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protobuf-ts manual

Table of Contents

What are protocol buffers

Protocol buffers is an interface definition language and binary serialization format.
Data structures defined in .proto files are platform-independent and can be used in many languages.
To learn more about the capabilities, please check the official language guide.

What is protobuf-ts

protobuf-ts consists of a protoc plugin to generate TypeScript from .proto definition files, and several runtime libraries used by the generated code to keep the code size small.

The generated code has no dependencies besides the runtime (@protobuf-ts/runtime) and strictly conforms to the protobuf spec.

The available packages are listed here - but you probably want to start with the plugin @protobuf-ts/plugin.

The protoc plugin

Installation:

# with npm:
npm install @protobuf-ts/plugin

# with yarn:
yarn add @protobuf-ts/plugin

This will install the plugin as a dependency in your package.
The protocol buffer compiler protoc is automatically installed (explanation).

Usage:

npx protoc \ 
  --ts_out src/generated/ \
  --ts_opt long_type_string \
  --proto_path protos \
  protos/my.proto

Note: The generated code requires a runtime package. Install it with:

# with npm:
npm install @protobuf-ts/runtime

# with yarn:
yarn add @protobuf-ts/runtime

Note: By default, the plugin only generates code for the .proto files you pass as arguments to protoc. If you want to generate code for imported files as well, use the plugin option "generate_dependencies".

--ts_opt generate_dependencies

Available plugin options:

  • "long_type_string"
    Sets jstype = JS_STRING for message fields with 64 bit integral values. The default behaviour is to use native bigint. Only applies to fields that do not use the option jstype.

  • "long_type_number"
    Sets jstype = JS_NUMBER for message fields with 64 bit integral values. The default behaviour is to use native bigint. Only applies to fields that do not use the option jstype.

  • "long_type_bigint"
    Sets jstype = JS_NORMAL for message fields with 64 bit integral values. This is the default behavior. Only applies to fields that do not use the option jstype.

  • "generate_dependencies"
    By default, only the PROTO_FILES passed as input to protoc are generated, not the files they import. Set this option to generate code for dependencies too.

  • "force_exclude_all_options"
    By default, custom options are included in the metadata and can be blacklisted with our option (ts.exclude_options). Set this option if you are certain you do not want to include any options at all.

  • "keep_enum_prefix" By default, if all enum values share a prefix that corresponds with the enum's name, the prefix is dropped from the value names. Set this option to disable this behavior.

  • "ts_nocheck" Generate a @ts-nocheck annotation at the top of each file. This will become the default behaviour in the next major release.

  • "add_pb_suffix" Adds the suffix _pb to the names of all generated files. This will become the default behaviour in the next major release.

  • "client_none"
    Do not generate rpc clients. Only applies to services that do not use the option ts.client. If you do not want rpc clients at all, use force_client_none.

  • "client_generic"
    Only applies to services that do not use the option ts.client. Since GENERIC_CLIENT is the default, this option has no effect.

  • "client_grpc1"
    Generate a client using @grpc/grpc-js (major version 1). Only applies to services that do not use the option ts.client.

  • "force_client_none"
    Do not generate rpc clients, ignore options in proto files.

  • "enable_angular_annotations"
    If set, the generated rpc client will have an angular @Injectable() annotation and the RpcTransport constructor argument is annotated with a @Inject annotation. For this feature, you will need the npm package '@protobuf-ts/runtime-angular'.

  • "server_none"
    Do not generate rpc servers. This is the default behaviour, but only applies to services that do not use the option ts.server. If you do not want servers at all, use force_server_none.

  • "server_generic"
    Generate a generic server interface. Adapters are used to serve the service, for example @protobuf-ts/grpc-backend for gRPC. Note that this is an experimental feature and may change with a minor release. Only applies to services that do not use the option ts.server.

  • "server_grpc1"
    Generate a server interface and definition for use with @grpc/grpc-js (major version 1). Only applies to services that do not use the option ts.server.

  • "force_server_none"
    Do not generate rpc servers, ignore options in proto files.

  • "optimize_speed"
    Sets optimize_for = SPEED for proto files that have no file option 'option optimize_for'. Since SPEED is the default, this option has no effect.

  • "optimize_code_size"
    Sets optimize_for = CODE_SIZE for proto files that have no file option 'option optimize_for'.

  • "force_optimize_code_size"
    Forces optimize_for = CODE_SIZE for all proto files, ignore file options.

  • "force_optimize_speed"
    Forces optimize_for = SPEED for all proto files, ignore file options.

Generated code

For the following msg-readme.proto:

syntax = "proto3";

option optimize_for = CODE_SIZE;

// A very simple protobuf message.
message Person {
    string name = 1;
    uint64 id = 2;
    int32 years = 3 [json_name = "baz"];
    // maybe a jpeg?
    optional bytes data = 5;
}

protobuf-ts generates the following msg-readme.ts:

// @generated by protobuf-ts 1.0.0-alpha.30 with parameter optimize_code_size,generate_dependencies
// @generated from protobuf file "msg-readme.proto" (syntax proto3)
// tslint:disable
import { LongType } from "@protobuf-ts/runtime";
import { ScalarType } from "@protobuf-ts/runtime";
import { MessageType } from "@protobuf-ts/runtime";
/**
 * A very simple protobuf message.
 *
 * @generated from protobuf message Person
 */
export interface Person {
    /**
     * @generated from protobuf field: string name = 1;
     */
    name: string;
    /**
     * @generated from protobuf field: uint64 id = 2;
     */
    id: bigint;
    /**
     * @generated from protobuf field: int32 years = 3 [json_name = "baz"];
     */
    years: number;
    /**
     * maybe a jpeg?
     *
     * @generated from protobuf field: optional bytes data = 5;
     */
    data?: Uint8Array;
}
/**
 * Type for protobuf message Person
 */
class Person$Type extends MessageType<Person> {
    constructor() {
        super("Person", [
            { no: 1, name: "name", kind: "scalar", T: ScalarType.STRING },
            { no: 2, name: "id", kind: "scalar", T: ScalarType.UINT64, L: LongType.BIGINT },
            { no: 3, name: "years", kind: "scalar", jsonName: "baz", T: ScalarType.INT32 },
            { no: 5, name: "data", kind: "scalar", opt: true, T: ScalarType.BYTES }
        ]);
    }
}
export const Person = new Person$Type();

TypeScript compatibility
The generated code requires TypeScript version 3.8.3 or above.
The code is intended to be used with the strict compiler options turned on ("strict": true).
"strictNullChecks": true is required for some features to work.

