encode.rs

// Rust Bitcoin Library
// Written in 2014 by
//     Andrew Poelstra <apoelstra@wpsoftware.net>
//
// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all
// copyright and related and neighboring rights to this software to
// the public domain worldwide. This software is distributed without
// any warranty.
//
// You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication
// along with this software.
// If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>.
//

//! Bitcoin consensus-encodable types.
//!
//! This is basically a replacement of the `Encodable` trait which does
//! normalization of endianness etc., to ensure that the encoding matches
//! the network consensus encoding.
//!
//! Essentially, anything that must go on the _disk_ or _network_ must be
//! encoded using the `Encodable` trait, since this data must be the same for
//! all systems. Any data going to the _user_ e.g., over JSONRPC, should use the
//! ordinary `Encodable` trait. (This should also be the same across systems, of
//! course, but has some critical differences from the network format e.g.,
//! scripts come with an opcode decode, hashes are big-endian, numbers are
//! typically big-endian decimals, etc.)
//!

use crate::prelude::*;

use core::{fmt, mem, u32, convert::From};

use crate::hashes::{sha256d, Hash, sha256};
use crate::hash_types::{BlockHash, FilterHash, TxMerkleNode, FilterHeader};

use crate::io::{self, Cursor, Read};

use crate::util::endian;
use crate::util::psbt;
use crate::util::taproot::TapLeafHash;
use crate::hashes::hex::ToHex;

use crate::blockdata::transaction::{TxOut, Transaction, TxIn};
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
use crate::network::{message_blockdata::Inventory, address::{Address, AddrV2Message}};

/// Encoding error
#[derive(Debug)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum Error {
    /// And I/O error
    Io(io::Error),
    /// PSBT-related error
    Psbt(psbt::Error),
    /// Network magic was not expected
    UnexpectedNetworkMagic {
        /// The expected network magic
        expected: u32,
        /// The unexpected network magic
        actual: u32,
    },
    /// Tried to allocate an oversized vector
    OversizedVectorAllocation {
        /// The capacity requested
        requested: usize,
        /// The maximum capacity
        max: usize,
    },
    /// Checksum was invalid
    InvalidChecksum {
        /// The expected checksum
        expected: [u8; 4],
        /// The invalid checksum
        actual: [u8; 4],
    },
    /// VarInt was encoded in a non-minimal way
    NonMinimalVarInt,
    /// Network magic was unknown
    UnknownNetworkMagic(u32),
    /// Parsing error
    ParseFailed(&'static str),
    /// Unsupported Segwit flag
    UnsupportedSegwitFlag(u8),
}

impl fmt::Display for Error {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match *self {
            Error::Io(ref e) => write_err!(f, "IO error"; e),
            Error::Psbt(ref e) => write_err!(f, "PSBT error"; e),
            Error::UnexpectedNetworkMagic { expected: ref e, actual: ref a } => write!(f,
                "unexpected network magic: expected {}, actual {}", e, a),
            Error::OversizedVectorAllocation { requested: ref r, max: ref m } => write!(f,
                "allocation of oversized vector: requested {}, maximum {}", r, m),
            Error::InvalidChecksum { expected: ref e, actual: ref a } => write!(f,
                "invalid checksum: expected {}, actual {}", e.to_hex(), a.to_hex()),
            Error::NonMinimalVarInt => write!(f, "non-minimal varint"),
            Error::UnknownNetworkMagic(ref m) => write!(f, "unknown network magic: {}", m),
            Error::ParseFailed(ref s) => write!(f, "parse failed: {}", s),
            Error::UnsupportedSegwitFlag(ref swflag) => write!(f,
                "unsupported segwit version: {}", swflag),
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "std")]
#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "std")))]
impl std::error::Error for Error {
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
        use self::Error::*;

        match self {
            Io(e) => Some(e),
            Psbt(e) => Some(e),
            UnexpectedNetworkMagic { .. }
            | OversizedVectorAllocation { .. }
            | InvalidChecksum { .. }
            | NonMinimalVarInt
            | UnknownNetworkMagic(_)
            | ParseFailed(_)
            | UnsupportedSegwitFlag(_) => None,
        }
    }
}

#[doc(hidden)]
impl From<io::Error> for Error {
    fn from(error: io::Error) -> Self {
        Error::Io(error)
    }
}

#[doc(hidden)]
impl From<psbt::Error> for Error {
    fn from(e: psbt::Error) -> Error {
        Error::Psbt(e)
    }
}

/// Encode an object into a vector
pub fn serialize<T: Encodable + ?Sized>(data: &T) -> Vec<u8> {
    let mut encoder = Vec::new();
    let len = data.consensus_encode(&mut encoder).expect("in-memory writers don't error");
    debug_assert_eq!(len, encoder.len());
    encoder
}

/// Encode an object into a hex-encoded string
pub fn serialize_hex<T: Encodable + ?Sized>(data: &T) -> String {
    serialize(data)[..].to_hex()
}

/// Deserialize an object from a vector, will error if said deserialization
/// doesn't consume the entire vector.
pub fn deserialize<T: Decodable>(data: &[u8]) -> Result<T, Error> {
    let (rv, consumed) = deserialize_partial(data)?;

    // Fail if data are not consumed entirely.
    if consumed == data.len() {
        Ok(rv)
    } else {
        Err(Error::ParseFailed("data not consumed entirely when explicitly deserializing"))
    }
}

