diff --git a/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/private.rs b/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/private.rs
index 9fe6469a08..aebf1cf4e5 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/private.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/private.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ use std::{convert::Infallible, fmt, marker::PhantomData};
 ///     .route("/set", post(set_secret))
 ///     .route("/get", get(get_secret))
 ///     .with_state(state);
-/// # let _: axum::routing::RouterService = app;
+/// # let _: axum::Router = app;
 /// ```
 ///
 /// If you have been using `Arc<AppState>` you cannot implement `FromRef<Arc<AppState>> for Key`.
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/signed.rs b/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/signed.rs
index edc601a361..462c65a1f5 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/signed.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/extract/cookie/signed.rs
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ use std::{convert::Infallible, fmt, marker::PhantomData};
 ///     .route("/sessions", post(create_session))
 ///     .route("/me", get(me))
 ///     .with_state(state);
-/// # let _: axum::routing::RouterService = app;
+/// # let _: axum::Router = app;
 /// ```
 /// If you have been using `Arc<AppState>` you cannot implement `FromRef<Arc<AppState>> for Key`.
 /// You can use a new type instead:
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/routing/resource.rs b/axum-extra/src/routing/resource.rs
index 25d566435a..19c6236a83 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/routing/resource.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/routing/resource.rs
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ impl<B> From<Resource<B>> for Router<B> {
 mod tests {
     #[allow(unused_imports)]
     use super::*;
-    use axum::{extract::Path, http::Method, routing::RouterService, Router};
+    use axum::{extract::Path, http::Method, Router};
     use http::Request;
     use tower::{Service, ServiceExt};
 
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ mod tests {
             .update(|Path(id): Path<u64>| async move { format!("users#update id={}", id) })
             .destroy(|Path(id): Path<u64>| async move { format!("users#destroy id={}", id) });
 
-        let mut app = Router::new().merge(users).into_service();
+        let mut app = Router::new().merge(users);
 
         assert_eq!(
             call_route(&mut app, Method::GET, "/users").await,
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
-    async fn call_route(app: &mut RouterService, method: Method, uri: &str) -> String {
+    async fn call_route(app: &mut Router, method: Method, uri: &str) -> String {
         let res = app
             .ready()
             .await
diff --git a/axum-extra/src/routing/spa.rs b/axum-extra/src/routing/spa.rs
index 5fc6d8527b..ad8d8af135 100644
--- a/axum-extra/src/routing/spa.rs
+++ b/axum-extra/src/routing/spa.rs
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     fn works_with_router_with_state() {
-        let _: axum::RouterService = Router::new()
+        let _: Router = Router::new()
             .merge(SpaRouter::new("/assets", "test_files"))
             .route("/", get(|_: axum::extract::State<String>| async {}))
             .with_state(String::new());
diff --git a/axum-macros/src/lib.rs b/axum-macros/src/lib.rs
index 95f400aab9..053f2b0d3f 100644
--- a/axum-macros/src/lib.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/src/lib.rs
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ pub fn derive_typed_path(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 /// let app = Router::new()
 ///     .route("/", get(handler).post(other_handler))
 ///     .with_state(state);
-/// # let _: axum::routing::RouterService = app;
+/// # let _: axum::Router = app;
 /// ```
 ///
 /// [`FromRef`]: https://docs.rs/axum/latest/axum/extract/trait.FromRef.html
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/from_ref/pass/basic.rs b/axum-macros/tests/from_ref/pass/basic.rs
index 055d63b8d9..e410e11a05 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/from_ref/pass/basic.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/from_ref/pass/basic.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn main() {
         auth_token: Default::default(),
     };
 
-    let _: axum::routing::RouterService = Router::new()
+    let _: axum::Router = Router::new()
         .route("/", get(handler))
         .with_state(state);
 }
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_enum_via.rs b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_enum_via.rs
index 8da81901e1..632adb56ca 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_enum_via.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_enum_via.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use axum::{
 use axum_macros::FromRequest;
 
 fn main() {
-    let _: axum::routing::RouterService = Router::new()
+    let _: axum::Router = Router::new()
         .route("/a", get(|_: AppState| async {}))
         .route("/b", get(|_: InnerState| async {}))
         .with_state(AppState::default());
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_enum_via_parts.rs b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_enum_via_parts.rs
index 3d5b5b0bc3..664ff3ab4d 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_enum_via_parts.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_enum_via_parts.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use axum::{
 use axum_macros::FromRequestParts;
 
 fn main() {
-    let _: axum::routing::RouterService = Router::new()
+    let _: axum::Router = Router::new()
         .route("/a", get(|_: AppState| async {}))
         .route("/b", get(|_: InnerState| async {}))
         .route("/c", get(|_: AppState, _: InnerState| async {}))
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_explicit.rs b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_explicit.rs
index bea2958d7b..aed9dad6d5 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_explicit.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_explicit.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use axum::{
 };
 
 fn main() {
-    let _: axum::routing::RouterService = Router::new()
+    let _: axum::Router = Router::new()
         .route("/b", get(|_: Extractor| async {}))
         .with_state(AppState::default());
 }
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_explicit_parts.rs b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_explicit_parts.rs
index a4865fc85b..94f37cf6b8 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_explicit_parts.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_explicit_parts.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use axum::{
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 fn main() {
-    let _: axum::routing::RouterService = Router::new()
+    let _: axum::Router = Router::new()
         .route("/b", get(|_: Extractor| async {}))
         .with_state(AppState::default());
 }
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_field_explicit.rs b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_field_explicit.rs
index 1caccf461f..b6d003dc00 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_field_explicit.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_field_explicit.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use axum::{
 use axum_macros::FromRequest;
 
 fn main() {
-    let _: axum::routing::RouterService = Router::new()
+    let _: axum::Router = Router::new()
         .route("/", get(|_: Extractor| async {}))
         .with_state(AppState::default());
 }
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_field_infer.rs b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_field_infer.rs
index 08884dcb9f..a24861a162 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_field_infer.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_field_infer.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use axum::{
 use axum_macros::FromRequest;
 
 fn main() {
-    let _: axum::routing::RouterService = Router::new()
+    let _: axum::Router = Router::new()
         .route("/", get(|_: Extractor| async {}))
         .with_state(AppState::default());
 }
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_via.rs b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_via.rs
index 590ec53564..7d196b0395 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_via.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_via.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use axum::{
 use axum_macros::FromRequest;
 
 fn main() {
-    let _: axum::routing::RouterService = Router::new()
+    let _: axum::Router = Router::new()
         .route("/b", get(|_: (), _: AppState| async {}))
         .route("/c", get(|_: (), _: InnerState| async {}))
         .with_state(AppState::default());
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_via_infer.rs b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_via_infer.rs
index 50b4a1bc1c..40c52d8d4d 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_via_infer.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_via_infer.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use axum::{
 use axum_macros::FromRequest;
 
 fn main() {
-    let _: axum::routing::RouterService = Router::new()
+    let _: axum::Router = Router::new()
         .route("/b", get(|_: AppState| async {}))
         .with_state(AppState::default());
 }
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_via_parts.rs b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_via_parts.rs
index 2817e8327b..44da20dbf0 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_via_parts.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_via_parts.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use axum::{
 use axum_macros::FromRequestParts;
 
 fn main() {
-    let _: axum::routing::RouterService = Router::new()
+    let _: axum::Router = Router::new()
         .route("/a", get(|_: AppState, _: InnerState, _: String| async {}))
         .route("/b", get(|_: AppState, _: String| async {}))
         .route("/c", get(|_: InnerState, _: String| async {}))
diff --git a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_with_rejection.rs b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_with_rejection.rs
index aef3d9c773..9921add02b 100644
--- a/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_with_rejection.rs
+++ b/axum-macros/tests/from_request/pass/state_with_rejection.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use axum::{
 use axum_macros::FromRequest;
 
 fn main() {
-    let _: axum::routing::RouterService = Router::new()
+    let _: axum::Router = Router::new()
         .route("/a", get(|_: Extractor| async {}))
         .with_state(AppState::default());
 }
diff --git a/axum/CHANGELOG.md b/axum/CHANGELOG.md
index bbf51ef8a6..7d257c680f 100644
--- a/axum/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/axum/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,9 +7,11 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 
 # Unreleased
 
-- **added:** Add `RouterService::{layer, route_layer}` ([#1550])
+- **breaking:** `RouterService` has been removed since `Router` now implements
+  `Service` when the state is `()`. Use `Router::with_state` to provide the
+  state and get a `Router<()>` ([#1552])
 
-[#1550]: https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/1550
+[#1552]: https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/1552
 
 # 0.6.0-rc.5 (18. November, 2022)
 
diff --git a/axum/benches/benches.rs b/axum/benches/benches.rs
index 0ff269f003..3a7dd998da 100644
--- a/axum/benches/benches.rs
+++ b/axum/benches/benches.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use axum::{
     extract::State,
     routing::{get, post},
-    Extension, Json, Router, RouterService, Server,
+    Extension, Json, Router, Server,
 };
 use hyper::server::conn::AddrIncoming;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -17,13 +17,9 @@ fn main() {
         ensure_rewrk_is_installed();
     }
 