Some things to note:

  • Protobuf messages are generated as TypeScript interfaces. This means that any object can be a Person, as long as it implements the Person interface. The following code creates a valid message:

    let pete: Person = {
  name: "Peter",
  id: 18446744073709551615n,
  years: 30, 
};

  • A const Person is exported. This object implements the IMessageType interface, which is your API to work with messages. Read more about IMessageType below.

  • Every output file has a header that includes the plugin version number and plugin parameter (options joined by comma) used to generate this file, as well as the source file name, package name and syntax.

  • Every protobuf message, field, and most other elements have a @generated annotation with information about the source.

  • Comments from the .proto are copied to the .ts file.

  • The field optional data has a question mark in TypeScript. This is the language feature proto3 optionals.

  • The uint64 field is represented as JavaScript bigint. You can control whether 64 bit types should be represented as bigint, string or number. This is the BigInt support of protobuf-ts.

  • The generated code compiles with TypeScript compiler target ES2015 or later. But if you use bigint, you need ES2020.

  • The file option optimize_for = CODE_SIZE was set. protobuf-ts understands this option and uses reflection for all operations, reducing
    the code size.
    If you set optimize_for = SPEED, protobuf-ts generates some additional methods to speed up serialization.
    Learn more about code size vs speed.

  • If you mark a protobuf field or other element deprecated with the option [deprecated = true], the corresponding TypeScript element is marked with a @deprecated annotation.

  • If you declare a protobuf enum, a TypeScript enum is generated. Learn more about the enum representation.

  • If you declare a protobuf oneof, a special property is generated that ensures that only one member field is set. Learn more about the oneof representation.

  • If you declare a protobuf service, a service client is generated. Learn more about RPC support.

  • If you use a message from the google.protobuf namespace, a special IMessageType is generated, which implements the custom JSON format and may provide some convenience methods. For some messages from the google.type namespace, convenience methods are available as well.
    Learn more about Well-known-types.

IMessageType

The IMessageType provides the following methods:

  • create(): T

    Create a new message with default values.

    For example, a protobuf string name = 1; has the default value "".

  • create(value: PartialMessage<T>): T

    Create a new message from partial data.
    Where a field is omitted, the default value is used.

    Unknown fields are discarded.

    PartialMessage<T> is similar to Partial<T>, but it is recursive, and it keeps oneof groups intact.

  • fromBinary(data: Uint8Array, options?: Partial<BinaryReadOptions>): T

    Create a new message from binary format.
    Learn more about the binary format and options.

  • toBinary(message: T, options?: Partial<BinaryWriteOptions>): Uint8Array

    Write the message to binary format.

  • fromJson(json: JsonValue, options?: Partial<JsonReadOptions>): T

    Read a new message from a JSON value.
    Learn more about the JSON format and options.

  • fromJsonString(json: string, options?: Partial<JsonReadOptions>): T

    Read a new message from a JSON string.
    This is equivalent to T.fromJson(JSON.parse(json)).

  • toJson(message: T, options?: Partial<JsonWriteOptions>): JsonValue

    Write the message to canonical JSON value.

  • toJsonString(message: T, options?: Partial<JsonWriteStringOptions>): string

    Convert the message to canonical JSON string.
    This is equivalent to JSON.stringify(T.toJson(t))

  • clone(message: T): T

    Clone the message.
    Unknown fields are discarded.

  • mergePartial(target: T, source: PartialMessage<T>): void

    Copy partial data into the target message.

  • equals(a: T, b: T): boolean

    Determines whether two message of the same type have the same field values. Checks for deep equality, traversing repeated fields, oneof groups, maps and messages recursively. Accepts undefined for convenience, but will return false if one or both arguments are undefined.

  • is(arg: any, depth?: number): arg is T

    Is the given value assignable to our message type and contains no excess properties?
    Learn more about the Message type guards.

  • isAssignable(arg: any, depth?: number): arg is T

    Is the given value assignable to our message type, regardless of excess properties?
    Learn more about the Message type guards.

The IMessageType also provides reflection information with the properties typeName, fields and options.

Message type guards

The IMessageType provides two type guards for every message:

  • is(arg: any, depth?: number): arg is T

    Is the given value assignable to our message type and contains no excess properties?

  • isAssignable(arg: any, depth?: number): arg is T

    Is the given value assignable to our message type, regardless of excess properties?

Both methods are Type Guards, and let the compiler know about the type. Example:

let message: unknown;
if (MyMessage.is(message)) {
    message.hello // the type of `message` is not `unknown` anymore
}

Note: is() checks for excess properties. isAssignable() ignores them.

Note: is() is different from instanceof. If two message have the same fields, is() returns true for both.

Enum representation

protobuf-ts uses TypeScript enums to represent protobuf enums.

From the following .proto:

enum MyEnum {
    ANY = 0;
    YES = 1;
    NO = 2;
}

protobuf-ts generates:

enum MyEnum {
    /**
     * @generated from protobuf enum value: ANY = 0;
     */
    ANY = 0,
    /**
     * @generated from protobuf enum value: YES = 1;
     */
    YES = 1,
    /**
     * @generated from protobuf enum value: NO = 2;
     */
    NO = 2
}

If all enum values share a prefix that corresponds with the enum's name, the prefix is dropped from all enum value names. For example, for the following .proto

enum Foo {
   FOO_BAR = 0;
   FOO_BAZ = 1;
}

The prefix "FOO_" is dropped in TypeScript (unless keep_enum_prefix option is provided to the plugin):

enum Foo {
   BAR = 0,
   BAZ = 1
}

A quick reminder about TypeScript enums:

  • It is possible to lookup the name for an enum value:

    let val: MyEnum = MyEnum.YES;
let name = MyEnum[val]; // => "YES"

  • and to lookup an enum value by name:

    let val: MyEnum = MyEnum["YES"];

TypeScript enums also support aliases (as does protobuf with the allow_alias option), so they are a good fit to represent protobuf enums, despite their idiosyncrasies.

protobuf-ts provides the following functions to work with TypeScript enum objects:

  • listEnumNames(enumObj: any): string[]

    Lists the names of a Typescript enum.
    ["ANY", "YES", "NO"] for the enum above.