/// Deserialize an object from a vector, but will not report an error if said deserialization
/// doesn't consume the entire vector.
pub fn deserialize_partial<T: Decodable>(data: &[u8]) -> Result<(T, usize), Error> {
    let mut decoder = Cursor::new(data);
    let rv = Decodable::consensus_decode_from_finite_reader(&mut decoder)?;
    let consumed = decoder.position() as usize;

    Ok((rv, consumed))
}


/// Extensions of `Write` to encode data as per Bitcoin consensus
pub trait WriteExt : io::Write {
    /// Output a 64-bit uint
    fn emit_u64(&mut self, v: u64) -> Result<(), io::Error>;
    /// Output a 32-bit uint
    fn emit_u32(&mut self, v: u32) -> Result<(), io::Error>;
    /// Output a 16-bit uint
    fn emit_u16(&mut self, v: u16) -> Result<(), io::Error>;
    /// Output a 8-bit uint
    fn emit_u8(&mut self, v: u8) -> Result<(), io::Error>;

    /// Output a 64-bit int
    fn emit_i64(&mut self, v: i64) -> Result<(), io::Error>;
    /// Output a 32-bit int
    fn emit_i32(&mut self, v: i32) -> Result<(), io::Error>;
    /// Output a 16-bit int
    fn emit_i16(&mut self, v: i16) -> Result<(), io::Error>;
    /// Output a 8-bit int
    fn emit_i8(&mut self, v: i8) -> Result<(), io::Error>;

    /// Output a boolean
    fn emit_bool(&mut self, v: bool) -> Result<(), io::Error>;

    /// Output a byte slice
    fn emit_slice(&mut self, v: &[u8]) -> Result<(), io::Error>;
}

/// Extensions of `Read` to decode data as per Bitcoin consensus
pub trait ReadExt : io::Read {
    /// Read a 64-bit uint
    fn read_u64(&mut self) -> Result<u64, Error>;
    /// Read a 32-bit uint
    fn read_u32(&mut self) -> Result<u32, Error>;
    /// Read a 16-bit uint
    fn read_u16(&mut self) -> Result<u16, Error>;
    /// Read a 8-bit uint
    fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, Error>;

    /// Read a 64-bit int
    fn read_i64(&mut self) -> Result<i64, Error>;
    /// Read a 32-bit int
    fn read_i32(&mut self) -> Result<i32, Error>;
    /// Read a 16-bit int
    fn read_i16(&mut self) -> Result<i16, Error>;
    /// Read a 8-bit int
    fn read_i8(&mut self) -> Result<i8, Error>;

    /// Read a boolean
    fn read_bool(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Error>;

    /// Read a byte slice
    fn read_slice(&mut self, slice: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Error>;
}

macro_rules! encoder_fn {
    ($name:ident, $val_type:ty, $writefn:ident) => {
        #[inline]
        fn $name(&mut self, v: $val_type) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
            self.write_all(&endian::$writefn(v))
        }
    }
}

macro_rules! decoder_fn {
    ($name:ident, $val_type:ty, $readfn:ident, $byte_len: expr) => {
        #[inline]
        fn $name(&mut self) -> Result<$val_type, Error> {
            const_assert!(::core::mem::size_of::<$val_type>() == $byte_len);
            let mut val = [0; $byte_len];
            self.read_exact(&mut val[..]).map_err(Error::Io)?;
            Ok(endian::$readfn(&val))
        }
    }
}

impl<W: io::Write + ?Sized> WriteExt for W {
    encoder_fn!(emit_u64, u64, u64_to_array_le);
    encoder_fn!(emit_u32, u32, u32_to_array_le);
    encoder_fn!(emit_u16, u16, u16_to_array_le);
    encoder_fn!(emit_i64, i64, i64_to_array_le);
    encoder_fn!(emit_i32, i32, i32_to_array_le);
    encoder_fn!(emit_i16, i16, i16_to_array_le);

    #[inline]
    fn emit_i8(&mut self, v: i8) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
        self.write_all(&[v as u8])
    }
    #[inline]
    fn emit_u8(&mut self, v: u8) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
        self.write_all(&[v])
    }
    #[inline]
    fn emit_bool(&mut self, v: bool) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
        self.write_all(&[v as u8])
    }
    #[inline]
    fn emit_slice(&mut self, v: &[u8]) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
        self.write_all(v)
    }
}

impl<R: Read + ?Sized> ReadExt for R {
    decoder_fn!(read_u64, u64, slice_to_u64_le, 8);
    decoder_fn!(read_u32, u32, slice_to_u32_le, 4);
    decoder_fn!(read_u16, u16, slice_to_u16_le, 2);
    decoder_fn!(read_i64, i64, slice_to_i64_le, 8);
    decoder_fn!(read_i32, i32, slice_to_i32_le, 4);
    decoder_fn!(read_i16, i16, slice_to_i16_le, 2);

    #[inline]
    fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, Error> {
        let mut slice = [0u8; 1];
        self.read_exact(&mut slice)?;
        Ok(slice[0])
    }
    #[inline]
    fn read_i8(&mut self) -> Result<i8, Error> {
        let mut slice = [0u8; 1];
        self.read_exact(&mut slice)?;
        Ok(slice[0] as i8)
    }
    #[inline]
    fn read_bool(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Error> {
        ReadExt::read_i8(self).map(|bit| bit != 0)
    }
    #[inline]
    fn read_slice(&mut self, slice: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.read_exact(slice).map_err(Error::Io)
    }
}