-    benchmark("minimal").run(|| Router::new().into_service());
+    benchmark("minimal").run(Router::new);
 
-    benchmark("basic").run(|| {
-        Router::new()
-            .route("/", get(|| async { "Hello, World!" }))
-            .into_service()
-    });
+    benchmark("basic").run(|| Router::new().route("/", get(|| async { "Hello, World!" })));
 
     benchmark("routing").path("/foo/bar/baz").run(|| {
         let mut app = Router::new();
@@ -34,32 +30,26 @@ fn main() {
                 }
             }
         }
-        app.route("/foo/bar/baz", get(|| async {})).into_service()
+        app.route("/foo/bar/baz", get(|| async {}))
     });
 
     benchmark("receive-json")
         .method("post")
         .headers(&[("content-type", "application/json")])
         .body(r#"{"n": 123, "s": "hi there", "b": false}"#)
-        .run(|| {
-            Router::new()
-                .route("/", post(|_: Json<Payload>| async {}))
-                .into_service()
-        });
+        .run(|| Router::new().route("/", post(|_: Json<Payload>| async {})));
 
     benchmark("send-json").run(|| {
-        Router::new()
-            .route(
-                "/",
-                get(|| async {
-                    Json(Payload {
-                        n: 123,
-                        s: "hi there".to_owned(),
-                        b: false,
-                    })
-                }),
-            )
-            .into_service()
+        Router::new().route(
+            "/",
+            get(|| async {
+                Json(Payload {
+                    n: 123,
+                    s: "hi there".to_owned(),
+                    b: false,
+                })
+            }),
+        )
     });
 
     let state = AppState {
@@ -75,7 +65,6 @@ fn main() {
         Router::new()
             .route("/", get(|_: Extension<AppState>| async {}))
             .layer(Extension(state.clone()))
-            .into_service()
     });
 
     benchmark("state").run(|| {
@@ -133,7 +122,7 @@ impl BenchmarkBuilder {
 
     fn run<F>(self, f: F)
     where
-        F: FnOnce() -> RouterService,
+        F: FnOnce() -> Router<()>,
     {
         // support only running some benchmarks with
         // ```
diff --git a/axum/src/boxed.rs b/axum/src/boxed.rs
index 3612d211db..6aaea39a66 100644
--- a/axum/src/boxed.rs
+++ b/axum/src/boxed.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
 use std::{convert::Infallible, fmt};
 
-use crate::{body::HttpBody, handler::Handler, routing::Route, Router};
+use http::Request;
+use tower::Service;
+
+use crate::{
+    body::HttpBody,
+    handler::Handler,
+    routing::{future::RouteFuture, Route},
+    Router,
+};
 
 pub(crate) struct BoxedIntoRoute<S, B, E>(Box<dyn ErasedIntoRoute<S, B, E>>);
 
@@ -13,6 +21,7 @@ where
     where
         H: Handler<T, S, B>,
         T: 'static,
+        B: HttpBody,
     {
         Self(Box::new(MakeErasedHandler {
             handler,
@@ -30,6 +39,14 @@ where
             into_route: |router, state| Route::new(router.with_state(state)),
         }))
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn call_with_state(
+        self,
+        request: Request<B>,
+        state: S,
+    ) -> RouteFuture<B, Infallible> {
+        self.0.call_with_state(request, state)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<S, B, E> BoxedIntoRoute<S, B, E> {
@@ -39,7 +56,7 @@ impl<S, B, E> BoxedIntoRoute<S, B, E> {
         B: 'static,
         E: 'static,
         F: FnOnce(Route<B, E>) -> Route<B2, E2> + Clone + Send + 'static,
-        B2: 'static,
+        B2: HttpBody + 'static,
         E2: 'static,
     {
         BoxedIntoRoute(Box::new(Map {
@@ -69,6 +86,8 @@ pub(crate) trait ErasedIntoRoute<S, B, E>: Send {
     fn clone_box(&self) -> Box<dyn ErasedIntoRoute<S, B, E>>;
 
     fn into_route(self: Box<Self>, state: S) -> Route<B, E>;
+
+    fn call_with_state(self: Box<Self>, request: Request<B>, state: S) -> RouteFuture<B, E>;
 }
 
 pub(crate) struct MakeErasedHandler<H, S, B> {
@@ -80,7 +99,7 @@ impl<H, S, B> ErasedIntoRoute<S, B, Infallible> for MakeErasedHandler<H, S, B>
 where
     H: Clone + Send + 'static,
     S: 'static,
-    B: 'static,
+    B: HttpBody + 'static,
 {
     fn clone_box(&self) -> Box<dyn ErasedIntoRoute<S, B, Infallible>> {
         Box::new(self.clone())
@@ -89,6 +108,14 @@ where
     fn into_route(self: Box<Self>, state: S) -> Route<B> {
         (self.into_route)(self.handler, state)
     }
+
+    fn call_with_state(
+        self: Box<Self>,
+        request: Request<B>,
+        state: S,
+    ) -> RouteFuture<B, Infallible> {
+        self.into_route(state).call(request)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<H, S, B> Clone for MakeErasedHandler<H, S, B>
@@ -110,8 +137,8 @@ pub(crate) struct MakeErasedRouter<S, B> {
 
 impl<S, B> ErasedIntoRoute<S, B, Infallible> for MakeErasedRouter<S, B>
 where
-    S: Clone + Send + 'static,
-    B: 'static,
+    S: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
 {
     fn clone_box(&self) -> Box<dyn ErasedIntoRoute<S, B, Infallible>> {
         Box::new(self.clone())
@@ -120,6 +147,14 @@ where
     fn into_route(self: Box<Self>, state: S) -> Route<B> {
         (self.into_route)(self.router, state)
     }
+
+    fn call_with_state(
+        mut self: Box<Self>,
+        request: Request<B>,
+        state: S,
+    ) -> RouteFuture<B, Infallible> {
+        self.router.call_with_state(request, state)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<S, B> Clone for MakeErasedRouter<S, B>
@@ -144,7 +179,7 @@ where
     S: 'static,
     B: 'static,
     E: 'static,
-    B2: 'static,
+    B2: HttpBody + 'static,
     E2: 'static,
 {
     fn clone_box(&self) -> Box<dyn ErasedIntoRoute<S, B2, E2>> {
@@ -157,6 +192,10 @@ where
     fn into_route(self: Box<Self>, state: S) -> Route<B2, E2> {
         (self.layer)(self.inner.into_route(state))
     }
+
+    fn call_with_state(self: Box<Self>, request: Request<B2>, state: S) -> RouteFuture<B2, E2> {
+        (self.layer)(self.inner.into_route(state)).call(request)
+    }
 }
 