  • listEnumNumbers(enumObj: any): number[]

    Lists the numbers of a Typescript enum.
    [0, 1, 2] for the enum above.

  • listEnumValues(enumObj: any): Array<{name: string, number: number}>

    Lists all values of a Typescript enum, as an array of objects with a "name" property and a "number" property.

    [{name: "ANY", number: 0}, {name: "YES", number: 1}, {name: "NO", number: 2}] for the enum above.

    Note: it is possible that a number appears more than once if you use enum aliases.

Oneof representation

protobuf-ts uses an algebraic data type for oneof groups. The following .proto:

message OneofExample {
 // Only one of (or none of) the fields can be set
 oneof result { 
   int32 value = 1;
   string error = 2;
 }
}

Compiles the oneof group to a union type that ensures that only one member field is set:

interface OneofExample {
 result: { oneofKind: "value"; value: number; } 
       | { oneofKind: "error"; error: string; } 
       | { oneofKind: undefined; };
}

let message: OneofExample;
if (message.oneofKind === "value") {
 message.value // the union has been narrowed down
}

Note: you have to turn on the strictNullChecks option in your tsconfig.json for this feature

BigInt support

Protocol buffers have signed and unsigned 64 bit integral types. protobuf-ts gives you the following options to represent those .proto types in TypeScript:

  1. bigint
    Enabled by default. Lets you use the standard JavaScript operators.

  2. string
    Enabled by setting the option [jstype = JS_STRING] on a field , or by setting the plugin option "long_type_string".

  3. number
    Enabled by setting the field option [jstype = JS_NUMBER].

Note: Use the string representation if you target browsers.
BigInt is still not fully supported in Safari as of November 2020. Safari 14 adds BigInt support, but its DataView implementation is missing the necessary BigInt methods.

Note: Using number is not recommended.
JavaScript numbers do not cover the range of all possible 64 bit integral values.

Note: bigint requires target ES2020 in your tsconfig.json and you need Node.js 14.5.0 or higher.

Changing the long representation

For example, the following .proto:

message LongTypes {
    int64 normal = 1;
    int64 string = 2 [jstype = JS_STRING];
    int64 number = 3 [jstype = JS_NUMBER];
}

Generates the following TypeScript:

interface LongTypes {
    normal: bigint; // `bigint` is the "normal" representation
    string: string;
    number: number;
}

If you set the plugin option "long_type_string", the following TypeScript is generated:

interface LongTypes {
    normal: string; // changed from `bigint` to `string` by --ts_opt long_type_string
    string: string; 
    number: number; // not affected by --ts_opt long_type_string
}

Arithmetics

For arithmetic across browsers, you need a third party library like the excellent long.js or JSBI.

You should use the string representation, for example with the plugin option "long_type_string". You can then read the string values, make your operations and set a string value back on the field:

const myMessage = LongTypes.create({
    string: "9223372036854770000"
});

// using long.js:
let a = Long.fromString(myMessage.string)
let b = a.add(123);
myMessage.string = b.toString();

// using JSBI:
let c = JSBI.BigInt(myMessage.value)
let d = c.add(123);
myMessage.string = d.toString();

proto3 optionals

In proto3, scalar fields always have a value, even if you did not set one. If you read an int32 field, you cannot determine whether the creator of the message intended to write 0, or if he intentionally left the field out. Both look the same.

The proto3-optionals feature adds a convenient support for optional fields by bringing back the optional label:

syntax = "proto3";
message Proto3Optionals {
  optional int32 sensor_value = 1;
}

protobuf-ts compiles the field to a simple question-marked property:

interface Proto3Optionals {
  sensorValue?: number;
}

Note: this feature was added in protoc release v3.12.0. You may have to pass the --experimental_allow_proto3_optional flag to protoc.

proto2 support

protobuf-ts has partial support for the older proto2 syntax. The support is just sufficient to write protoc plugins.

Note the following restrictions:

  1. Extensions (see language guide) are ignored. No code will be generated.

    Extension fields can be read like unknown fields. See unknown field handling.

  2. Groups (see language guide) are ignored by the plugin.
    No code will be generated. Group fields are treated as unknown fields, see unknown field handling.

  3. Default field values are not supported
    A field with the optional label and a default option will have the type myField?: bool and default value undefined.

  4. required label is not supported
    If a field has the required label, the type will be myField: bool with the default value false.

  5. Enums without a 0 value
    The plugin will add the UNSPECIFIED$ = 0 enum value if no value for 0 is defined.

Well-known-types

The messages in the google.protobuf namespace come with a custom JSON mapping. See the "JSON Mapping" section in the official Language Guide.

protobuf-ts implements the custom JSON mapping. It also provides convenience methods for some well-known-types and as some types in the google.type package:

google.protobuf.Any

The Any type can contain any message by serializing it into a bytes field and writing the type name into the typeUrl field.

This means that protobuf-ts needs to be able to lookup types by name when reading or writing a Any message in JSON format. Therefore, JsonReadOptions and JsonWriteOptions both have a typeRegistry property that is used to lookup types by name. The type registry is just an array of IMessageType<any>:

Any.toJson(any, {
    typeRegistry: [
       MyMessage, 
       MyOtherMessage
    ]   
})

Any provides the following custom methods:

  • pack(message: T, type: IMessageType<T>): Any

    Pack the message into a new Any.

    Uses 'type.googleapis.com/full.type.name' as the type URL.

  • unpack(any: Any, type: IMessageType<T>): T

    Unpack the message from the Any.

  • contains(any: Any, type: IMessageType | string): boolean

    Does the given Any contain a packed message of the given type?

google.protobuf.Timestamp

Timestamp provides the following custom methods:

  • now(): Timestamp

    Creates a new Timestamp for the current time.

  • toDate(message: Timestamp): Date

    Converts a Timestamp to a JavaScript Date.

  • fromDate(date: Date): Timestamp

    Converts a JavaScript Date to a Timestamp.