/// Maximum size, in bytes, of a vector we are allowed to decode
pub const MAX_VEC_SIZE: usize = 4_000_000;

/// Data which can be encoded in a consensus-consistent way
pub trait Encodable {
    /// Encode an object with a well-defined format.
    /// Returns the number of bytes written on success.
    ///
    /// The only errors returned are errors propagated from the writer.
    fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, writer: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error>;
}

/// Data which can be encoded in a consensus-consistent way
pub trait Decodable: Sized {
    /// Decode `Self` from a size-limited reader.
    ///
    /// Like `consensus_decode` but relies on the reader being
    /// limited in the amount of data it returns, e.g. by
    /// being wrapped in [`std::io::Take`].
    ///
    /// Failling to obide to this requirement might lead to
    /// memory exhaustion caused by malicious inputs.
    ///
    /// Users should default to `consensus_decode`, but
    /// when data to be decoded is already in a byte vector
    /// of a limited size, calling this function directly
    /// might be marginally faster (due to avoiding
    /// extra checks).
    ///
    /// ### Rules for trait implementations
    ///
    /// * Simple types that that have a fixed size (own and member fields),
    ///   don't have to overwrite this method, or be concern with it.
    /// * Types that deserialize using externally provided length
    ///   should implement it:
    ///   * Make `consensus_decode` forward to `consensus_decode_bytes_from_finite_reader`
    ///     with the reader wrapped by `Take`. Failure to do so, without other
    ///     forms of memory exhaustion protection might lead to resource exhaustion
    ///     vulnerability.
    ///   * Put a max cap on things like `Vec::with_capacity` to avoid oversized
    ///     allocations, and rely on the reader running out of data, and collections
    ///     reallocating on a legitimately oversized input data, instead of trying
    ///     to enforce arbitrary length limits.
    /// * Types that contain other types that implement custom `consensus_decode_from_finite_reader`,
    ///   should also implement it applying same rules, and in addition make sure to call
    ///   `consensus_decode_from_finite_reader` on all members, to avoid creating redundant
    ///   `Take` wrappers. Failure to do so might result only in a tiny performance hit.
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_decode_from_finite_reader<R: io::Read + ?Sized>(reader: &mut R) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        // This method is always strictly less general than, `consensus_decode`,
        // so it's safe and make sense to default to just calling it.
        // This way most types, that don't care about protecting against
        // resource exhaustion due to malicious input, can just ignore it.
        Self::consensus_decode(reader)
    }

    /// Decode an object with a well-defined format.
    ///
    /// This is the method that should be implemented for a typical, fixed sized type
    /// implementing this trait. Default implementation is wrapping the reader
    /// in [`crate::io::Take`] to limit the input size to [`MAX_VEC_SIZE`], and forwards the call to
    /// [`Self::consensus_decode_from_finite_reader`], which is convenient
    /// for types that override [`Self::consensus_decode_from_finite_reader`]
    /// instead.
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_decode<R: io::Read + ?Sized>(reader: &mut R) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        Self::consensus_decode_from_finite_reader(reader.take(MAX_VEC_SIZE as u64).by_ref())
    }
}

/// A variable-length unsigned integer
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct VarInt(pub u64);

/// Data which must be preceded by a 4-byte checksum
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct CheckedData(pub Vec<u8>);

// Primitive types
macro_rules! impl_int_encodable {
    ($ty:ident, $meth_dec:ident, $meth_enc:ident) => {
        impl Decodable for $ty {
            #[inline]
            fn consensus_decode<R: io::Read + ?Sized>(r: &mut R) -> Result<Self, Error> {
                ReadExt::$meth_dec(r)
            }
        }
        impl Encodable for $ty {
            #[inline]
            fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
                w.$meth_enc(*self)?;
                Ok(mem::size_of::<$ty>())
            }
        }
    }
}

impl_int_encodable!(u8,  read_u8,  emit_u8);
impl_int_encodable!(u16, read_u16, emit_u16);
impl_int_encodable!(u32, read_u32, emit_u32);
impl_int_encodable!(u64, read_u64, emit_u64);
impl_int_encodable!(i8,  read_i8,  emit_i8);
impl_int_encodable!(i16, read_i16, emit_i16);
impl_int_encodable!(i32, read_i32, emit_i32);
impl_int_encodable!(i64, read_i64, emit_i64);

#[allow(clippy::len_without_is_empty)] // VarInt has on concept of 'is_empty'.
impl VarInt {
    /// Gets the length of this VarInt when encoded.
    /// Returns 1 for 0..=0xFC, 3 for 0xFD..=(2^16-1), 5 for 0x10000..=(2^32-1),
    /// and 9 otherwise.
    #[inline]
    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
        match self.0 {
            0..=0xFC             => { 1 }
            0xFD..=0xFFFF        => { 3 }
            0x10000..=0xFFFFFFFF => { 5 }
            _                    => { 9 }
        }
    }
}

impl Encodable for VarInt {
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
        match self.0 {
            0..=0xFC => {
                (self.0 as u8).consensus_encode(w)?;
                Ok(1)
            },
            0xFD..=0xFFFF => {
                w.emit_u8(0xFD)?;
                (self.0 as u16).consensus_encode(w)?;
                Ok(3)
            },
            0x10000..=0xFFFFFFFF => {
                w.emit_u8(0xFE)?;
                (self.0 as u32).consensus_encode(w)?;
                Ok(5)
            },
            _ => {
                w.emit_u8(0xFF)?;
                (self.0 as u64).consensus_encode(w)?;
                Ok(9)
            },
        }
    }
}