 pub(crate) trait LayerFn<B, E, B2, E2>: FnOnce(Route<B, E>) -> Route<B2, E2> + Send {
diff --git a/axum/src/docs/middleware.md b/axum/src/docs/middleware.md
index 603fac78e8..8ae44ff158 100644
--- a/axum/src/docs/middleware.md
+++ b/axum/src/docs/middleware.md
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ let app = Router::new()
     .route("/", get(handler))
     .layer(MyLayer { state: state.clone() })
     .with_state(state);
-# let _: axum::routing::RouterService = app;
+# let _: axum::Router = app;
 ```
 
 # Passing state from middleware to handlers
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ async fn rewrite_request_uri<B>(req: Request<B>, next: Next<B>) -> Response {
 // this can be any `tower::Layer`
 let middleware = axum::middleware::from_fn(rewrite_request_uri);
 
-let app = Router::new().into_service();
+let app = Router::new();
 
 // apply the layer around the whole `Router`
 // this way the middleware will run before `Router` receives the request
diff --git a/axum/src/docs/routing/into_make_service_with_connect_info.md b/axum/src/docs/routing/into_make_service_with_connect_info.md
index 86165361e5..05ee750c56 100644
--- a/axum/src/docs/routing/into_make_service_with_connect_info.md
+++ b/axum/src/docs/routing/into_make_service_with_connect_info.md
@@ -2,10 +2,6 @@ Convert this router into a [`MakeService`], that will store `C`'s
 associated `ConnectInfo` in a request extension such that [`ConnectInfo`]
 can extract it.
 
-This is a convenience method for routers that don't have any state (i.e. the
-state type is `()`). Use [`RouterService::into_make_service_with_connect_info`]
-otherwise.
-
 This enables extracting things like the client's remote address.
 
 Extracting [`std::net::SocketAddr`] is supported out of the box:
diff --git a/axum/src/docs/routing/merge.md b/axum/src/docs/routing/merge.md
index 5d2b94bebd..0e103c83ca 100644
--- a/axum/src/docs/routing/merge.md
+++ b/axum/src/docs/routing/merge.md
@@ -39,13 +39,39 @@ let app = Router::new()
 
 # Merging routers with state
 
-When combining [`Router`]s with this function, each [`Router`] must have the
-same type of state. See ["Combining stateful routers"][combining-stateful-routers]
-for details.
+When combining [`Router`]s with this method, each [`Router`] must have the
+same type of state. If your routers have different types you can use
+[`Router::with_state`] to provide the state and make the types match:
+
+```rust
+use axum::{
+    Router,
+    routing::get,
+    extract::State,
+};
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct InnerState {}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct OuterState {}
+
+async fn inner_handler(state: State<InnerState>) {}
+
+let inner_router = Router::new()
+    .route("/bar", get(inner_handler))
+    .with_state(InnerState {});
+
+async fn outer_handler(state: State<OuterState>) {}
+
+let app = Router::new()
+    .route("/", get(outer_handler))
+    .merge(inner_router)
+    .with_state(OuterState {});
+# let _: axum::Router = app;
+```
 
 # Panics
 
 - If two routers that each have a [fallback](Router::fallback) are merged. This
   is because `Router` only allows a single fallback.
-
-[combining-stateful-routers]: crate::extract::State#combining-stateful-routers
diff --git a/axum/src/docs/routing/nest.md b/axum/src/docs/routing/nest.md
index d1a8dafce8..b40d0fc951 100644
--- a/axum/src/docs/routing/nest.md
+++ b/axum/src/docs/routing/nest.md
@@ -149,12 +149,40 @@ Here requests like `GET /api/not-found` will go to `api_fallback`.
 
 # Nesting routers with state
 
-When combining [`Router`]s with this function, each [`Router`] must have the
-same type of state. See ["Combining stateful routers"][combining-stateful-routers]
-for details.
+When combining [`Router`]s with this method, each [`Router`] must have the
+same type of state. If your routers have different types you can use
+[`Router::with_state`] to provide the state and make the types match:
 
-If you want to compose axum services with different types of state, use
-[`Router::nest_service`].
+```rust
+use axum::{
+    Router,
+    routing::get,
+    extract::State,
+};
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct InnerState {}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct OuterState {}
+
+async fn inner_handler(state: State<InnerState>) {}
+
+let inner_router = Router::new()
+    .route("/bar", get(inner_handler))
+    .with_state(InnerState {});
+
+async fn outer_handler(state: State<OuterState>) {}
+
+let app = Router::new()
+    .route("/", get(outer_handler))
+    .nest("/foo", inner_router)
+    .with_state(OuterState {});
+# let _: axum::Router = app;
+```
+
+Note that the inner router will still inherit the fallback from the outer
+router.
 
 # Panics
 
@@ -165,4 +193,3 @@ for more details.
 
 [`OriginalUri`]: crate::extract::OriginalUri
 [fallbacks]: Router::fallback
-[combining-stateful-routers]: crate::extract::State#combining-stateful-routers
diff --git a/axum/src/docs/routing/route_service.md b/axum/src/docs/routing/route_service.md
index 623c6cb628..a14323a933 100644
--- a/axum/src/docs/routing/route_service.md
+++ b/axum/src/docs/routing/route_service.md
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ use axum::{routing::get, Router};
 
 let app = Router::new().route_service(
     "/",
-    Router::new().route("/foo", get(|| async {})).into_service(),
+    Router::new().route("/foo", get(|| async {})),
 );
 # async {
 # axum::Server::bind(&"".parse().unwrap()).serve(app.into_make_service()).await.unwrap();
diff --git a/axum/src/extract/state.rs b/axum/src/extract/state.rs
index 3563cef110..447935d86e 100644
--- a/axum/src/extract/state.rs
+++ b/axum/src/extract/state.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ use std::{
 /// ) {
 ///     // use `state`...
 /// }
-/// # let _: axum::routing::RouterService = app;
+/// # let _: axum::Router = app;
 /// ```
 ///
 /// ## Combining stateful routers
@@ -71,19 +71,19 @@ use std::{
 /// async fn posts_handler(State(state): State<AppState>) {
 ///     // use `state`...
 /// }
-/// # let _: axum::routing::RouterService = app;
+/// # let _: axum::Router = app;
 /// ```
 ///
 /// However, if you are composing [`Router`]s that are defined in separate scopes,
 /// you may need to annotate the [`State`] type explicitly:
 ///
 /// ```
-/// use axum::{Router, RouterService, routing::get, extract::State};
+/// use axum::{Router, routing::get, extract::State};
 ///
 /// #[derive(Clone)]
 /// struct AppState {}
 ///
-/// fn make_app() -> RouterService {
+/// fn make_app() -> Router {
 ///     let state = AppState {};
 ///
 ///     Router::new()
@@ -101,19 +101,15 @@ use std::{
 /// async fn posts_handler(State(state): State<AppState>) {
 ///     // use `state`...
 /// }
-/// # let _: axum::routing::RouterService = make_app();
+/// # let _: axum::Router = make_app();
 /// ```
 ///
 /// In short, a [`Router`]'s generic state type defaults to `()`
 /// (no state) unless [`Router::with_state`] is called or the value
 /// of the generic type is given explicitly.
 ///
-/// It's also possible to combine multiple axum services with different state
-/// types. See [`Router::nest_service`] for details.
-///
 /// [`Router`]: crate::Router
 /// [`Router::merge`]: crate::Router::merge
-/// [`Router::nest_service`]: crate::Router::nest_service
 /// [`Router::nest`]: crate::Router::nest
 /// [`Router::with_state`]: crate::Router::with_state
 ///
@@ -209,7 +205,7 @@ use std::{
 ///     State(state): State<AppState>,
 /// ) {
 /// }
-/// # let _: axum::routing::RouterService = app;
+/// # let _: axum::Router = app;
 /// ```
 ///
 /// For convenience `FromRef` can also be derived using `#[derive(FromRef)]`.
diff --git a/axum/src/handler/mod.rs b/axum/src/handler/mod.rs
index a52f09f237..d80f2507f6 100644
--- a/axum/src/handler/mod.rs
+++ b/axum/src/handler/mod.rs
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ mod tests {
             format!("you said: {}", body)
         }
 
-        let client = TestClient::from_service(handle.into_service());
+        let client = TestClient::new(handle.into_service());
 
         let res = client.post("/").body("hi there!").send().await;
         assert_eq!(res.status(), StatusCode::OK);
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ mod tests {
             .layer(MapRequestBodyLayer::new(body::boxed))
             .with_state("foo");
 
-        let client = TestClient::from_service(svc);
+        let client = TestClient::new(svc);
         let res = client.get("/").send().await;
         assert_eq!(res.text().await, "foo");
     }
diff --git a/axum/src/lib.rs b/axum/src/lib.rs
index f73d279b13..314f844ff0 100644
--- a/axum/src/lib.rs
+++ b/axum/src/lib.rs
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ pub use self::extension::Extension;
 #[cfg(feature = "json")]
 pub use self::json::Json;
 #[doc(inline)]
-pub use self::routing::{Router, RouterService};
+pub use self::routing::Router;
 
 #[doc(inline)]
 #[cfg(feature = "headers")]
diff --git a/axum/src/middleware/from_fn.rs b/axum/src/middleware/from_fn.rs
index e9a525ee8e..e15988ed62 100644
--- a/axum/src/middleware/from_fn.rs
+++ b/axum/src/middleware/from_fn.rs
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ pub fn from_fn<F, T>(f: F) -> FromFnLayer<F, (), T> {
 ///     .route("/", get(|| async { /* ... */ }))
 ///     .route_layer(middleware::from_fn_with_state(state.clone(), my_middleware))
 ///     .with_state(state);
-/// # let _: axum::routing::RouterService = app;
+/// # let _: axum::Router = app;
 /// ```
 pub fn from_fn_with_state<F, S, T>(state: S, f: F) -> FromFnLayer<F, S, T> {
     FromFnLayer {
@@ -381,7 +381,6 @@ mod tests {
             .layer(from_fn(insert_header));
 
         let res = app
-            .into_service()
             .oneshot(Request::builder().uri("/").body(Body::empty()).unwrap())
             .await
             .unwrap();
diff --git a/axum/src/middleware/map_request.rs b/axum/src/middleware/map_request.rs
index eeac81610a..6b17f7a0d4 100644
--- a/axum/src/middleware/map_request.rs
+++ b/axum/src/middleware/map_request.rs
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ pub fn map_request<F, T>(f: F) -> MapRequestLayer<F, (), T> {
 ///     .route("/", get(|| async { /* ... */ }))
