de.rs

use lib::*;

use de::{Deserialize, DeserializeSeed, Deserializer, Error, IntoDeserializer, Visitor};

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))]
use de::{MapAccess, Unexpected};

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))]
pub use self::content::{
    Content, ContentDeserializer, ContentRefDeserializer, EnumDeserializer,
    InternallyTaggedUnitVisitor, TagContentOtherField, TagContentOtherFieldVisitor,
    TagOrContentField, TagOrContentFieldVisitor, TaggedContentVisitor, UntaggedUnitVisitor,
};

/// If the missing field is of type `Option<T>` then treat is as `None`,
/// otherwise it is an error.
pub fn missing_field<'de, V, E>(field: &'static str) -> Result<V, E>
where
    V: Deserialize<'de>,
    E: Error,
{
    struct MissingFieldDeserializer<E>(&'static str, PhantomData<E>);

    impl<'de, E> Deserializer<'de> for MissingFieldDeserializer<E>
    where
        E: Error,
    {
        type Error = E;

        fn deserialize_any<V>(self, _visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, E>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            Err(Error::missing_field(self.0))
        }

        fn deserialize_option<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, E>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            visitor.visit_none()
        }

        forward_to_deserialize_any! {
            bool i8 i16 i32 i64 i128 u8 u16 u32 u64 u128 f32 f64 char str string
            bytes byte_buf unit unit_struct newtype_struct seq tuple
            tuple_struct map struct enum identifier ignored_any
        }
    }

    let deserializer = MissingFieldDeserializer(field, PhantomData);
    Deserialize::deserialize(deserializer)
}

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))]
pub fn borrow_cow_str<'de: 'a, 'a, D, R>(deserializer: D) -> Result<R, D::Error>
where
    D: Deserializer<'de>,
    R: From<Cow<'a, str>>,
{
    struct CowStrVisitor;

    impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for CowStrVisitor {
        type Value = Cow<'a, str>;

        fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
            formatter.write_str("a string")
        }

        fn visit_str<E>(self, v: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
        where
            E: Error,
        {
            Ok(Cow::Owned(v.to_owned()))
        }

        fn visit_borrowed_str<E>(self, v: &'a str) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
        where
            E: Error,
        {
            Ok(Cow::Borrowed(v))
        }

        fn visit_string<E>(self, v: String) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
        where
            E: Error,
        {
            Ok(Cow::Owned(v))
        }

        fn visit_bytes<E>(self, v: &[u8]) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
        where
            E: Error,
        {
            match str::from_utf8(v) {
                Ok(s) => Ok(Cow::Owned(s.to_owned())),
                Err(_) => Err(Error::invalid_value(Unexpected::Bytes(v), &self)),
            }
        }

        fn visit_borrowed_bytes<E>(self, v: &'a [u8]) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
        where
            E: Error,
        {
            match str::from_utf8(v) {
                Ok(s) => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(s)),
                Err(_) => Err(Error::invalid_value(Unexpected::Bytes(v), &self)),
            }
        }

        fn visit_byte_buf<E>(self, v: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
        where
            E: Error,
        {
            match String::from_utf8(v) {
                Ok(s) => Ok(Cow::Owned(s)),
                Err(e) => Err(Error::invalid_value(
                    Unexpected::Bytes(&e.into_bytes()),
                    &self,
                )),
            }
        }
    }

    deserializer.deserialize_str(CowStrVisitor).map(From::from)
}

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))]
pub fn borrow_cow_bytes<'de: 'a, 'a, D, R>(deserializer: D) -> Result<R, D::Error>
where
    D: Deserializer<'de>,
    R: From<Cow<'a, [u8]>>,
{
    struct CowBytesVisitor;

    impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for CowBytesVisitor {
        type Value = Cow<'a, [u8]>;

        fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
            formatter.write_str("a byte array")
        }

        fn visit_str<E>(self, v: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
        where
            E: Error,
        {
            Ok(Cow::Owned(v.as_bytes().to_vec()))
        }

        fn visit_borrowed_str<E>(self, v: &'a str) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
        where
            E: Error,
        {
            Ok(Cow::Borrowed(v.as_bytes()))
        }

        fn visit_string<E>(self, v: String) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
        where
            E: Error,
        {
            Ok(Cow::Owned(v.into_bytes()))
        }