impl Decodable for VarInt {
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_decode<R: io::Read + ?Sized>(r: &mut R) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        let n = ReadExt::read_u8(r)?;
        match n {
            0xFF => {
                let x = ReadExt::read_u64(r)?;
                if x < 0x100000000 {
                    Err(self::Error::NonMinimalVarInt)
                } else {
                    Ok(VarInt(x))
                }
            }
            0xFE => {
                let x = ReadExt::read_u32(r)?;
                if x < 0x10000 {
                    Err(self::Error::NonMinimalVarInt)
                } else {
                    Ok(VarInt(x as u64))
                }
            }
            0xFD => {
                let x = ReadExt::read_u16(r)?;
                if x < 0xFD {
                    Err(self::Error::NonMinimalVarInt)
                } else {
                    Ok(VarInt(x as u64))
                }
            }
            n => Ok(VarInt(n as u64))
        }
    }
}

// Booleans
impl Encodable for bool {
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
        w.emit_bool(*self)?;
        Ok(1)
    }
}

impl Decodable for bool {
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_decode<R: io::Read + ?Sized>(r: &mut R) -> Result<bool, Error> {
        ReadExt::read_bool(r)
    }
}

// Strings
impl Encodable for String {
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
        let b = self.as_bytes();
        let vi_len = VarInt(b.len() as u64).consensus_encode(w)?;
        w.emit_slice(b)?;
        Ok(vi_len + b.len())
    }
}

impl Decodable for String {
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_decode<R: io::Read + ?Sized>(r: &mut R) -> Result<String, Error> {
        String::from_utf8(Decodable::consensus_decode(r)?)
            .map_err(|_| self::Error::ParseFailed("String was not valid UTF8"))
    }
}

// Cow<'static, str>
impl Encodable for Cow<'static, str> {
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
        let b = self.as_bytes();
        let vi_len = VarInt(b.len() as u64).consensus_encode(w)?;
        w.emit_slice(b)?;
        Ok(vi_len + b.len())
    }
}

impl Decodable for Cow<'static, str> {
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_decode<R: io::Read + ?Sized>(r: &mut R) -> Result<Cow<'static, str>, Error> {
        String::from_utf8(Decodable::consensus_decode(r)?)
            .map_err(|_| self::Error::ParseFailed("String was not valid UTF8"))
            .map(Cow::Owned)
    }
}


// Arrays
macro_rules! impl_array {
    ( $size:literal ) => {
        impl Encodable for [u8; $size] {
            #[inline]
            fn consensus_encode<W: WriteExt + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
                w.emit_slice(&self[..])?;
                Ok(self.len())
            }
        }

        impl Decodable for [u8; $size] {
            #[inline]
            fn consensus_decode<R: io::Read + ?Sized>(r: &mut R) -> Result<Self, Error> {
                let mut ret = [0; $size];
                r.read_slice(&mut ret)?;
                Ok(ret)
            }
        }
    };
}

impl_array!(2);
impl_array!(4);
impl_array!(8);
impl_array!(10);
impl_array!(12);
impl_array!(16);
impl_array!(32);
impl_array!(33);

impl Decodable for [u16; 8] {
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_decode<R: io::Read + ?Sized>(r: &mut R) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        let mut res = [0; 8];
        for item in &mut res {
            *item = Decodable::consensus_decode(r)?;
        }
        Ok(res)
    }
}

impl Encodable for [u16; 8] {
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
        for c in self.iter() { c.consensus_encode(w)?; }
        Ok(16)
    }
}

// Vectors
macro_rules! impl_vec {
    ($type: ty) => {
        impl Encodable for Vec<$type> {
            #[inline]
            fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
                let mut len = 0;
                len += VarInt(self.len() as u64).consensus_encode(w)?;
                for c in self.iter() {
                    len += c.consensus_encode(w)?;
                }
                Ok(len)
            }
        }

        impl Decodable for Vec<$type> {
            #[inline]
            fn consensus_decode_from_finite_reader<R: io::Read + ?Sized>(r: &mut R) -> Result<Self, Error> {
                let len = VarInt::consensus_decode_from_finite_reader(r)?.0;
                // Do not allocate upfront more items than if the sequnce of type
                // occupied roughly quarter a block. This should never be the case
                // for normal data, but even if that's not true - `push` will just
                // reallocate.
                // Note: OOM protection relies on reader eventually running out of
                // data to feed us.
                let max_capacity = MAX_VEC_SIZE / 4 / mem::size_of::<$type>();
                let mut ret = Vec::with_capacity(core::cmp::min(len as usize, max_capacity));
                for _ in 0..len {
                    ret.push(Decodable::consensus_decode_from_finite_reader(r)?);
                }
                Ok(ret)
            }
        }
    }
}
impl_vec!(BlockHash);
impl_vec!(FilterHash);
impl_vec!(FilterHeader);
impl_vec!(TxMerkleNode);
impl_vec!(Transaction);
impl_vec!(TxOut);
impl_vec!(TxIn);
impl_vec!(Vec<u8>);
impl_vec!(u64);
impl_vec!(TapLeafHash);

