    pub(crate) use task::AtomicWaker;

    pub mod watch;
}

cfg_not_sync! {
    cfg_atomic_waker_impl! {
        mod task;
        pub(crate) use task::AtomicWaker;
    }

    #[cfg(any(
            feature = "rt-core",
            feature = "process",
            feature = "signal"))]
    pub(crate) mod oneshot;

    cfg_signal! {
        pub(crate) mod mpsc;
        pub(crate) mod semaphore_ll;
    }
}

/// Unit tests
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;