 ///     .route_layer(map_request_with_state(state.clone(), my_middleware))
 ///     .with_state(state);
-/// # let _: axum::routing::RouterService = app;
+/// # let _: axum::Router = app;
 /// ```
 pub fn map_request_with_state<F, S, T>(state: S, f: F) -> MapRequestLayer<F, S, T> {
     MapRequestLayer {
diff --git a/axum/src/middleware/map_response.rs b/axum/src/middleware/map_response.rs
index 3be34ab6b6..67a5110a4d 100644
--- a/axum/src/middleware/map_response.rs
+++ b/axum/src/middleware/map_response.rs
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ pub fn map_response<F, T>(f: F) -> MapResponseLayer<F, (), T> {
 ///     .route("/", get(|| async { /* ... */ }))
 ///     .route_layer(map_response_with_state(state.clone(), my_middleware))
 ///     .with_state(state);
-/// # let _: axum::routing::RouterService = app;
+/// # let _: axum::Router = app;
 /// ```
 pub fn map_response_with_state<F, S, T>(state: S, f: F) -> MapResponseLayer<F, S, T> {
     MapResponseLayer {
diff --git a/axum/src/routing/method_routing.rs b/axum/src/routing/method_routing.rs
index 4b5d5b3fa5..4e2dae3505 100644
--- a/axum/src/routing/method_routing.rs
+++ b/axum/src/routing/method_routing.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Route to services and handlers based on HTTP methods.
 
-use super::{FallbackRoute, IntoMakeService};
+use super::IntoMakeService;
 #[cfg(feature = "tokio")]
 use crate::extract::connect_info::IntoMakeServiceWithConnectInfo;
 use crate::{
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ macro_rules! top_level_service_fn {
             T: Service<Request<B>> + Clone + Send + 'static,
             T::Response: IntoResponse + 'static,
             T::Future: Send + 'static,
-            B: Send + 'static,
+            B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
             S: Clone,
         {
             on_service(MethodFilter::$method, svc)
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ macro_rules! top_level_handler_fn {
         pub fn $name<H, T, S, B>(handler: H) -> MethodRouter<S, B, Infallible>
         where
             H: Handler<T, S, B>,
-            B: Send + 'static,
+            B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
             T: 'static,
             S: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
         {
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ where
     T: Service<Request<B>> + Clone + Send + 'static,
     T::Response: IntoResponse + 'static,
     T::Future: Send + 'static,
-    B: Send + 'static,
+    B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
     S: Clone,
 {
     MethodRouter::new().on_service(filter, svc)
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ where
     T: Service<Request<B>> + Clone + Send + 'static,
     T::Response: IntoResponse + 'static,
     T::Future: Send + 'static,
-    B: Send + 'static,
+    B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
     S: Clone,
 {
     MethodRouter::new()
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ top_level_handler_fn!(trace, TRACE);
 pub fn on<H, T, S, B>(filter: MethodFilter, handler: H) -> MethodRouter<S, B, Infallible>
 where
     H: Handler<T, S, B>,
-    B: Send + 'static,
+    B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
     T: 'static,
     S: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
 {
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ where
 pub fn any<H, T, S, B>(handler: H) -> MethodRouter<S, B, Infallible>
 where
     H: Handler<T, S, B>,
-    B: Send + 'static,
+    B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
     T: 'static,
     S: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
 {
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ impl<S, B, E> fmt::Debug for MethodRouter<S, B, E> {
 
 impl<S, B> MethodRouter<S, B, Infallible>
 where
-    B: Send + 'static,
+    B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
     S: Clone,
 {
     /// Chain an additional handler that will accept requests matching the given
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ where
 
 impl<B> MethodRouter<(), B, Infallible>
 where
-    B: Send + 'static,
+    B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
 {
     /// Convert the handler into a [`MakeService`].
     ///
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ where
     ///
     /// [`MakeService`]: tower::make::MakeService
     pub fn into_make_service(self) -> IntoMakeService<Self> {
-        IntoMakeService::new(self)
+        IntoMakeService::new(self.with_state(()))
     }
 
     /// Convert the router into a [`MakeService`] which stores information
@@ -701,13 +701,13 @@ where
     /// [`Router::into_make_service_with_connect_info`]: crate::routing::Router::into_make_service_with_connect_info
     #[cfg(feature = "tokio")]
     pub fn into_make_service_with_connect_info<C>(self) -> IntoMakeServiceWithConnectInfo<Self, C> {
-        IntoMakeServiceWithConnectInfo::new(self)
+        IntoMakeServiceWithConnectInfo::new(self.with_state(()))
     }
 }
 
 impl<S, B, E> MethodRouter<S, B, E>
 where
-    B: Send + 'static,
+    B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
     S: Clone,
 {
     /// Create a default `MethodRouter` that will respond with `405 Method Not Allowed` to all
@@ -731,21 +731,19 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    /// Provide the state.
-    ///
-    /// See [`State`](crate::extract::State) for more details about accessing state.
-    pub fn with_state(self, state: S) -> WithState<B, E> {
-        WithState {
-            get: self.get.into_route(&state),
-            head: self.head.into_route(&state),
-            delete: self.delete.into_route(&state),
-            options: self.options.into_route(&state),
-            patch: self.patch.into_route(&state),
-            post: self.post.into_route(&state),
-            put: self.put.into_route(&state),
-            trace: self.trace.into_route(&state),
-            fallback: self.fallback.into_fallback_route(&state),
+    /// Provide the state for the router.
+    pub fn with_state<S2>(self, state: S) -> MethodRouter<S2, B, E> {
+        MethodRouter {
+            get: self.get.with_state(state.clone()),
+            head: self.head.with_state(state.clone()),
+            delete: self.delete.with_state(state.clone()),
+            options: self.options.with_state(state.clone()),
+            patch: self.patch.with_state(state.clone()),
+            post: self.post.with_state(state.clone()),
+            put: self.put.with_state(state.clone()),
+            trace: self.trace.with_state(state.clone()),
             allow_header: self.allow_header,
+            fallback: self.fallback.with_state(state),
         }
     }
 
@@ -918,10 +916,7 @@ where
     }
 
     #[doc = include_str!("../docs/method_routing/layer.md")]
-    pub fn layer<L, NewReqBody: 'static, NewError: 'static>(
-        self,
-        layer: L,
-    ) -> MethodRouter<S, NewReqBody, NewError>
+    pub fn layer<L, NewReqBody, NewError>(self, layer: L) -> MethodRouter<S, NewReqBody, NewError>
     where
         L: Layer<Route<B, E>> + Clone + Send + 'static,
         L::Service: Service<Request<NewReqBody>> + Clone + Send + 'static,
@@ -930,6 +925,8 @@ where
         <L::Service as Service<Request<NewReqBody>>>::Future: Send + 'static,
         E: 'static,
         S: 'static,
+        NewReqBody: HttpBody + 'static,
+        NewError: 'static,
     {
         let layer_fn = move |route: Route<B, E>| route.layer(layer.clone());
 
@@ -1069,6 +1066,74 @@ where
         self.allow_header = AllowHeader::Skip;
         self
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn call_with_state(&mut self, req: Request<B>, state: S) -> RouteFuture<B, E> {
+        macro_rules! call {
+            (
+                $req:expr,
+                $method:expr,
+                $method_variant:ident,
+                $svc:expr
+            ) => {
+                if $method == Method::$method_variant {
+                    match $svc {
+                        MethodEndpoint::None => {}
+                        MethodEndpoint::Route(route) => {
+                            return RouteFuture::from_future(route.oneshot_inner($req))
+                                .strip_body($method == Method::HEAD);
+                        }
+                        MethodEndpoint::BoxedHandler(handler) => {
+                            let mut route = handler.clone().into_route(state);
+                            return RouteFuture::from_future(route.oneshot_inner($req))
+                                .strip_body($method == Method::HEAD);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        let method = req.method().clone();
+
+        // written with a pattern match like this to ensure we call all routes
+        let Self {
+            get,
+            head,
+            delete,
+            options,
+            patch,
+            post,
+            put,
+            trace,
+            fallback,
+            allow_header,
+        } = self;
+
+        call!(req, method, HEAD, head);
+        call!(req, method, HEAD, get);
+        call!(req, method, GET, get);
+        call!(req, method, POST, post);
+        call!(req, method, OPTIONS, options);
+        call!(req, method, PATCH, patch);
+        call!(req, method, PUT, put);
+        call!(req, method, DELETE, delete);
+        call!(req, method, TRACE, trace);
+
+        let future = match fallback {
+            Fallback::Default(route) | Fallback::Service(route) => {
+                RouteFuture::from_future(route.oneshot_inner(req))
+            }
+            Fallback::BoxedHandler(handler) => {
+                let mut route = handler.clone().into_route(state);
+                RouteFuture::from_future(route.oneshot_inner(req))
+            }
+        };
+
+        match allow_header {
+            AllowHeader::None => future.allow_header(Bytes::new()),
+            AllowHeader::Skip => future,
+            AllowHeader::Bytes(allow_header) => future.allow_header(allow_header.clone().freeze()),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 fn append_allow_header(allow_header: &mut AllowHeader, method: &'static str) {