Note: Timestamp is also supported by the PbDatePipe provided by @protobuf-ts/runtime-angular.

google.type.Color

  • toHex(message: Color): string

    Returns hexadecimal notation of the color: #RRGGBB[AA]

    R (red), G (green), B (blue), and A (alpha) are hexadecimal characters (0–9, A–F). A is optional. For example, #ff0000 is equivalent to #ff0000ff.

    See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value#RGB_colors

  • fromHex(hex: string): Color

    Parses a hexadecimal color notation.

    Recognizes the following forms:

    • three-digit (#RGB)
    • six-digit (#RRGGBB)
    • four-digit (#RGBA)
    • eight-digit (#RRGGBBAA)

google.type.DateTime and google.type.Date

Both types provide methods to convert to and from JavaScript Dates, similar to google.protobuf.Timestamp.

Note: DateTime is also supported by the PbDatePipe provided by @protobuf-ts/runtime-angular.

Reflection

Reflection is a first-class feature of protobuf-ts and should be considered a powerful tool for working with messages.

For example, it is possible to serialize a message to binary format using only the reflection information. Other use cases for reflection can be input form generation, message comparison algorithms, or transformation into another format you may need.

A message provides reflection information via its IMessageType:

/**
 * The protobuf type name of the message, including package and
 * parent types if present.
 *
 * Examples:
 * 'MyNamespaceLessMessage'
 * 'my_package.MyMessage'
 * 'my_package.ParentMessage.ChildMessage'
 */
readonly typeName: string;

/**
 * Simple information for each message field, in the order
 * of declaration in the source .proto.
 */
readonly fields: readonly FieldInfo[];

/**
 * Contains custom message options from the .proto source in JSON format.
 */
readonly options: { [extensionName: string]: JsonValue };

Field information

The FieldInfo type distinguishes between the following kinds:

Every field, regardless of it's kind, always has the following properties:

  • "no": The field number of the .proto field.
  • "name": The original name of the .proto field.
  • "localName": The name of the field as used in generated code.
  • "jsonName": The name for JSON serialization / deserialization.
  • "options": Custom field options from the .proto source in JSON format.

Other properties:

  • Fields of kind "scalar", "enum" and "message" can have a "repeat" type.
  • Fields of kind "scalar" and "enum" can have a "repeat" type.
  • Fields of kind "scalar", "enum" and "message" can be member of a "oneof".

A field can be only have one of the above properties set.

Options for "scalar" fields:

  • 64 bit integral types can provide "L" - the JavaScript representation type.

To learn more about reflection, have a look at the types declared in runtime/src/reflection-info.ts and the source code of the reflection-based operations.

Note: RPC also comes with reflection information. See runtime-rpc/src/reflection-info.ts.

Custom options

protobuf-ts supports custom options for messages, fields, services and methods and will add them to the reflection information.

For example, consider the following service definition in service-annotated.proto:

// import the proto that extends google.protobuf.MethodOptions
import "google/api/annotations.proto";

service AnnotatedService {
    rpc Get (Request) returns (Reply) {
        // add an option on the method
        option (google.api.http) = {
            get: "/v1/{name=messages/*}"
            additional_bindings {
                get: "xxx"
            }
            additional_bindings {
                get: "yyy"
            }
        };
    };
}

In TypeScript, the service options are available in the "options" property as JSON:

import {AnnotatedService} from "./service-annotated";
console.log(AnnotatedService.options);
{
  "google.api.http": {
    "additionalBindings": [{
      "get": "xxx"
    }, {
      "get": "yyy"
    }],
    "get": "/v1/{name=messages/*}"
  }
}

Because the option "google.api.http" is actually a message (see annotations.proto), you can parse the message with this convenience method:

import {AnnotatedService} from "./service-annotated";
import {HttpRule} from "./google/api/annotations";
import {readMethodOption} from "@protobuf-ts/runtime-rpc";

let rule = readMethodOption(AnnotatedService, "get", "google.api.http", HttpRule);
if (rule) {
    let selector: string = rule.selector;
    let bindings: HttpRule[] = rule.additionalBindings;
}

If you omit the last parameter to the function, you get the JSON value. This is a convenient way to get scalar option values.

import {AnnotatedService} from "./service-annotated";
import {readMethodOption} from "@protobuf-ts/runtime-rpc";
import {JsonValue} from "@protobuf-ts/runtime";

let rule: JsonValue | undefined = readMethodOption(AnnotatedService, "get", "google.api.http");
Options for stored in access with
Messages AnnotatedMessage.options readMessageOption() from @protobuf-ts/runtime
Fields AnnotatedMessage.field[0].options readFieldOption() from @protobuf-ts/runtime
Services AnnotatedService.options readServiceOption() from @protobuf-ts/runtime-rpc
Methods AnnotatedService.methods[0].options readMethodOption() from @protobuf-ts/runtime-rpc

Creating your own custom options

It is very easy to create custom options. This is the source code for the "google.api.http" option:

// google/api/annotations.proto:

import "google/api/http.proto";
import "google/protobuf/descriptor.proto";

extend google.protobuf.MethodOptions {
  // See `HttpRule`.
  HttpRule http = 72295728;
}

As you can see, the option is a standard protobuf field. It can be a message field like in the example above, or it can be a scalar, enum or repeated field.

In .proto, you set options in text format, and protobuf-ts provides them in the canonical JSON format.

Excluding options from generated code

If you need custom options for some protobuf implementation, but do not want to have them included in the TypeScript generated code, use the file option ts.exclude_options:

option (ts.exclude_options) = "google.*";
option (ts.exclude_options) = "*.private.*";

The example above will exclude field, service and method options that match the given wildcard.

Binary format

protobuf-ts supports the binary format with the IMessageType methods fromBinary() and toBinary().

Example:

let message: MyMessage = {foo: 123};
let bytes: Uint8Array = MyMessage.toBinary(message);
let message2: MyMessage = MyMessage.fromBinary(bytes);

The fromBinary method takes an optional second argument of type BinaryReadOptions:

  • readUnknownField: boolean | 'throw' | UnknownFieldReader

    Shall unknown fields be read, ignored or raise an error?
    true: stores the unknown field on a symbol property of the message. This is the default behaviour.
    false: ignores the unknown field.
    "throw": throws an error.
    UnknownFieldReader: Your own behaviour for unknown fields.
    See Unknown field handling for details.