#[cfg(feature = "std")] impl_vec!(Inventory);
#[cfg(feature = "std")] impl_vec!((u32, Address));
#[cfg(feature = "std")] impl_vec!(AddrV2Message);

pub(crate) fn consensus_encode_with_size<S: io::Write>(data: &[u8], mut s: S) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
    let vi_len = VarInt(data.len() as u64).consensus_encode(&mut s)?;
    s.emit_slice(data)?;
    Ok(vi_len + data.len())
}


struct ReadBytesFromFiniteReaderOpts {
    len: usize,
    chunk_size: usize,
}

/// Read `opts.len` bytes from reader, where `opts.len` could potentially be malicious
///
/// This function relies on reader being bound in amount of data
/// it returns for OOM protection. See [`Decodable::consensus_decode_from_finite_reader`].
#[inline]
fn read_bytes_from_finite_reader<D: io::Read>(mut d: D, mut opts: ReadBytesFromFiniteReaderOpts) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
    let mut ret = vec![];

    assert_ne!(opts.chunk_size, 0);

    while opts.len > 0 {
        let chunk_start = ret.len();
        let chunk_size = core::cmp::min(opts.len, opts.chunk_size);
        let chunk_end = chunk_start + chunk_size;
        ret.resize(chunk_end, 0u8);
        d.read_slice(&mut ret[chunk_start..chunk_end])?;
        opts.len -= chunk_size;
    }

    Ok(ret)
}

impl Encodable for Vec<u8> {
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
        consensus_encode_with_size(self, w)
    }
}

impl Decodable for Vec<u8> {
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_decode_from_finite_reader<R: io::Read + ?Sized>(r: &mut R) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        let len = VarInt::consensus_decode(r)?.0 as usize;
        // most real-world vec of bytes data, wouldn't be larger than 128KiB
        read_bytes_from_finite_reader(r, ReadBytesFromFiniteReaderOpts { len, chunk_size: 128 * 1024 })
    }
}

impl Encodable for Box<[u8]> {
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
        consensus_encode_with_size(self, w)
    }
}

impl Decodable for Box<[u8]> {
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_decode_from_finite_reader<R: io::Read + ?Sized>(r: &mut R) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        <Vec<u8>>::consensus_decode_from_finite_reader(r).map(From::from)
    }
}


/// Do a double-SHA256 on some data and return the first 4 bytes
fn sha2_checksum(data: &[u8]) -> [u8; 4] {
    let checksum = <sha256d::Hash as Hash>::hash(data);
    [checksum[0], checksum[1], checksum[2], checksum[3]]
}

// Checked data
impl Encodable for CheckedData {
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
        (self.0.len() as u32).consensus_encode(w)?;
        sha2_checksum(&self.0).consensus_encode(w)?;
        w.emit_slice(&self.0)?;
        Ok(8 + self.0.len())
    }
}

impl Decodable for CheckedData {
    #[inline]
    fn consensus_decode_from_finite_reader<R: io::Read + ?Sized>(r: &mut R) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        let len = u32::consensus_decode_from_finite_reader(r)? as usize;

        let checksum = <[u8; 4]>::consensus_decode_from_finite_reader(r)?;
        let ret = read_bytes_from_finite_reader(r, ReadBytesFromFiniteReaderOpts { len, chunk_size: MAX_VEC_SIZE })?;
        let expected_checksum = sha2_checksum(&ret);
        if expected_checksum != checksum {
            Err(self::Error::InvalidChecksum {
                expected: expected_checksum,
                actual: checksum,
            })
        } else {
            Ok(CheckedData(ret))
        }
    }
}

// References
impl<'a, T: Encodable> Encodable for &'a T {
    fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
        (&**self).consensus_encode(w)
    }
}

impl<'a, T: Encodable> Encodable for &'a mut T {
    fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
        (&**self).consensus_encode(w)
    }
}

impl<T: Encodable> Encodable for rc::Rc<T> {
    fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
        (&**self).consensus_encode(w)
    }
}

impl<T: Encodable> Encodable for sync::Arc<T> {
    fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
        (&**self).consensus_encode(w)
    }
}

// Tuples
macro_rules! tuple_encode {
    ($($x:ident),*) => {
        impl <$($x: Encodable),*> Encodable for ($($x),*) {
            #[inline]
            #[allow(non_snake_case)]
            fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(
                &self,
                w: &mut W,
            ) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
                let &($(ref $x),*) = self;
                let mut len = 0;
                $(len += $x.consensus_encode(w)?;)*
                Ok(len)
            }
        }

        impl<$($x: Decodable),*> Decodable for ($($x),*) {
            #[inline]
            #[allow(non_snake_case)]
            fn consensus_decode<R: io::Read + ?Sized>(r: &mut R) -> Result<Self, Error> {
                Ok(($({let $x = Decodable::consensus_decode(r)?; $x }),*))
            }
        }
    };
}

tuple_encode!(T0, T1);
tuple_encode!(T0, T1, T2);
tuple_encode!(T0, T1, T2, T3);
tuple_encode!(T0, T1, T2, T3, T4);
tuple_encode!(T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5);
tuple_encode!(T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6);
tuple_encode!(T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7);

impl Encodable for sha256d::Hash {
    fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
        self.into_inner().consensus_encode(w)
    }
}