@@ -1091,24 +1156,6 @@ fn append_allow_header(allow_header: &mut AllowHeader, method: &'static str) {
     }
 }
 
-impl<B, E> Service<Request<B>> for MethodRouter<(), B, E>
-where
-    B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
-{
-    type Response = Response;
-    type Error = E;
-    type Future = RouteFuture<B, E>;
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn poll_ready(&mut self, _cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
-        Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
-    }
-
-    fn call(&mut self, req: Request<B>) -> Self::Future {
-        self.clone().with_state(()).call(req)
-    }
-}
-
 impl<S, B, E> Clone for MethodRouter<S, B, E> {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -1128,7 +1175,7 @@ impl<S, B, E> Clone for MethodRouter<S, B, E> {
 
 impl<S, B, E> Default for MethodRouter<S, B, E>
 where
-    B: Send + 'static,
+    B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
     S: Clone,
 {
     fn default() -> Self {
@@ -1160,7 +1207,7 @@ where
         B: 'static,
         E: 'static,
         F: FnOnce(Route<B, E>) -> Route<B2, E2> + Clone + Send + 'static,
-        B2: 'static,
+        B2: HttpBody + 'static,
         E2: 'static,
     {
         match self {
@@ -1170,11 +1217,13 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    fn into_route(self, state: &S) -> Option<Route<B, E>> {
+    fn with_state<S2>(self, state: S) -> MethodEndpoint<S2, B, E> {
         match self {
-            Self::None => None,
-            Self::Route(route) => Some(route),
-            Self::BoxedHandler(handler) => Some(handler.into_route(state.clone())),
+            MethodEndpoint::None => MethodEndpoint::None,
+            MethodEndpoint::Route(route) => MethodEndpoint::Route(route),
+            MethodEndpoint::BoxedHandler(handler) => {
+                MethodEndpoint::Route(handler.into_route(state))
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1199,85 +1248,9 @@ impl<S, B, E> fmt::Debug for MethodEndpoint<S, B, E> {
     }
 }
 
-/// A [`MethodRouter`] which has access to some state.
-///
-/// Implements [`Service`].
-///
-/// The state can be extracted with [`State`](crate::extract::State).
-///
-/// Created with [`MethodRouter::with_state`]
-pub struct WithState<B, E> {
-    get: Option<Route<B, E>>,
-    head: Option<Route<B, E>>,
-    delete: Option<Route<B, E>>,
-    options: Option<Route<B, E>>,
-    patch: Option<Route<B, E>>,
-    post: Option<Route<B, E>>,
-    put: Option<Route<B, E>>,
-    trace: Option<Route<B, E>>,
-    fallback: FallbackRoute<B, E>,
-    allow_header: AllowHeader,
-}
-
-impl<B, E> WithState<B, E> {
-    /// Convert the handler into a [`MakeService`].
-    ///
-    /// See [`MethodRouter::into_make_service`] for more details.
-    ///
-    /// [`MakeService`]: tower::make::MakeService
-    pub fn into_make_service(self) -> IntoMakeService<Self> {
-        IntoMakeService::new(self)
-    }
-
-    /// Convert the router into a [`MakeService`] which stores information
-    /// about the incoming connection.
-    ///
-    /// See [`MethodRouter::into_make_service_with_connect_info`] for more details.
-    ///
-    /// [`MakeService`]: tower::make::MakeService
-    #[cfg(feature = "tokio")]
-    pub fn into_make_service_with_connect_info<C>(self) -> IntoMakeServiceWithConnectInfo<Self, C> {
-        IntoMakeServiceWithConnectInfo::new(self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B, E> Clone for WithState<B, E> {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            get: self.get.clone(),
-            head: self.head.clone(),
-            delete: self.delete.clone(),
-            options: self.options.clone(),
-            patch: self.patch.clone(),
-            post: self.post.clone(),
-            put: self.put.clone(),
-            trace: self.trace.clone(),
-            fallback: self.fallback.clone(),
-            allow_header: self.allow_header.clone(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B, E> fmt::Debug for WithState<B, E> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("WithState")
-            .field("get", &self.get)
-            .field("head", &self.head)
-            .field("delete", &self.delete)
-            .field("options", &self.options)
-            .field("patch", &self.patch)
-            .field("post", &self.post)
-            .field("put", &self.put)
-            .field("trace", &self.trace)
-            .field("fallback", &self.fallback)
-            .field("allow_header", &self.allow_header)
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B, E> Service<Request<B>> for WithState<B, E>
+impl<B, E> Service<Request<B>> for MethodRouter<(), B, E>
 where
-    B: HttpBody + Send,
+    B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
 {
     type Response = Response;
     type Error = E;
@@ -1288,56 +1261,9 @@ where
         Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn call(&mut self, req: Request<B>) -> Self::Future {
-        macro_rules! call {
-            (
-                $req:expr,
-                $method:expr,
-                $method_variant:ident,
-                $svc:expr
-            ) => {
-                if $method == Method::$method_variant {
-                    if let Some(svc) = $svc {
-                        return RouteFuture::from_future(svc.oneshot_inner($req))
-                            .strip_body($method == Method::HEAD);
-                    }
-                }
-            };
-        }
-
-        let method = req.method().clone();
-
-        // written with a pattern match like this to ensure we call all routes
-        let Self {
-            get,
-            head,
-            delete,
-            options,
-            patch,
-            post,
-            put,
-            trace,
-            fallback,
-            allow_header,
-        } = self;
-
-        call!(req, method, HEAD, head);
-        call!(req, method, HEAD, get);
-        call!(req, method, GET, get);
-        call!(req, method, POST, post);
-        call!(req, method, OPTIONS, options);
-        call!(req, method, PATCH, patch);
-        call!(req, method, PUT, put);
-        call!(req, method, DELETE, delete);
-        call!(req, method, TRACE, trace);
-
-        let future = RouteFuture::from_future(fallback.oneshot_inner(req));
-
-        match allow_header {
-            AllowHeader::None => future.allow_header(Bytes::new()),
-            AllowHeader::Skip => future,
-            AllowHeader::Bytes(allow_header) => future.allow_header(allow_header.clone().freeze()),
-        }
+        self.call_with_state(req, ())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/axum/src/routing/mod.rs b/axum/src/routing/mod.rs
index 2618cb66ec..367ced338b 100644
--- a/axum/src/routing/mod.rs
+++ b/axum/src/routing/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Routing between [`Service`]s and handlers.
 
-use self::{not_found::NotFound, strip_prefix::StripPrefix};
+use self::{future::RouteFuture, not_found::NotFound, strip_prefix::StripPrefix};
 #[cfg(feature = "tokio")]
 use crate::extract::connect_info::IntoMakeServiceWithConnectInfo;
 use crate::{
@@ -12,8 +12,14 @@ use crate::{
 use axum_core::response::{IntoResponse, Response};
 use http::Request;
 use matchit::MatchError;
-use std::{collections::HashMap, convert::Infallible, fmt, sync::Arc};
-use tower::util::{BoxCloneService, Oneshot};
+use std::{
+    collections::HashMap,
+    convert::Infallible,
+    fmt,
+    sync::Arc,
+    task::{Context, Poll},
+};
+use sync_wrapper::SyncWrapper;
 use tower_layer::Layer;
 use tower_service::Service;
 
@@ -27,14 +33,10 @@ mod route;
 mod strip_prefix;
 pub(crate) mod url_params;
 
-mod service;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 
-pub use self::{
-    into_make_service::IntoMakeService, method_filter::MethodFilter, route::Route,
-    service::RouterService,
-};
+pub use self::{into_make_service::IntoMakeService, method_filter::MethodFilter, route::Route};
 
 pub use self::method_routing::{
     any, any_service, delete, delete_service, get, get_service, head, head_service, on, on_service,
@@ -168,10 +170,10 @@ where
         T::Response: IntoResponse,
         T::Future: Send + 'static,
     {
-        let service = match try_downcast::<RouterService<B>, _>(service) {
+        let service = match try_downcast::<Router<S, B>, _>(service) {
             Ok(_) => {
                 panic!(
-                    "Invalid route: `Router::route_service` cannot be used with `RouterService`s. \
+                    "Invalid route: `Router::route_service` cannot be used with `Router`s. \
                      Use `Router::nest` instead"
                 );
             }
@@ -212,41 +214,6 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Like [`nest`](Self::nest), but accepts an arbitrary `Service`.
-    ///
-    /// While [`nest`](Self::nest) requires [`Router`]s with the same type of
-    /// state, you can use this method to combine [`Router`]s with different
-    /// types of state:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use axum::{
-    ///     Router,
-    ///     routing::get,
-    ///     extract::State,
-    /// };
-    ///
-    /// #[derive(Clone)]
-    /// struct InnerState {}
-    ///
-    /// #[derive(Clone)]
-    /// struct OuterState {}
-    ///
-    /// async fn inner_handler(state: State<InnerState>) {}
-    ///
-    /// let inner_router = Router::new()
-    ///     .route("/bar", get(inner_handler))
-    ///     .with_state(InnerState {});
-    ///
-    /// async fn outer_handler(state: State<OuterState>) {}
-    ///
-    /// let app = Router::new()
-    ///     .route("/", get(outer_handler))
-    ///     .nest_service("/foo", inner_router)
-    ///     .with_state(OuterState {});
-    /// # let _: axum::routing::RouterService = app;
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Note that the inner router will still inherit the fallback from the outer
-    /// router.
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn nest_service<T>(self, path: &str, svc: T) -> Self
     where
@@ -353,7 +320,7 @@ where
         <L::Service as Service<Request<NewReqBody>>>::Response: IntoResponse + 'static,
         <L::Service as Service<Request<NewReqBody>>>::Error: Into<Infallible> + 'static,