  • readerFactory: () => IBinaryReader

    Allows to use a custom implementation to parse binary data.

The toBinary method takes an optional second argument of type BinaryWriteOptions:

  • writeUnknownFields: boolean | UnknownFieldWriter

    Shall unknown fields be written back on wire?
    true: unknown fields stored in a symbol property of the message are written back. This is the default behaviour.
    false: unknown fields are not written.
    UnknownFieldWriter: Your own behaviour for unknown fields.
    See Unknown field handling for details.

  • writerFactory: () => IBinaryWriter

    Allows to use a custom implementation to encode binary data.

UTF-8 decoding

JavaScript uses UTF-16 for strings, but protobuf uses UTF-8. In order to serialize to and from binary data, protobuf-ts converts between the encodings with the TextEncoder / TextDecoder API.

Note that the protobuf language guide states:

A string must always contain UTF-8 encoded or 7-bit ASCII text [...]

If an invalid UTF-8 string is encoded in the binary format, protobuf-ts will raise an error on decoding through the TextDecoder option fatal. If you do not want that behaviour, use the readerFactory option to pass your own TextDecoder instance.

As of January 2022, performance of TextDecoder on Node.js falls behind Node.js' Buffer. In order to use Buffer to decode UTF-8, use the readerFactory option:

const nodeBinaryReadOptions = {
    readerFactory: (bytes: Uint8Array) => new BinaryReader(bytes, {
        decode(input?: Uint8Array): string {
            return input ? (input as Buffer).toString("utf8") : "";
        }
    })
};
MyMessage.fromBinary(bytes, nodeBinaryReadOptions);

Conformance

protobuf-ts strictly conforms to the protobuf spec. It passes all required and recommended conformance tests of the protobuf repository.

The conformance testee is available in packages/test-generated. It is run several times to test reflection ops and generated code (see code size vs speed) as well as bigint and string-based 64 bit integer support (see Bigint support).

Unknown field handling

Unknown fields occur when a message has been created with a newer version of a proto file, or when proto2 extensions are used (see proto2 support).

When protobuf-ts encounters unknown fields, they are stored in the message object and written back when the message is serialized again.

The unknown fields are stored in a symbol property. This property is not enumerable, but is picked up by the spread operator, for example. To discard unknown fields, you can use IMessageType.clone(message).

The default behaviour can be changed to ignore unknown fields, throw if unknown fields are found, or you can implement your own behaviour, for example to log unknown fields. See the BinaryReadOptions and BinaryWriteOptions for details.

The default behaviour is implemented by the UnknownFieldHandler, which also exposes some methods to access the hidden fields:

  • list(message: any, fieldNo?: number): UnknownField[]
    List unknown fields stored for the message.

    Note: There may be multiples fields with the same number.

  • last(message: any, fieldNo: number): UnknownField | undefined
    Returns the last unknown field by field number.

Let´s say that you receive a message in a new version, where the field int32 added = 22 has been added. The field was set to the value 7777.

This is how you find the field value:

let message: OldVersionMessage = OldVersionMessage.fromBinary(newVersionData);

let uf = UnknownFieldHandler.last(message, 22);
if (uf) {
    uf.no; // 22
    uf.wireType; // WireType.Varint

    // use the binary reader to decode the raw data:
    let reader = new BinaryReader(uf.data);
    let addedNumber = reader.int32(); // 7777
}

JSON format

protobuf-ts supports the canonical proto3 JSON format with all recommended options.

To read a message from JSON format, use IMessageType<T>.fromJson() or fromJsonString().

Example:

let json = {foo: 123};
let jsonString = '{"foo": 123}';
MyMessage.fromJson(json);
MyMessage.fromJsonString(jsonString);

Both methods take an optional second argument "options" of type JsonReadOptions:

  • ignoreUnknownFields boolean`

    Ignore unknown fields: Proto3 JSON parser should reject unknown fields by default. This option ignores unknown fields in parsing.

  • typeRegistry: IMessageType<any>[]

    This option is required to read google.protobuf.Any from JSON format.

To write a message in JSON format, use IMessageType<T>.toJson() or toJsonString().

Example:

let msg: MyMessage = {foo: 123n};
let jsonString: string = MyMessage.toJsonString(msg);
let json = MyMessage.toJson(msg);
jsonString = JSON.stringify(json;

Both methods take an optional second argument options of type JsonWriteOptions:

  • emitDefaultValues: boolean

    Emit fields with default values: Fields with default values are omitted by default in proto3 JSON output. This option overrides this behavior and outputs fields with their default values.

  • enumAsInteger: boolean

    Emit enum values as integers instead of strings: The name of an enum value is used by default in JSON output. An option may be provided to use the numeric value of the enum value instead.

  • useProtoFieldName: boolean

    Use proto field name instead of lowerCamelCase name: By default proto3 JSON printer should convert the field name to lowerCamelCase and use that as the JSON name. An implementation may provide an option to use proto field name as the JSON name instead. Proto3 JSON parsers are required to accept both the converted lowerCamelCase name and the proto field name.

  • typeRegistry: IMessageType<any>[]

    This option is required to write google.protobuf.Any to JSON format.

Code size vs speed

protobuf-ts can optimize for speed or for code size.

To optimize for code size, binary format serialization and other operations are implemented with reflection.

To optimize for speed, custom code for each message is generated, with a small gain in performance for the cost of some code size.

The default behaviour is to optimize for speed. The default behaviour can be changed by adding the following line below the syntax statement:

option optimize_for = CODE_SIZE;

Alternatively, the default behaviour can be changed with plugin options.

protobuf-ts compiles to rather small code sizes, even with optimize_for = SPEED, while retaining all features. The following table shows a comparison between several code generators:

generator version parameter webpack output size
pbf 3.2.1 22,132 b
protobuf-ts 2.0.0-alpha.27 force_optimize_code_size,long_type_string 43,082 b
ts-proto 1.81.3 outputJsonMethods=false,forceLong=string 67,066 b
protobuf-ts 2.0.0-alpha.27 force_optimize_speed,long_type_string 71,552 b
ts-proto 1.81.3 forceLong=string 93,698 b
protobufjs 6.11.2 139,360 b
google-protobuf 3.17.3 import_style=commonjs,binary 397,348 b

The file sizes are calculated by compiling google/protobuf/descriptor.proto, then packing with webpack in production mode. The source code of the size benchmark is located in packages/benchmarks.

