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Advanced Native Images Topics

Nested Configuration Properties

Reflection hints are automatically created for configuration properties by the Spring ahead-of-time engine. Nested configuration properties, however, must be annotated with @NestedConfigurationProperty, otherwise they won’t be detected and will not be bindable.

code:MyProperties

The example above produces configuration properties for my.properties.name and my.properties.nested.number. Without the @NestedConfigurationProperty annotation on the nested field, the my.properties.nested.number property would not be bindable in a native image.

Note
Please use public getters and setters, otherwise the properties will not be bindable.

Converting a Spring Boot Executable Jar

It is possible to convert a Spring Boot executable jar into a native image as long at the jar contains the AOT generated assets. This can be useful for a number of reasons, including:

  • You can keep your regular JVM pipeline and turn the JVM application into a native image on your CI/CD platform.

  • As native-image does not support cross-compilation, you can keep an OS neutral deployment artifact which you convert later to different OS architectures.

You can convert a Spring Boot executable jar into a native image using Cloud Native Buildpacks, or using the native-image tool that is shipped with GraalVM.

Note
Your executable jar must include AOT generated assets such as generated classes and JSON hint files.

Using Buildpacks

Spring Boot applications usually use Cloud Native Buildpacks via the Maven (mvn spring-boot:build-image), or Gradle (gradle bootBuildImage) integrations. You can, however, also use pack to turn an AOT processed Spring Boot executable jar into a native container image.

First, make sure that a Docker daemon is available (see Get Docker for more details). Configure it to allow non-root user if you are on Linux.

You also need to install pack by following the installation guide on buildpacks.io.

Assuming an AOT processed Spring Boot executable jar built as myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar is in the target directory, run:

$ pack build --builder paketobuildpacks/builder:tiny \
    --path target/myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar \
    --env 'BP_NATIVE_IMAGE=true' \
    my-application:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT
Note
You do not need to have a local GraalVM installation to generate an image in this way.

Once pack has finished, you can launch the application using docker run:

$ docker run --rm -p 8080:8080 docker.io/library/myproject:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT

Using GraalVM native-image

Another option to turn an AOT processed Spring Boot executable jar into a native executable is to use the GraalVM native-image tool. For this to work, you’ll need a GraalVM distribution on your machine. You can either download it manually on the {liberica-nik-download}[Liberica Native Image Kit page] or you can use a download manager like SDKMAN!.

Assuming an AOT processed Spring Boot executable jar built as myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar is in the target directory, run:

$ rm -rf target/native
$ mkdir -p target/native
$ cd target/native
$ jar -xvf ../myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
$ native-image -H:Name=myproject @META-INF/native-image/argfile -cp .:BOOT-INF/classes:`find BOOT-INF/lib | tr '\n' ':'`
$ mv myproject ../
Note
These commands work on Linux or MacOS machines, you will need to adapt them for Windows.
Tip
The @META-INF/native-image/argfile might not be packaged in your jar. It is only included when reachability metadata overrides are needed.
Warning
The native-image -cp flag does not accept wildcards. You need to ensure that all jars are listed (the command above uses find and tr to do this).

Using the Tracing Agent

The GraalVM native image {graal-native-image-docs}/metadata/AutomaticMetadataCollection[tracing agent] allows you to intercept reflection, resources or proxy usage on the JVM in order to generate the related hints. Spring should generate most of these hints automatically, but the tracing agent can be used to quickly identify the missing entries.

When using the agent to generate hints for a native image, there are a couple of approaches:

  • Launch the application directly and exercise it.

  • Run application tests to exercise the application.

The first option is interesting for identifying the missing hints when a library or a pattern is not recognized by Spring.

The second option sounds more appealing for a repeatable setup, but by default the generated hints will include anything required by the test infrastructure. Some of these will be unnecessary when the application runs for real. To address this problem the agent supports an access-filter file that will cause certain data to be excluded from the generated output.

Launch the Application Directly

Use the following command to launch the application with the native image tracing agent attached:

$ java -Dspring.aot.enabled=true \
    -agentlib:native-image-agent=config-output-dir=/path/to/config-dir/ \
    -jar target/myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar

Now you can exercise the code paths you want to have hints for and then stop the application with ctrl-c.

On application shutdown the native image tracing agent will write the hint files to the given config output directory. You can either manually inspect these files, or use them as input to the native image build process. To use them as input, copy them into the src/main/resources/META-INF/native-image/ directory. The next time you build the native image, GraalVM will take these files into consideration.

There are more advanced options which can be set on the native image tracing agent, for example filtering the recorded hints by caller classes, etc. For further reading, please see {graal-native-image-docs}/metadata/AutomaticMetadataCollection[the official documentation].

Custom Hints

If you need to provide your own hints for reflection, resources, serialization, proxy usage etc. you can use the RuntimeHintsRegistrar API. Create a class that implements the RuntimeHintsRegistrar interface, then make appropriate calls to the provided RuntimeHints instance:

code:MyRuntimeHints

You can then use @ImportRuntimeHints on any @Configuration class (for example your @SpringBootApplication annotated application class) to activate those hints.

Testing custom hints

The RuntimeHintsPredicates API can be used to test your hints. The API provides methods that build a Predicate that can be used to test a RuntimeHints instance.

If you’re using AssertJ, your test would look like this:

code:MyRuntimeHintsTests

Known Limitations

GraalVM native images are an evolving technology and not all libraries provide support. The GraalVM community is helping by providing reachability metadata for projects that don’t yet ship their own. Spring itself doesn’t contain hints for 3rd party libraries and instead relies on the reachability metadata project.

If you encounter problems when generating native images for Spring Boot applications, please check the {github-wiki}/Known-GraalVM-Native-Image-Limitations[Known GraalVM Native Image Limitations] page of the Spring Boot wiki. You can also contribute issues to the spring-aot-smoke-tests project on GitHub which is used to confirm that common application types are working as expected.

If you find a library which doesn’t work with GraalVM, please raise an issue on the reachability metadata project.