         <L::Service as Service<Request<NewReqBody>>>::Future: Send + 'static,
-        NewReqBody: 'static,
+        NewReqBody: HttpBody + 'static,
     {
         let routes = self
             .routes
@@ -429,11 +396,171 @@ where
         self
     }
 
-    /// Convert this router into a [`RouterService`] by providing the state.
+    /// Provide the state for the router.
+    ///
+    /// This method returns a router with a different state type. This can be used to nest or merge
+    /// routers with different state types. See [`Router::nest`] and [`Router::merge`] for more
+    /// details.
+    ///
+    /// # Implementing `Service`
+    ///
+    /// This can also be used to get a `Router` that implements [`Service`], since it only does so
+    /// when the state is `()`:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use axum::{
+    ///     Router,
+    ///     body::Body,
+    ///     http::Request,
+    /// };
+    /// use tower::{Service, ServiceExt};
+    ///
+    /// #[derive(Clone)]
+    /// struct AppState {}
+    ///
+    /// // this router doesn't implement `Service` because its state isn't `()`
+    /// let router: Router<AppState> = Router::new();
+    ///
+    /// // by providing the state and setting the new state to `()`...
+    /// let router_service: Router<()> = router.with_state(AppState {});
+    ///
+    /// // ...makes it implement `Service`
+    /// # async {
+    /// router_service.oneshot(Request::new(Body::empty())).await;
+    /// # };
+    /// ```
     ///
-    /// Once this method has been called you cannot add more routes. So it must be called as last.
-    pub fn with_state(self, state: S) -> RouterService<B> {
-        RouterService::new(self, state)
+    /// # A note about performance
+    ///
+    /// If you need a `Router` that implements `Service` but you don't need any state (perhaps
+    /// you're making a library that uses axum internally) then it is recommended to call this
+    /// method before you start serving requests:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use axum::{Router, routing::get};
+    ///
+    /// let app = Router::new()
+    ///     .route("/", get(|| async { /* ... */ }))
+    ///     // even though we don't need any state, call `with_state(())` anyway
+    ///     .with_state(());
+    /// # let _: Router = app;
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This is not required but it gives axum a chance to update some internals in the router
+    /// which may impact performance and reduce allocations.
+    ///
+    /// Note that [`Router::into_make_service`] and [`Router::into_make_service_with_connect_info`]
+    /// do this automatically.
+    pub fn with_state<S2>(self, state: S) -> Router<S2, B> {
+        let routes = self
+            .routes
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(id, endpoint)| {
+                let endpoint: Endpoint<S2, B> = match endpoint {
+                    Endpoint::MethodRouter(method_router) => {
+                        Endpoint::MethodRouter(method_router.with_state(state.clone()))
+                    }
+                    Endpoint::Route(route) => Endpoint::Route(route),
+                    Endpoint::NestedRouter(router) => {
+                        Endpoint::Route(router.into_route(state.clone()))
+                    }
+                };
+                (id, endpoint)
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let fallback = self.fallback.with_state(state);
+
+        Router {
+            routes,
+            node: self.node,
+            fallback,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn call_with_state(
+        &mut self,
+        mut req: Request<B>,
+        state: S,
+    ) -> RouteFuture<B, Infallible> {
+        #[cfg(feature = "original-uri")]
+        {
+            use crate::extract::OriginalUri;
+
+            if req.extensions().get::<OriginalUri>().is_none() {
+                let original_uri = OriginalUri(req.uri().clone());
+                req.extensions_mut().insert(original_uri);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let path = req.uri().path().to_owned();
+
+        match self.node.at(&path) {
+            Ok(match_) => {
+                match &self.fallback {
+                    Fallback::Default(_) => {}
+                    Fallback::Service(fallback) => {
+                        req.extensions_mut()
+                            .insert(SuperFallback(SyncWrapper::new(fallback.clone())));
+                    }
+                    Fallback::BoxedHandler(fallback) => {
+                        req.extensions_mut().insert(SuperFallback(SyncWrapper::new(
+                            fallback.clone().into_route(state.clone()),
+                        )));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                self.call_route(match_, req, state)
+            }
+            Err(
+                MatchError::NotFound
+                | MatchError::ExtraTrailingSlash
+                | MatchError::MissingTrailingSlash,
+            ) => match &mut self.fallback {
+                Fallback::Default(fallback) => {
+                    if let Some(super_fallback) = req.extensions_mut().remove::<SuperFallback<B>>()
+                    {
+                        let mut super_fallback = super_fallback.0.into_inner();
+                        super_fallback.call(req)
+                    } else {
+                        fallback.call(req)
+                    }
+                }
+                Fallback::Service(fallback) => fallback.call(req),
+                Fallback::BoxedHandler(handler) => handler.clone().into_route(state).call(req),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn call_route(
+        &self,
+        match_: matchit::Match<&RouteId>,
+        mut req: Request<B>,
+        state: S,
+    ) -> RouteFuture<B, Infallible> {
+        let id = *match_.value;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "matched-path")]
+        crate::extract::matched_path::set_matched_path_for_request(
+            id,
+            &self.node.route_id_to_path,
+            req.extensions_mut(),
+        );
+
+        url_params::insert_url_params(req.extensions_mut(), match_.params);
+
+        let endpont = self
+            .routes
+            .get(&id)
+            .expect("no route for id. This is a bug in axum. Please file an issue")
+            .clone();
+
+        match endpont {
+            Endpoint::MethodRouter(mut method_router) => method_router.call_with_state(req, state),
+            Endpoint::Route(mut route) => route.call(req),
+            Endpoint::NestedRouter(router) => router.call_with_state(req, state),
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -441,16 +568,6 @@ impl<B> Router<(), B>
 where
     B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
 {
-    /// Convert this router into a [`RouterService`].
-    ///
-    /// This is a convenience method for routers that don't have any state (i.e. the state type is
-    /// `()`). Use [`Router::with_state`] otherwise.
-    ///
-    /// Once this method has been called you cannot add more routes. So it must be called as last.
-    pub fn into_service(self) -> RouterService<B> {
-        RouterService::new(self, ())
-    }
-
     /// Convert this router into a [`MakeService`], that is a [`Service`] whose
     /// response is another service.
     ///
@@ -473,20 +590,38 @@ where
     /// # };
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// This is a convenience method for routers that don't have any state (i.e. the state type is
-    /// `()`). Use [`RouterService::into_make_service`] otherwise.
-    ///
     /// [`MakeService`]: tower::make::MakeService
-    pub fn into_make_service(self) -> IntoMakeService<RouterService<B>> {
-        IntoMakeService::new(self.into_service())
+    pub fn into_make_service(self) -> IntoMakeService<Self> {
+        // call `Router::with_state` such that everything is turned into `Route` eagerly
+        // rather than doing that per request
+        IntoMakeService::new(self.with_state(()))
     }
 
     #[doc = include_str!("../docs/routing/into_make_service_with_connect_info.md")]
     #[cfg(feature = "tokio")]
-    pub fn into_make_service_with_connect_info<C>(
-        self,
-    ) -> IntoMakeServiceWithConnectInfo<RouterService<B>, C> {
-        IntoMakeServiceWithConnectInfo::new(self.into_service())
+    pub fn into_make_service_with_connect_info<C>(self) -> IntoMakeServiceWithConnectInfo<Self, C> {
+        // call `Router::with_state` such that everything is turned into `Route` eagerly
+        // rather than doing that per request
+        IntoMakeServiceWithConnectInfo::new(self.with_state(()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<B> Service<Request<B>> for Router<(), B>
+where
+    B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
+{
+    type Response = Response;
+    type Error = Infallible;
+    type Future = RouteFuture<B, Infallible>;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, _: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn call(&mut self, req: Request<B>) -> Self::Future {
+        self.call_with_state(req, ())
     }
 }
 
@@ -549,23 +684,13 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    fn into_fallback_route(self, state: &S) -> FallbackRoute<B, E> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Default(route) => FallbackRoute::Default(route),
-            Self::Service(route) => FallbackRoute::Service(route),
-            Self::BoxedHandler(handler) => {
-                FallbackRoute::Service(handler.into_route(state.clone()))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     fn map<F, B2, E2>(self, f: F) -> Fallback<S, B2, E2>
     where
         S: 'static,
         B: 'static,
         E: 'static,
         F: FnOnce(Route<B, E>) -> Route<B2, E2> + Clone + Send + 'static,
-        B2: 'static,
+        B2: HttpBody + 'static,
         E2: 'static,
     {
         match self {
@@ -574,6 +699,14 @@ where
             Self::BoxedHandler(handler) => Fallback::BoxedHandler(handler.map(f)),
         }
     }
+
+    fn with_state<S2>(self, state: S) -> Fallback<S2, B, E> {
+        match self {