Note that ts-proto doesn't support JSON with outputJsonMethods=false. pbf has a very limited feature set.

Running in the Web Browser

protobuf-ts works in the browser. The runtime and generated code is compatible with all major browsers after Internet Explorer.

Some older browsers do not provide all types required by protobuf-ts, but they can be polyfilled quite easily:

The Angular example app packages/example-angular-app is using these polyfills and works with Edge 44.

For the Web Browser, it is recommended to use the CODE_SIZE optimization for all messages by setting plugin option --ts_opt optimize_code_size. Then set the file option optimize_for = SPEED for files where you can measure a noticeable performance increase. See code size vs speed for a output size comparison.

Running in Node.js

protobuf-ts is tested with Node.js version 14.5.0.

Older versions certainly work, but may not support all features or require polyfills. For example, if you target lower than ES2020 to run in an older node version, you cannot use bigint.

If you are using the grpcweb-transport or twirp-transport, you probably have to polyfill the fetch API. See the README files of the transport packages for more information.

RPC support

protobuf-ts provides several options for RPC clients and servers. By default, it generates generic clients which delegate the method calls to a transport that implements a specific protocol.

protobuf-ts comes with several RPC transport implementations:

protobuf-ts can also generate native clients for gRPC and servers for gRPC for the package @grpc/grpc-js.

The 3rd party Twirp TS plugin provides server side support for the Twirp protocol.

As an experimental feature, protobuf-ts provides a contract for generic servers with an adapter for gRPC.

Generic RPC clients

For the following service definition:

service Haberdasher {
  rpc MakeHat(Size) returns (Hat);
}

protobuf-ts generates a client that can be used like this:

// setup a transport and create a client instance
let transport = new TwirpFetchTransport({
    baseUrl: "http://localhost:4200"
});
let client = new HaberdasherClient(transport);

// make a hat
let call = await client.makeHat({ inches: 23 });

// our shiny new hat:
let response: Hat = call.response;

First, protobuf-ts generates the following interface:

export interface IHaberdasherClient {
    makeHat(request: Size, options?: RpcOptions): UnaryCall<Size, Hat>;
}

As you can see, a method with a "lowerCamelCase" name is generated. It takes two arguments:

  1. "request" - this is the input type of your RPC. The message to send to the server.
  2. "options" - RpcOptions for this call. Options can include authentication information, for example.

The methods returns a UnaryCall. An "unary" call takes exactly one input messsage and returns exactly one output message. It is one of the four RPC method types available in protocol buffers.

protobuf-ts also generates an implementation for IHaberdasherClient, the class HaberdasherClient. It takes a RpcTransport and a RpcOptions argument.

If you set the enable_angular_annotations option, protobuf-ts adds annotations to the client that enable Angular dependency injection. See Angular support to learn more.

To learn about RpcOptions and the RpcTransport implementations, please continue reading.

RPC options

Every RPC method call takes an optional "options" argument that can be used to add authentication information to the request, for example.

Every RpcTransport should also take an argument of the same type RpcOptions for default options.

The options:

  • meta: RpcMetadata

    Meta data for the call.

    RPC meta data are simple key-value pairs that usually translate directly to HTTP request headers.

    If a key ends with -bin, it should contain binary data in base64 encoding, allowing you to send serialized messages.

  • timeout: Date | number
    Timeout for the call in milliseconds.
    If a Date object is given, it is used as a deadline.

  • interceptors: RpcInterceptor[]

    Interceptors can be used to manipulate request and response data. The most common use case is adding an "Authorization" header.

  • jsonOptions: Partial<JsonReadOptions & JsonWriteOptions>

    Options for the JSON wire format.
    To send or receive google.protobuf.Any in JSON format, you must provide jsonOptions.typeRegistry so that the runtime can discriminate the packed type.

  • binaryOptions: Partial<BinaryReadOptions & BinaryWriteOptions>

    Options for the binary wire format.

  • abort: AbortSignal

    A signal to cancel a call. Can be created with an AbortController.
    The npm package abort-controller provides a polyfill for Node.js.

Note: A RpcTransport implementation may provide additional options.

Adding an "Authorization" header using an interceptor:

let options: RpcOptions = {
  interceptors: [
    {
      // adds auth header to unary requests
      interceptUnary(next, method, input, options: RpcOptions): UnaryCall {
        if (!options.meta) {
          options.meta = {};
        }
        options.meta['Authorization'] = 'your bearer token';
        return next(method, input, options);
      }
    }
  ],
};

To learn more about interceptors, see the RpcInterceptor interface provided by @protobuf-ts/runtime-rpc.

RPC method types

Protocol buffers allow four distinct RPC method types:

  1. unary - exactly one input message, exactly one output message
  2. server streaming - exactly one input message, an arbitrary amount of output messages
  3. client streaming - an arbitrary amount of input messages, exactly one output message
  4. duplex streaming - an arbitrary amount of input and output messages

In .proto, the four types look like this:

service ExampleService {
    rpc Unary (Req) returns (Res);
    rpc ServerStream (Req) returns (stream Res);
    rpc ClientStream (stream Req) returns (Res);
    rpc DuplexStream (stream Req) returns (stream Res);
}

@protobuf-ts/runtime-rpc provides implementations for each of the four method types, but since neither Twirp nor gRPC web support client streaming or duplex streaming calls, those types are untested. All four method types share the following properties:

  • method: MethodInfo
    Reflection information about this call.

  • requestHeaders: Readonly<RpcMetadata>
    Request headers being sent with the request. Request headers are provided in the meta property of the RpcOptions passed to a call.

  • headers: Promise<RpcMetadata>
    The response headers that the server sent. This promise will reject with a RpcError when the server sends an error status code.

  • status: Promise<RpcStatus>
    The response status the server replied with. This promise will resolve when the server has finished the request successfully. If the server replies with an error status, this promise will reject with a RpcError that contains the status code and meta data.

  • trailers Promise<RpcMetadata>
    The trailers the server attached to the response. This promise will resolve when the server has finished the request successfully. If the server replies with an error status, this promise will reject with a RpcError that contains the status code and meta data.