impl Decodable for sha256d::Hash {
    fn consensus_decode<R: io::Read + ?Sized>(r: &mut R) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        Ok(Self::from_inner(<<Self as Hash>::Inner>::consensus_decode(r)?))
    }
}

impl Encodable for sha256::Hash {
    fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
        self.into_inner().consensus_encode(w)
    }
}

impl Decodable for sha256::Hash {
    fn consensus_decode<R: io::Read + ?Sized>(r: &mut R) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        Ok(Self::from_inner(<<Self as Hash>::Inner>::consensus_decode(r)?))
    }
}

impl Encodable for TapLeafHash {
    fn consensus_encode<W: io::Write + ?Sized>(&self, w: &mut W) -> Result<usize, io::Error> {
        self.into_inner().consensus_encode(w)
    }
}

impl Decodable for TapLeafHash {
    fn consensus_decode<R: io::Read + ?Sized>(r: &mut R) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        Ok(Self::from_inner(<<Self as Hash>::Inner>::consensus_decode(r)?))
    }
}

// Tests
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use core::{mem::{self, discriminant}, fmt};
    use super::{deserialize, serialize, Error, CheckedData, VarInt};
    use super::{Transaction, BlockHash, FilterHash, TxMerkleNode, TxOut, TxIn};
    use crate::consensus::{Encodable, deserialize_partial, Decodable};
    use crate::util::endian::{u64_to_array_le, u32_to_array_le, u16_to_array_le};
    use secp256k1::rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
    use crate::network::{Address, message_blockdata::Inventory};

    #[test]
    fn serialize_int_test() {
        // bool
        assert_eq!(serialize(&false), vec![0u8]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&true), vec![1u8]);
        // u8
        assert_eq!(serialize(&1u8), vec![1u8]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&0u8), vec![0u8]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&255u8), vec![255u8]);
        // u16
        assert_eq!(serialize(&1u16), vec![1u8, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&256u16), vec![0u8, 1]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&5000u16), vec![136u8, 19]);
        // u32
        assert_eq!(serialize(&1u32), vec![1u8, 0, 0, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&256u32), vec![0u8, 1, 0, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&5000u32), vec![136u8, 19, 0, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&500000u32), vec![32u8, 161, 7, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&168430090u32), vec![10u8, 10, 10, 10]);
        // i32
        assert_eq!(serialize(&-1i32), vec![255u8, 255, 255, 255]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&-256i32), vec![0u8, 255, 255, 255]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&-5000i32), vec![120u8, 236, 255, 255]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&-500000i32), vec![224u8, 94, 248, 255]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&-168430090i32), vec![246u8, 245, 245, 245]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&1i32), vec![1u8, 0, 0, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&256i32), vec![0u8, 1, 0, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&5000i32), vec![136u8, 19, 0, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&500000i32), vec![32u8, 161, 7, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&168430090i32), vec![10u8, 10, 10, 10]);
        // u64
        assert_eq!(serialize(&1u64), vec![1u8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&256u64), vec![0u8, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&5000u64), vec![136u8, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&500000u64), vec![32u8, 161, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&723401728380766730u64), vec![10u8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10]);
        // i64
        assert_eq!(serialize(&-1i64), vec![255u8, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&-256i64), vec![0u8, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&-5000i64), vec![120u8, 236, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&-500000i64), vec![224u8, 94, 248, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&-723401728380766730i64), vec![246u8, 245, 245, 245, 245, 245, 245, 245]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&1i64), vec![1u8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&256i64), vec![0u8, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&5000i64), vec![136u8, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&500000i64), vec![32u8, 161, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&723401728380766730i64), vec![10u8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn serialize_varint_test() {
        assert_eq!(serialize(&VarInt(10)), vec![10u8]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&VarInt(0xFC)), vec![0xFCu8]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&VarInt(0xFD)), vec![0xFDu8, 0xFD, 0]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&VarInt(0xFFF)), vec![0xFDu8, 0xFF, 0xF]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&VarInt(0xF0F0F0F)), vec![0xFEu8, 0xF, 0xF, 0xF, 0xF]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&VarInt(0xF0F0F0F0F0E0)), vec![0xFFu8, 0xE0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0, 0]);
        assert_eq!(test_varint_encode(0xFF, &u64_to_array_le(0x100000000)).unwrap(), VarInt(0x100000000));
        assert_eq!(test_varint_encode(0xFE, &u64_to_array_le(0x10000)).unwrap(), VarInt(0x10000));
        assert_eq!(test_varint_encode(0xFD, &u64_to_array_le(0xFD)).unwrap(), VarInt(0xFD));

        // Test that length calc is working correctly
        test_varint_len(VarInt(0), 1);
        test_varint_len(VarInt(0xFC), 1);
        test_varint_len(VarInt(0xFD), 3);
        test_varint_len(VarInt(0xFFFF), 3);
        test_varint_len(VarInt(0x10000), 5);
        test_varint_len(VarInt(0xFFFFFFFF), 5);
        test_varint_len(VarInt(0xFFFFFFFF+1), 9);
        test_varint_len(VarInt(u64::max_value()), 9);
    }

    fn test_varint_len(varint: VarInt, expected: usize) {
        let mut encoder = vec![];
        assert_eq!(varint.consensus_encode(&mut encoder).unwrap(), expected);
        assert_eq!(varint.len(), expected);
    }

    fn test_varint_encode(n: u8, x: &[u8]) -> Result<VarInt, Error> {
        let mut input = [0u8; 9];
        input[0] = n;
        input[1..x.len()+1].copy_from_slice(x);
        deserialize_partial::<VarInt>(&input).map(|t|t.0)
    }