+            Fallback::Default(route) => Fallback::Default(route),
+            Fallback::Service(route) => Fallback::Service(route),
+            Fallback::BoxedHandler(handler) => Fallback::Service(handler.into_route(state)),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<S, B, E> Clone for Fallback<S, B, E> {
@@ -596,61 +729,7 @@ impl<S, B, E> fmt::Debug for Fallback<S, B, E> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Like `Fallback` but without the `S` param so it can be stored in `RouterService`
-pub(crate) enum FallbackRoute<B, E = Infallible> {
-    Default(Route<B, E>),
-    Service(Route<B, E>),
-}
-
-impl<B, E> FallbackRoute<B, E> {
-    fn layer<L, NewReqBody, NewError>(self, layer: L) -> FallbackRoute<NewReqBody, NewError>
-    where
-        L: Layer<Route<B, E>> + Clone + Send + 'static,
-        L::Service: Service<Request<NewReqBody>> + Clone + Send + 'static,
-        <L::Service as Service<Request<NewReqBody>>>::Response: IntoResponse + 'static,
-        <L::Service as Service<Request<NewReqBody>>>::Error: Into<NewError> + 'static,
-        <L::Service as Service<Request<NewReqBody>>>::Future: Send + 'static,
-        NewReqBody: 'static,
-        NewError: 'static,
-    {
-        match self {
-            FallbackRoute::Default(route) => FallbackRoute::Default(route.layer(layer)),
-            FallbackRoute::Service(route) => FallbackRoute::Service(route.layer(layer)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B, E> fmt::Debug for FallbackRoute<B, E> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            Self::Default(inner) => f.debug_tuple("Default").field(inner).finish(),
-            Self::Service(inner) => f.debug_tuple("Service").field(inner).finish(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B, E> Clone for FallbackRoute<B, E> {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        match self {
-            Self::Default(inner) => Self::Default(inner.clone()),
-            Self::Service(inner) => Self::Service(inner.clone()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B, E> FallbackRoute<B, E> {
-    pub(crate) fn oneshot_inner(
-        &mut self,
-        req: Request<B>,
-    ) -> Oneshot<BoxCloneService<Request<B>, Response, E>, Request<B>> {
-        match self {
-            FallbackRoute::Default(inner) => inner.oneshot_inner(req),
-            FallbackRoute::Service(inner) => inner.oneshot_inner(req),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)] // This type is only used at init time, probably fine
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
 enum Endpoint<S, B> {
     MethodRouter(MethodRouter<S, B>),
     Route(Route<B>),
@@ -662,14 +741,6 @@ where
     B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
     S: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
 {
-    fn into_route(self, state: S) -> Route<B> {
-        match self {
-            Endpoint::MethodRouter(method_router) => Route::new(method_router.with_state(state)),
-            Endpoint::Route(route) => route,
-            Endpoint::NestedRouter(router) => router.into_route(state),
-        }
-    }
-
     fn layer<L, NewReqBody>(self, layer: L) -> Endpoint<S, NewReqBody>
     where
         L: Layer<Route<B>> + Clone + Send + 'static,
@@ -677,7 +748,7 @@ where
         <L::Service as Service<Request<NewReqBody>>>::Response: IntoResponse + 'static,
         <L::Service as Service<Request<NewReqBody>>>::Error: Into<Infallible> + 'static,
         <L::Service as Service<Request<NewReqBody>>>::Future: Send + 'static,
-        NewReqBody: 'static,
+        NewReqBody: HttpBody + 'static,
     {
         match self {
             Endpoint::MethodRouter(method_router) => {
@@ -721,6 +792,8 @@ enum RouterOrService<S, B, T> {
     Service(T),
 }
 
+struct SuperFallback<B>(SyncWrapper<Route<B>>);
+
 #[test]
 #[allow(warnings)]
 fn traits() {
diff --git a/axum/src/routing/service.rs b/axum/src/routing/service.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index cbd655d8d4..0000000000
--- a/axum/src/routing/service.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,225 +0,0 @@
-use super::{
-    future::RouteFuture, url_params, FallbackRoute, IntoMakeService, Node, Route, RouteId, Router,
-};
-use crate::{
-    body::{Body, HttpBody},
-    response::Response,
-};
-use axum_core::response::IntoResponse;
-use http::Request;
-use matchit::MatchError;
-use std::{
-    collections::HashMap,
-    convert::Infallible,
-    sync::Arc,
-    task::{Context, Poll},
-};
-use sync_wrapper::SyncWrapper;
-use tower::Service;
-use tower_layer::Layer;
-
-/// A [`Router`] converted into a [`Service`].
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct RouterService<B = Body> {
-    routes: HashMap<RouteId, Route<B>>,
-    node: Arc<Node>,
-    fallback: FallbackRoute<B>,
-}
-
-impl<B> RouterService<B>
-where
-    B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
-{
-    pub(super) fn new<S>(router: Router<S, B>, state: S) -> Self
-    where
-        S: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
-    {
-        let fallback = router.fallback.into_fallback_route(&state);
-
-        let routes = router
-            .routes
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|(route_id, endpoint)| {
-                let route = endpoint.into_route(state.clone());
-                (route_id, route)
-            })
-            .collect();
-
-        Self {
-            routes,
-            node: router.node,
-            fallback,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn call_route(
-        &self,
-        match_: matchit::Match<&RouteId>,
-        mut req: Request<B>,
-    ) -> RouteFuture<B, Infallible> {
-        let id = *match_.value;
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "matched-path")]
-        crate::extract::matched_path::set_matched_path_for_request(
-            id,
-            &self.node.route_id_to_path,
-            req.extensions_mut(),
-        );
-
-        url_params::insert_url_params(req.extensions_mut(), match_.params);
-
-        let mut route = self
-            .routes
-            .get(&id)
-            .expect("no route for id. This is a bug in axum. Please file an issue")
-            .clone();
-
-        route.call(req)
-    }
-
-    /// Apply a [`tower::Layer`] to all routes in the router.
-    ///
-    /// See [`Router::layer`] for more details.
-    pub fn layer<L, NewReqBody>(self, layer: L) -> RouterService<NewReqBody>
-    where
-        L: Layer<Route<B>> + Clone + Send + 'static,
-        L::Service: Service<Request<NewReqBody>> + Clone + Send + 'static,
-        <L::Service as Service<Request<NewReqBody>>>::Response: IntoResponse + 'static,
-        <L::Service as Service<Request<NewReqBody>>>::Error: Into<Infallible> + 'static,
-        <L::Service as Service<Request<NewReqBody>>>::Future: Send + 'static,
-        NewReqBody: 'static,
-    {
-        let routes = self
-            .routes
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|(id, route)| (id, route.layer(layer.clone())))
-            .collect();
-
-        let fallback = self.fallback.layer(layer);
-
-        RouterService {
-            routes,
-            node: self.node,
-            fallback,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Apply a [`tower::Layer`] to the router that will only run if the request matches
-    /// a route.
-    ///
-    /// See [`Router::route_layer`] for more details.
-    pub fn route_layer<L>(self, layer: L) -> Self
-    where
-        L: Layer<Route<B>> + Clone + Send + 'static,
-        L::Service: Service<Request<B>> + Clone + Send + 'static,
-        <L::Service as Service<Request<B>>>::Response: IntoResponse + 'static,
-        <L::Service as Service<Request<B>>>::Error: Into<Infallible> + 'static,
-        <L::Service as Service<Request<B>>>::Future: Send + 'static,
-    {
-        let routes = self
-            .routes
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|(id, route)| (id, route.layer(layer.clone())))
-            .collect();
-
-        Self {
-            routes,
-            node: self.node,
-            fallback: self.fallback,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Convert the `RouterService` into a [`MakeService`].
-    ///
-    /// See [`Router::into_make_service`] for more details.
-    ///
-    /// [`MakeService`]: tower::make::MakeService
-    pub fn into_make_service(self) -> IntoMakeService<Self> {
-        IntoMakeService::new(self)
-    }
-
-    /// Convert the `RouterService` into a [`MakeService`] which stores information
-    /// about the incoming connection.
-    ///
-    /// See [`Router::into_make_service_with_connect_info`] for more details.
-    ///
-    /// [`MakeService`]: tower::make::MakeService
-    #[cfg(feature = "tokio")]
-    pub fn into_make_service_with_connect_info<C>(
-        self,
-    ) -> crate::extract::connect_info::IntoMakeServiceWithConnectInfo<Self, C> {
-        crate::extract::connect_info::IntoMakeServiceWithConnectInfo::new(self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B> Clone for RouterService<B> {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            routes: self.routes.clone(),
-            node: Arc::clone(&self.node),
-            fallback: self.fallback.clone(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B> Service<Request<B>> for RouterService<B>
-where
-    B: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
-{
-    type Response = Response;
-    type Error = Infallible;
-    type Future = RouteFuture<B, Infallible>;
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn poll_ready(&mut self, _: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
-        Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn call(&mut self, mut req: Request<B>) -> Self::Future {
-        #[cfg(feature = "original-uri")]
-        {
-            use crate::extract::OriginalUri;
-
-            if req.extensions().get::<OriginalUri>().is_none() {
-                let original_uri = OriginalUri(req.uri().clone());
-                req.extensions_mut().insert(original_uri);
-            }
-        }
-
-        let path = req.uri().path().to_owned();
-
-        match self.node.at(&path) {
-            Ok(match_) => {
-                match &self.fallback {