  • cancel(): void
    Cancel this call.

A unary call simply does not use the stream keyword in .proto. The method signature generated by protobuf-ts is as follows:

methodName(request: I, options? RpcOptions): UnaryCall<I, O>

Where I is the defined input message and O the defined output message.

The UnaryCall provides the following additional properties:

  • request: Readonly<I>
    The request message being sent.

  • response: Promise<O>
    The message the server replied with. If the server does not send a message, this promise will reject with a RpcError.

So a simple way to get the response message of a unary call would be:

let call = service.myMethod(foo);
let response = await call.response;

But there is a caveat: gRPC and gRPC web use response trailers to indicate server status. This means that it is possible that the server responds with a message and then sends an error status. If you do not check the status, you may be missing an error.

Response trailers are a very useful feature, but for simple unary calls, awaiting two promises is cumbersome. For this reason, the UnaryCall itself is awaitable, and will reject if an error status is received. Instead of awaiting call.response, you can simply await the call:

let {response} = await service.myMethod(foo);

A server streaming call uses the stream keyword for the output statement in .proto. The method signature generated by protobuf-ts is as follows:

methodName(request: I, options? RpcOptions): ServerStreamingCall<I, O>

The ServerStreamingCall provides the following additional properties:

  • request: Readonly<I>
    The request message being sent.

  • response: RpcOutputStream<O>
    Response messages from the server. This is an AsyncIterable that can be iterated with await for .. of.

So a simple way to read all response messages of a server streaming call would be:

let call = service.myMethod(foo);
for await (let message of call.responses) {
    console.log("got a message", message)
}
let status = await call.status;
let trailers = await call.trailers;

Note that the same caveat regarding the response status applies to server streaming calls as well. If you do not await status, you will not notice the error status!

The ServerStreamingCall is also awaitable. You cannot obtain the response messages this way (the server could theoretically send millions of messages), but you can shorten separate awaits for status and trailers to a single expression:

let call = service.myMethod(foo);
for await (let message of call.responses) {
    console.log("got a message", message)
}
let {status, trailers} = await call;

// or, if you only want to make sure you don't miss an error status:
await call;

If you cannot use async iterables in your environment, you can alternatively attach callbacks to the RpcOutputStream. See the source code of RpcOutputStream for further documentation.

RPC transports

A RpcTransport executes Remote Procedure Calls defined by a protobuf service.

This interface is the contract between a generated service client and some wire protocol like grpc, grpc-web, Twirp or other.

The transport receives reflection information about the service and method being called.

gRPC web transport

While gRPC requires HTTP 2 support on your server and client, gRPC web is a subset that works with HTTP 1. gRPC works with unary and server streaming methods. Client streaming and duplex streaming is not supported.

Any gRPC service can be made available via gRPC web using the envoy proxy. If you use the .NET Core gRPC implementation Grpc.AspNetCode, you may want to usethe nuget package Grpc.AspNetCore.Web to add gRPC web support.

To use the gRPC web transport, install the package @protobuf-ts/grpcweb-transport.

Note: This transport requires the fetch API (globalThis.fetch and globalThis.Headers). For Node.js, use the polyfill node-fetch.

Note: To cancel calls, you need an AbortController. For Node.js, use the polyfill abort-controller.

Note: For React native, you have to use the react-native-polyfill-globals, see #67.

Note: For requests across domains, your server must expose the headers "grpc-encoding", "grpc-message" and "grpc-status" and allow the headers "x-grpc-web" and "grpc-timeout" to function correctly. Any custom headers you want to use must be exposed / allowed as well. See Access-Control-Expose-Headers and Access-Control-Allow-Headers.

Example .proto:

syntax = "proto3";

service Haberdashery {
    rpc MakeHat (Size) returns (Hat);
    rpc MakeRowOfHats (Size) returns (stream Hat);
}
message Hat {
    int32 size = 1;
    string color = 2;
    string name = 3;
}
message Size {
    int32 inches = 1;
}

Example usage:

let transport = new GrpcWebFetchTransport({
    baseUrl: "localhost:3000"
});

let client = new HaberdasheryClient(transport);

let {response} = await client.makeHat({ inches: 11 });
console.log("got a small hat! " + response)

let streamingCall = client.makeRowOfHats({ inches: 23 });
for await (let hat of streamingCall.responses) {
    console.log("got another hat! " + hat)
}

The GrpcWebFetchTransport takes an options object of type GrpcWebOptions as a single constructor argument. It extends the standard RpcOptions (see RPC options) with the following options:

  • format: "text" | "binary"

    Send binary or text format? Defaults to text.

  • baseUrl: string

    Base URI for all HTTP requests. Requests will be made to /./method

    Example: baseUrl: "https://example.com/my-api"

    This will make a POST /my-api/my_package.MyService/Foo to example.com via HTTPS.

  • fetchInit:
    Extra options to pass through to the fetch when doing a request.
    Example: fetchInit: { credentials: 'include' }
    This will make requests include cookies for cross-origin calls.

protobuf-ts includes an example gRPC web server in packages/example-dotnet-grpcweb-server and exemplary client usage in packages/example-angular-app.

To learn more about the inner workings of the transport, make sure to read the introduction to RPC support. To learn about the features provided by the UnaryCall and ServerStreamingCall, see RPC method types.

Twirp transport

Twirp is a simple RPC framework with protobuf service definitions.

Twirp supports only unary method types and no response trailers, but on the other hand it is very easy to implement on the server side and still benefits a lot from the very reliable protocol buffer serialization mechanism.

To use the Twirp transport, install the package @protobuf-ts/twirp-transport.

Note: This transport requires the fetch API and the AbortController API.
globalThis.fetch, globalThis.Headers and globalThis.AbortController are expected.
For Node.js, use the polyfills node-fetch and abort-controller.

Note: If you use Angular, consider using the Twirp transport based on Angular's HttpClient. See Angular support.

Note: For requests across domains, your server must allow request headers you intend to send and expose response headers you intend to read. See Access-Control-Expose-Headers and Access-Control-Allow-Headers.