    #[test]
    fn deserialize_nonminimal_vec() {
        // Check the edges for variant int
        assert_eq!(discriminant(&test_varint_encode(0xFF, &u64_to_array_le(0x100000000-1)).unwrap_err()),
                   discriminant(&Error::NonMinimalVarInt));
        assert_eq!(discriminant(&test_varint_encode(0xFE, &u32_to_array_le(0x10000-1)).unwrap_err()),
                   discriminant(&Error::NonMinimalVarInt));
        assert_eq!(discriminant(&test_varint_encode(0xFD, &u16_to_array_le(0xFD-1)).unwrap_err()),
                   discriminant(&Error::NonMinimalVarInt));

        assert_eq!(discriminant(&deserialize::<Vec<u8>>(&[0xfd, 0x00, 0x00]).unwrap_err()),
                   discriminant(&Error::NonMinimalVarInt));
        assert_eq!(discriminant(&deserialize::<Vec<u8>>(&[0xfd, 0xfc, 0x00]).unwrap_err()),
                   discriminant(&Error::NonMinimalVarInt));
        assert_eq!(discriminant(&deserialize::<Vec<u8>>(&[0xfd, 0xfc, 0x00]).unwrap_err()),
                   discriminant(&Error::NonMinimalVarInt));
        assert_eq!(discriminant(&deserialize::<Vec<u8>>(&[0xfe, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]).unwrap_err()),
                   discriminant(&Error::NonMinimalVarInt));
        assert_eq!(discriminant(&deserialize::<Vec<u8>>(&[0xfe, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00]).unwrap_err()),
                   discriminant(&Error::NonMinimalVarInt));
        assert_eq!(discriminant(&deserialize::<Vec<u8>>(&[0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]).unwrap_err()),
                   discriminant(&Error::NonMinimalVarInt));
        assert_eq!(discriminant(&deserialize::<Vec<u8>>(&[0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]).unwrap_err()),
                   discriminant(&Error::NonMinimalVarInt));


        let mut vec_256 = vec![0; 259];
        vec_256[0] = 0xfd;
        vec_256[1] = 0x00;
        vec_256[2] = 0x01;
        assert!(deserialize::<Vec<u8>>(&vec_256).is_ok());

        let mut vec_253 = vec![0; 256];
        vec_253[0] = 0xfd;
        vec_253[1] = 0xfd;
        vec_253[2] = 0x00;
        assert!(deserialize::<Vec<u8>>(&vec_253).is_ok());
    }

    #[test]
    fn serialize_checkeddata_test() {
        let cd = CheckedData(vec![1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
        assert_eq!(serialize(&cd), vec![5, 0, 0, 0, 162, 107, 175, 90, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn serialize_vector_test() {
        assert_eq!(serialize(&vec![1u8, 2, 3]), vec![3u8, 1, 2, 3]);
        // TODO: test vectors of more interesting objects
    }

    #[test]
    fn serialize_strbuf_test() {
        assert_eq!(serialize(&"Andrew".to_string()), vec![6u8, 0x41, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x72, 0x65, 0x77]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn deserialize_int_test() {
        // bool
        assert!((deserialize(&[58u8, 0]) as Result<bool, _>).is_err());
        assert_eq!(deserialize(&[58u8]).ok(), Some(true));
        assert_eq!(deserialize(&[1u8]).ok(), Some(true));
        assert_eq!(deserialize(&[0u8]).ok(), Some(false));
        assert!((deserialize(&[0u8, 1]) as Result<bool, _>).is_err());

        // u8
        assert_eq!(deserialize(&[58u8]).ok(), Some(58u8));

        // u16
        assert_eq!(deserialize(&[0x01u8, 0x02]).ok(), Some(0x0201u16));
        assert_eq!(deserialize(&[0xABu8, 0xCD]).ok(), Some(0xCDABu16));
        assert_eq!(deserialize(&[0xA0u8, 0x0D]).ok(), Some(0xDA0u16));
        let failure16: Result<u16, _> = deserialize(&[1u8]);
        assert!(failure16.is_err());

        // u32
        assert_eq!(deserialize(&[0xABu8, 0xCD, 0, 0]).ok(), Some(0xCDABu32));
        assert_eq!(deserialize(&[0xA0u8, 0x0D, 0xAB, 0xCD]).ok(), Some(0xCDAB0DA0u32));
        let failure32: Result<u32, _> = deserialize(&[1u8, 2, 3]);
        assert!(failure32.is_err());
        // TODO: test negative numbers
        assert_eq!(deserialize(&[0xABu8, 0xCD, 0, 0]).ok(), Some(0xCDABi32));
        assert_eq!(deserialize(&[0xA0u8, 0x0D, 0xAB, 0x2D]).ok(), Some(0x2DAB0DA0i32));
        let failurei32: Result<i32, _> = deserialize(&[1u8, 2, 3]);
        assert!(failurei32.is_err());