-                    FallbackRoute::Default(_) => {}
-                    FallbackRoute::Service(fallback) => {
-                        req.extensions_mut()
-                            .insert(SuperFallback(SyncWrapper::new(fallback.clone())));
-                    }
-                }
-
-                self.call_route(match_, req)
-            }
-            Err(
-                MatchError::NotFound
-                | MatchError::ExtraTrailingSlash
-                | MatchError::MissingTrailingSlash,
-            ) => match &mut self.fallback {
-                FallbackRoute::Default(fallback) => {
-                    if let Some(super_fallback) = req.extensions_mut().remove::<SuperFallback<B>>()
-                    {
-                        let mut super_fallback = super_fallback.0.into_inner();
-                        super_fallback.call(req)
-                    } else {
-                        fallback.call(req)
-                    }
-                }
-                FallbackRoute::Service(fallback) => fallback.call(req),
-            },
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-struct SuperFallback<B>(SyncWrapper<Route<B>>);
diff --git a/axum/src/routing/tests/fallback.rs b/axum/src/routing/tests/fallback.rs
index 923e10d124..8f070ad757 100644
--- a/axum/src/routing/tests/fallback.rs
+++ b/axum/src/routing/tests/fallback.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ async fn fallback_accessing_state() {
         .fallback(|State(state): State<&'static str>| async move { state })
         .with_state("state");
 
-    let client = TestClient::from_service(app);
+    let client = TestClient::new(app);
 
     let res = client.get("/does-not-exist").send().await;
     assert_eq!(res.status(), StatusCode::OK);
diff --git a/axum/src/routing/tests/get_to_head.rs b/axum/src/routing/tests/get_to_head.rs
index f0cd201c62..21888e6eb8 100644
--- a/axum/src/routing/tests/get_to_head.rs
+++ b/axum/src/routing/tests/get_to_head.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ mod for_handlers {
 
         // don't use reqwest because it always strips bodies from HEAD responses
         let res = app
-            .into_service()
             .oneshot(
                 Request::builder()
                     .uri("/")
@@ -55,7 +54,6 @@ mod for_services {
 
         // don't use reqwest because it always strips bodies from HEAD responses
         let res = app
-            .into_service()
             .oneshot(
                 Request::builder()
                     .uri("/")
diff --git a/axum/src/routing/tests/mod.rs b/axum/src/routing/tests/mod.rs
index 43db151244..ea09501e2c 100644
--- a/axum/src/routing/tests/mod.rs
+++ b/axum/src/routing/tests/mod.rs
@@ -447,11 +447,11 @@ async fn middleware_still_run_for_unmatched_requests() {
 
 #[tokio::test]
 #[should_panic(expected = "\
-    Invalid route: `Router::route_service` cannot be used with `RouterService`s. \
+    Invalid route: `Router::route_service` cannot be used with `Router`s. \
     Use `Router::nest` instead\
 ")]
 async fn routing_to_router_panics() {
-    TestClient::new(Router::new().route_service("/", Router::new().into_service()));
+    TestClient::new(Router::new().route_service("/", Router::new()));
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ async fn extract_state() {
     };
 
     let app = Router::new().route("/", get(handler)).with_state(state);
-    let client = TestClient::from_service(app);
+    let client = TestClient::new(app);
 
     let res = client.get("/").send().await;
     assert_eq!(res.status(), StatusCode::OK);
@@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ async fn explicitly_set_state() {
         )
         .with_state("...");
 
-    let client = TestClient::from_service(app);
+    let client = TestClient::new(app);
     let res = client.get("/").send().await;
     assert_eq!(res.text().await, "foo");
 }
diff --git a/axum/src/test_helpers/mod.rs b/axum/src/test_helpers/mod.rs
index cddb38e548..0b60ee9007 100644
--- a/axum/src/test_helpers/mod.rs
+++ b/axum/src/test_helpers/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![allow(clippy::disallowed_names)]
 
-use crate::{body::HttpBody, BoxError, Router};
+use crate::{body::HttpBody, BoxError};
 
 mod test_client;
 pub(crate) use self::test_client::*;
diff --git a/axum/src/test_helpers/test_client.rs b/axum/src/test_helpers/test_client.rs
index 296b8131fd..45a72b6cb1 100644
--- a/axum/src/test_helpers/test_client.rs
+++ b/axum/src/test_helpers/test_client.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use super::{BoxError, HttpBody, Router};
+use super::{BoxError, HttpBody};
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use http::{
     header::{HeaderName, HeaderValue},
@@ -15,11 +15,7 @@ pub(crate) struct TestClient {
 }
 
 impl TestClient {
-    pub(crate) fn new(router: Router<(), Body>) -> Self {
-        Self::from_service(router.into_service())
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn from_service<S, ResBody>(svc: S) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn new<S, ResBody>(svc: S) -> Self
     where
         S: Service<Request<Body>, Response = http::Response<ResBody>> + Clone + Send + 'static,
         ResBody: HttpBody + Send + 'static,
diff --git a/examples/handle-head-request/src/main.rs b/examples/handle-head-request/src/main.rs
index 9624835cca..492d34251f 100644
--- a/examples/handle-head-request/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/handle-head-request/src/main.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_get() {
-        let app = app().into_service();
+        let app = app();
 
         let response = app
             .oneshot(Request::get("/get-head").body(Body::empty()).unwrap())
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_implicit_head() {
-        let app = app().into_service();
+        let app = app();
 
         let response = app
             .oneshot(Request::head("/get-head").body(Body::empty()).unwrap())
diff --git a/examples/http-proxy/src/main.rs b/examples/http-proxy/src/main.rs
index e57a73f430..bfb25199be 100644
--- a/examples/http-proxy/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/http-proxy/src/main.rs
@@ -35,9 +35,7 @@ async fn main() {
         .with(tracing_subscriber::fmt::layer())
         .init();
 
-    let router_svc = Router::new()
-        .route("/", get(|| async { "Hello, World!" }))
-        .into_service();
+    let router_svc = Router::new().route("/", get(|| async { "Hello, World!" }));
 
     let service = tower::service_fn(move |req: Request<Body>| {
         let router_svc = router_svc.clone();
diff --git a/examples/key-value-store/src/main.rs b/examples/key-value-store/src/main.rs
index 334e0e254b..5d6c2bf7e7 100644
--- a/examples/key-value-store/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/key-value-store/src/main.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ use std::{
 use tower::{BoxError, ServiceBuilder};
 use tower_http::{
     auth::RequireAuthorizationLayer, compression::CompressionLayer, limit::RequestBodyLimitLayer,
-    trace::TraceLayer, ServiceBuilderExt,
+    trace::TraceLayer,
 };
 use tracing_subscriber::{layer::SubscriberExt, util::SubscriberInitExt};
 
diff --git a/examples/query-params-with-empty-strings/src/main.rs b/examples/query-params-with-empty-strings/src/main.rs
index d5f2ba2d6e..0af20111d7 100644
--- a/examples/query-params-with-empty-strings/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/query-params-with-empty-strings/src/main.rs
@@ -104,7 +104,6 @@ mod tests {
 
     async fn send_request_get_body(query: &str) -> String {
         let body = app()
-            .into_service()
             .oneshot(
                 Request::builder()
                     .uri(format!("/?{}", query))
diff --git a/examples/rest-grpc-multiplex/src/main.rs b/examples/rest-grpc-multiplex/src/main.rs
index 7a0ea3d61b..8376fcb0aa 100644
--- a/examples/rest-grpc-multiplex/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/rest-grpc-multiplex/src/main.rs
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ async fn main() {
         .init();
 
     // build the rest service
-    let rest = Router::new().route("/", get(web_root)).into_service();
+    let rest = Router::new().route("/", get(web_root));
 
     // build the grpc service
     let grpc = GreeterServer::new(GrpcServiceImpl::default());
diff --git a/examples/simple-router-wasm/src/main.rs b/examples/simple-router-wasm/src/main.rs
index 5b1e7907b6..5f82109ed0 100644
--- a/examples/simple-router-wasm/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/simple-router-wasm/src/main.rs
@@ -40,8 +40,7 @@ fn main() {
 
 #[allow(clippy::let_and_return)]
 async fn app(request: Request<String>) -> Response {
-    let mut router = Router::new().route("/api/", get(index)).into_service();
-
+    let mut router = Router::new().route("/api/", get(index));
     let response = router.call(request).await.unwrap();
     response
 }
diff --git a/examples/testing/src/main.rs b/examples/testing/src/main.rs
index 2671df6d15..0bb9b352a0 100644
--- a/examples/testing/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/testing/src/main.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn hello_world() {
-        let app = app().into_service();
+        let app = app();
 
         // `Router` implements `tower::Service<Request<Body>>` so we can
         // call it like any tower service, no need to run an HTTP server.
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn json() {
-        let app = app().into_service();
+        let app = app();
 
         let response = app
             .oneshot(
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn not_found() {
-        let app = app().into_service();
+        let app = app();
 
         let response = app
             .oneshot(
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ mod tests {
     // in multiple request
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn multiple_request() {
-        let mut app = app().into_service();
+        let mut app = app();
 
         let request = Request::builder().uri("/").body(Body::empty()).unwrap();
         let response = app.ready().await.unwrap().call(request).await.unwrap();