Example .proto:

syntax = "proto3";

service Haberdasher {
    rpc MakeHat (Size) returns (Hat);
}
message Hat {
    int32 size = 1;
    string color = 2;
    string name = 3;
}
message Size {
    int32 inches = 1;
}

Example usage:

let transport = new TwirpFetchTransport({
    baseUrl: "localhost:3000"
});

let client = new HaberdasherClient(transport);

let {response} = await client.makeHat({ inches: 11 });
console.log("got a small hat! " + response)

The TwirpFetchTransport takes an options object of type TwirpOptions as a single constructor argument. It extends the standard RpcOptions (see RPC options) with the following options:

  • baseUrl: string

    Base URI for all HTTP requests. Requests will be made to /./method

    If you need the "twirp" path prefix, you must add it yourself.

    Example: baseUrl: "https://example.com/twirp"

    This will make a POST /twirp/my_package.MyService/Foo to example.com via HTTPS.

  • useProtoMethodName: boolean

    For Twirp, method names are CamelCased just as they would be in Go. To use the original method name as defined in the .proto, set this option to true.

  • sendJson: boolean

    Send JSON? Defaults to false, which means binary format is sent.

  • fetchInit:
    Extra options to pass through to the fetch when doing a request.
    Example: fetchInit: { credentials: 'include' }
    This will make requests include cookies for cross-origin calls.

To learn more about the inner workings of the transport, make sure to read the introduction to RPC support. To learn about the features provided by the UnaryCall, see RPC method types.

gRPC transport

The gRPC transport supports all method types. It uses the package @grpc/grpc-js to make gRPC requests and can only be used in Node.js.

To use the gRPC transport, install the package @protobuf-ts/grpc-transport.

Example usage:

const transport = new GrpcTransport({
    host: "localhost:5000",
    channelCredentials: ChannelCredentials.createInsecure(),
});

let client = new HaberdasheryClient(transport);

let {response} = await client.makeHat({ inches: 11 });
console.log("got a small hat! " + response)

let streamingCall = client.makeRowOfHats({ inches: 23 });
for await (let hat of streamingCall.responses) {
    console.log("got another hat! " + hat)
}

For more information, have a look at the example client in packages/example-node-grpc-transport-client.

Native gRPC server

'protobuf-ts' can generate code for gRPC servers that run in Node.JS.

Note: The generated code requires the package @grpc/grpc-js. Install it with:

# with npm:
npm install @grpc/grpc-js

# with yarn:
yarn add @grpc/grpc-js

To generate a gRPC server, set the plugin option server_grpc1 or set the service option (ts_server) = GRPC. Example:

// example-service.proto
syntax = "proto3";
package spec;

import "protobuf-ts.proto";

service ExampleService {
  option (ts.server) = GRPC1_SERVER;
  rpc method (RequestMessage) returns (ResponseMessage);
}

This will generate the following TypeScript:

// example-service.grpc-server.ts
import * as grpc from "@grpc/grpc-js";

// implement this interface
export interface IExampleService extends grpc.UntypedServiceImplementation {
  unary: grpc.handleUnaryCall<RequestMessage, ResponseMessage>;
}

// a service definition 
export const exampleServiceDefinition: grpc.ServiceDefinition<IExampleService> = {
    // ...
}

After implementing your service using the generated interface, you can start a server with @grpc/grpc-js:

const exampleService: IExampleService = {
  // implement your service here
};

const server = new grpc.Server();
server.addService(exampleServiceDefinition, exampleService);
server.bindAsync(
  '0.0.0.0:5000',
  grpc.ServerCredentials.createInsecure(),
  (err: Error | null, port: number) => {
    if (err) {
      console.error(`Server error: ${err.message}`);
    } else {
      console.log(`Server bound on port: ${port}`);
      server.start();
    }
  }
);

For a working example, have a look at packages/example-node-grpc-server.

Native gRPC client

'protobuf-ts' can generate code for gRPC clients that run in Node.JS.

Note: The generated code requires the package @grpc/grpc-js. Install it with:

# with npm:
npm install @grpc/grpc-js

# with yarn:
yarn add @grpc/grpc-js

To generate a gRPC server, set the plugin option client_grpc1 or set the service option (ts_client) = GRPC1_CLIENT.

Generic RPC servers

With the plugin option server_generic, protobuf-ts generates generic interfaces for services for the server side.

Note that this feature is experimental and may change with minor releases.

For usage, see /packages/example-chat-system/.

Angular support

protobuf-ts has built-in support for Angular, including:

  • a Twirp transport that uses the Angular HttpClient
  • a date pipe that supports google.protobuf.Timestamp and google.type.DateTime
  • annotations for dependency injection

To enable Angular support,

  1. set the enable_angular_annotations plugin option
  2. install all related packages with npm i @protobuf-ts/runtime @protobuf-ts/runtime-rpc @protobuf-ts/runtime-angular @protobuf-ts/twirp-transport

Update your app.module.ts with the following:

// app.module.ts

@NgModule({
  imports: [
    // ...

    // Registers the `PbDatePipe`.
    // This pipe overrides the standard "date" pipe and adds support
    // for `google.protobuf.Timestamp` and `google.type.DateTime`.
    PbDatePipeModule,

    // Registers the `TwirpTransport` with the given options
    // and sets up dependency injection.
    TwirpModule.forRoot({
      // don't forget the "twirp" prefix if your server requires it
      baseUrl: "http://localhost:8080/twirp/",
    })

  ],
  providers: [

    // Make a service available for dependency injection.
    // Now you can use it as a constructor argument of your component.
    HaberdasherClient,
    
    // ...
  ],
  // ...
})
export class AppModule {
}

If you want to use a different RPC transport, you can wire it up using the RPC_TRANSPORT injection token. The following example uses the GrpcWebFetchTransport from @protobuf-ts/grpcweb-transport:

// app.module.ts

@NgModule({
  // ...
  providers: [

    // Make this service available for injection in all components:
    MyServerStreamingServiceClient,

    // Configure gRPC web as transport for all services. 
    {provide: RPC_TRANSPORT, useValue: new GrpcWebFetchTransport({
        baseUrl: "http://localhost:4200"
    })},
  ],
  // ...
})
export class AppModule {
}

For more information, have a look at the example angular app in packages/example-angular-app. It shows how the pipe is used, how Twirp is setup and can be run against an example gRPC-web or Twirp server (also included in the examples).