        // u64
        assert_eq!(deserialize(&[0xABu8, 0xCD, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]).ok(), Some(0xCDABu64));
        assert_eq!(deserialize(&[0xA0u8, 0x0D, 0xAB, 0xCD, 0x99, 0, 0, 0x99]).ok(), Some(0x99000099CDAB0DA0u64));
        let failure64: Result<u64, _> = deserialize(&[1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]);
        assert!(failure64.is_err());
        // TODO: test negative numbers
        assert_eq!(deserialize(&[0xABu8, 0xCD, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]).ok(), Some(0xCDABi64));
        assert_eq!(deserialize(&[0xA0u8, 0x0D, 0xAB, 0xCD, 0x99, 0, 0, 0x99]).ok(), Some(-0x66ffff663254f260i64));
        let failurei64: Result<i64, _> = deserialize(&[1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]);
        assert!(failurei64.is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn deserialize_vec_test() {
        assert_eq!(deserialize(&[3u8, 2, 3, 4]).ok(), Some(vec![2u8, 3, 4]));
        assert!((deserialize(&[4u8, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]) as Result<Vec<u8>, _>).is_err());
        // found by cargo fuzz
        assert!(deserialize::<Vec<u64>>(&[0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x6b,0x6b,0x6b,0x6b,0x6b,0x6b,0x6b,0x6b,0x6b,0x6b,0x6b,0x6b,0xa,0xa,0x3a]).is_err());

        let rand_io_err = Error::Io(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, ""));

        // Check serialization that `if len > MAX_VEC_SIZE {return err}` isn't inclusive,
        // by making sure it fails with IO Error and not an `OversizedVectorAllocation` Error.
        let err = deserialize::<CheckedData>(&serialize(&(super::MAX_VEC_SIZE as u32))).unwrap_err();
        assert_eq!(discriminant(&err), discriminant(&rand_io_err));

        test_len_is_max_vec::<u8>();
        test_len_is_max_vec::<BlockHash>();
        test_len_is_max_vec::<FilterHash>();
        test_len_is_max_vec::<TxMerkleNode>();
        test_len_is_max_vec::<Transaction>();
        test_len_is_max_vec::<TxOut>();
        test_len_is_max_vec::<TxIn>();
        test_len_is_max_vec::<Vec<u8>>();
        test_len_is_max_vec::<u64>();
        #[cfg(feature = "std")]
        test_len_is_max_vec::<(u32, Address)>();
        #[cfg(feature = "std")]
        test_len_is_max_vec::<Inventory>();
    }

    fn test_len_is_max_vec<T>() where Vec<T>: Decodable, T: fmt::Debug {
        let rand_io_err = Error::Io(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, ""));
        let varint = VarInt((super::MAX_VEC_SIZE / mem::size_of::<T>()) as u64);
        let err = deserialize::<Vec<T>>(&serialize(&varint)).unwrap_err();
        assert_eq!(discriminant(&err), discriminant(&rand_io_err));
    }

    #[test]
    fn deserialize_strbuf_test() {
        assert_eq!(deserialize(&[6u8, 0x41, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x72, 0x65, 0x77]).ok(), Some("Andrew".to_string()));
        assert_eq!(
            deserialize(&[6u8, 0x41, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x72, 0x65, 0x77]).ok(),
            Some(Cow::Borrowed("Andrew"))
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn deserialize_checkeddata_test() {
        let cd: Result<CheckedData, _> = deserialize(&[5u8, 0, 0, 0, 162, 107, 175, 90, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
        assert_eq!(cd.ok(), Some(CheckedData(vec![1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5])));
    }

    #[test]
    fn limit_read_test() {
        let witness = vec![vec![0u8; 3_999_999]; 2];
        let ser = serialize(&witness);
        let mut reader = io::Cursor::new(ser);
        let err = Vec::<Vec<u8>>::consensus_decode(&mut reader);
        assert!(err.is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn serialization_round_trips() {
        macro_rules! round_trip {
            ($($val_type:ty),*) => {
                $(
                    let r: $val_type = thread_rng().gen();
                    assert_eq!(deserialize::<$val_type>(&serialize(&r)).unwrap(), r);
                )*
            };
        }
        macro_rules! round_trip_bytes {
            ($(($val_type:ty, $data:expr)),*) => {
                $(
                    thread_rng().fill(&mut $data[..]);
                    assert_eq!(deserialize::<$val_type>(&serialize(&$data)).unwrap()[..], $data[..]);
                )*
            };
        }

        let mut data = Vec::with_capacity(256);
        let mut data64 = Vec::with_capacity(256);
        for _ in 0..10 {
            round_trip!{bool, i8, u8, i16, u16, i32, u32, i64, u64,
            (bool, i8, u16, i32), (u64, i64, u32, i32, u16, i16), (i8, u8, i16, u16, i32, u32, i64, u64),
            [u8; 2], [u8; 4], [u8; 8], [u8; 12], [u8; 16], [u8; 32]};

            data.clear();
            data64.clear();
            let len = thread_rng().gen_range(1..256);
            data.resize(len, 0u8);
            data64.resize(len, 0u64);
            let mut arr33 = [0u8; 33];
            let mut arr16 = [0u16; 8];
            round_trip_bytes!{(Vec<u8>, data), ([u8; 33], arr33), ([u16; 8], arr16), (Vec<u64>, data64)};


        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_bytes_from_finite_reader() {
        let data : Vec<u8> = (0..10).collect();

        for chunk_size in 1..20 {
            assert_eq!(
                read_bytes_from_finite_reader(
                    io::Cursor::new(&data),
                    ReadBytesFromFiniteReaderOpts { len: data.len(), chunk_size }
                ).unwrap(),
                data
            );
        }
    }

}