        fn visit_bytes<E>(self, v: &[u8]) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
        where
            E: Error,
        {
            Ok(Cow::Owned(v.to_vec()))
        }

        fn visit_borrowed_bytes<E>(self, v: &'a [u8]) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
        where
            E: Error,
        {
            Ok(Cow::Borrowed(v))
        }

        fn visit_byte_buf<E>(self, v: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
        where
            E: Error,
        {
            Ok(Cow::Owned(v))
        }
    }

    deserializer
        .deserialize_bytes(CowBytesVisitor)
        .map(From::from)
}

pub mod size_hint {
    use lib::*;

    pub fn from_bounds<I>(iter: &I) -> Option<usize>
    where
        I: Iterator,
    {
        helper(iter.size_hint())
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn cautious(hint: Option<usize>) -> usize {
        cmp::min(hint.unwrap_or(0), 4096)
    }

    fn helper(bounds: (usize, Option<usize>)) -> Option<usize> {
        match bounds {
            (lower, Some(upper)) if lower == upper => Some(upper),
            _ => None,
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))]
mod content {
    // This module is private and nothing here should be used outside of
    // generated code.
    //
    // We will iterate on the implementation for a few releases and only have to
    // worry about backward compatibility for the `untagged` and `tag` attributes
    // rather than for this entire mechanism.
    //
    // This issue is tracking making some of this stuff public:
    // https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/issues/741

    use lib::*;

    use super::size_hint;
    use de::{
        self, Deserialize, DeserializeSeed, Deserializer, EnumAccess, Expected, IgnoredAny,
        MapAccess, SeqAccess, Unexpected, Visitor,
    };

    /// Used from generated code to buffer the contents of the Deserializer when
    /// deserializing untagged enums and internally tagged enums.
    ///
    /// Not public API. Use serde-value instead.
    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub enum Content<'de> {
        Bool(bool),

        U8(u8),
        U16(u16),
        U32(u32),
        U64(u64),

        I8(i8),
        I16(i16),
        I32(i32),
        I64(i64),

        F32(f32),
        F64(f64),

        Char(char),
        String(String),
        Str(&'de str),
        ByteBuf(Vec<u8>),
        Bytes(&'de [u8]),

        None,
        Some(Box<Content<'de>>),

        Unit,
        Newtype(Box<Content<'de>>),
        Seq(Vec<Content<'de>>),
        Map(Vec<(Content<'de>, Content<'de>)>),
    }

    impl<'de> Content<'de> {
        pub fn as_str(&self) -> Option<&str> {
            match *self {
                Content::Str(x) => Some(x),
                Content::String(ref x) => Some(x),
                Content::Bytes(x) => str::from_utf8(x).ok(),
                Content::ByteBuf(ref x) => str::from_utf8(x).ok(),
                _ => None,
            }
        }

        #[cold]
        fn unexpected(&self) -> Unexpected {
            match *self {
                Content::Bool(b) => Unexpected::Bool(b),
                Content::U8(n) => Unexpected::Unsigned(n as u64),
                Content::U16(n) => Unexpected::Unsigned(n as u64),
                Content::U32(n) => Unexpected::Unsigned(n as u64),
                Content::U64(n) => Unexpected::Unsigned(n),
                Content::I8(n) => Unexpected::Signed(n as i64),
                Content::I16(n) => Unexpected::Signed(n as i64),
                Content::I32(n) => Unexpected::Signed(n as i64),
                Content::I64(n) => Unexpected::Signed(n),
                Content::F32(f) => Unexpected::Float(f as f64),
                Content::F64(f) => Unexpected::Float(f),
                Content::Char(c) => Unexpected::Char(c),
                Content::String(ref s) => Unexpected::Str(s),
                Content::Str(s) => Unexpected::Str(s),
                Content::ByteBuf(ref b) => Unexpected::Bytes(b),
                Content::Bytes(b) => Unexpected::Bytes(b),
                Content::None | Content::Some(_) => Unexpected::Option,
                Content::Unit => Unexpected::Unit,
                Content::Newtype(_) => Unexpected::NewtypeStruct,
                Content::Seq(_) => Unexpected::Seq,
                Content::Map(_) => Unexpected::Map,
            }
        }
    }

    impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Content<'de> {
        fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
        where
            D: Deserializer<'de>,
        {
            // Untagged and internally tagged enums are only supported in
            // self-describing formats.
            let visitor = ContentVisitor { value: PhantomData };
            deserializer.deserialize_any(visitor)
        }
    }

    struct ContentVisitor<'de> {
        value: PhantomData<Content<'de>>,
    }

    impl<'de> ContentVisitor<'de> {
        fn new() -> Self {
            ContentVisitor { value: PhantomData }
        }
    }

    impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for ContentVisitor<'de> {
        type Value = Content<'de>;

        fn expecting(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
            fmt.write_str("any value")
        }

        fn visit_bool<F>(self, value: bool) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::Bool(value))
        }

        fn visit_i8<F>(self, value: i8) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::I8(value))
        }

        fn visit_i16<F>(self, value: i16) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::I16(value))
        }

        fn visit_i32<F>(self, value: i32) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::I32(value))
        }

        fn visit_i64<F>(self, value: i64) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::I64(value))
        }

        fn visit_u8<F>(self, value: u8) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::U8(value))
        }

        fn visit_u16<F>(self, value: u16) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::U16(value))
        }

        fn visit_u32<F>(self, value: u32) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::U32(value))
        }

        fn visit_u64<F>(self, value: u64) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::U64(value))
        }

        fn visit_f32<F>(self, value: f32) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::F32(value))
        }

        fn visit_f64<F>(self, value: f64) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::F64(value))
        }

        fn visit_char<F>(self, value: char) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::Char(value))
        }

        fn visit_str<F>(self, value: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::String(value.into()))
        }

        fn visit_borrowed_str<F>(self, value: &'de str) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::Str(value))
        }

        fn visit_string<F>(self, value: String) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::String(value))
        }

        fn visit_bytes<F>(self, value: &[u8]) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::ByteBuf(value.into()))
        }

        fn visit_borrowed_bytes<F>(self, value: &'de [u8]) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::Bytes(value))
        }

        fn visit_byte_buf<F>(self, value: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::ByteBuf(value))
        }

        fn visit_unit<F>(self) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::Unit)
        }

        fn visit_none<F>(self) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(Content::None)
        }

        fn visit_some<D>(self, deserializer: D) -> Result<Self::Value, D::Error>
        where
            D: Deserializer<'de>,
        {
            Deserialize::deserialize(deserializer).map(|v| Content::Some(Box::new(v)))
        }

        fn visit_newtype_struct<D>(self, deserializer: D) -> Result<Self::Value, D::Error>
        where
            D: Deserializer<'de>,
        {
            Deserialize::deserialize(deserializer).map(|v| Content::Newtype(Box::new(v)))
        }

        fn visit_seq<V>(self, mut visitor: V) -> Result<Self::Value, V::Error>
        where
            V: SeqAccess<'de>,
        {
            let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(size_hint::cautious(visitor.size_hint()));
            while let Some(e) = try!(visitor.next_element()) {
                vec.push(e);
            }
            Ok(Content::Seq(vec))
        }

        fn visit_map<V>(self, mut visitor: V) -> Result<Self::Value, V::Error>
        where
            V: MapAccess<'de>,
        {
            let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(size_hint::cautious(visitor.size_hint()));
            while let Some(kv) = try!(visitor.next_entry()) {
                vec.push(kv);
            }
            Ok(Content::Map(vec))
        }

        fn visit_enum<V>(self, _visitor: V) -> Result<Self::Value, V::Error>
        where
            V: EnumAccess<'de>,
        {
            Err(de::Error::custom(
                "untagged and internally tagged enums do not support enum input",
            ))
        }
    }

    /// This is the type of the map keys in an internally tagged enum.
    ///
    /// Not public API.
    pub enum TagOrContent<'de> {
        Tag,
        Content(Content<'de>),
    }

    struct TagOrContentVisitor<'de> {
        name: &'static str,
        value: PhantomData<TagOrContent<'de>>,
    }

    impl<'de> TagOrContentVisitor<'de> {
        fn new(name: &'static str) -> Self {
            TagOrContentVisitor {
                name: name,
                value: PhantomData,
            }
        }
    }

    impl<'de> DeserializeSeed<'de> for TagOrContentVisitor<'de> {
        type Value = TagOrContent<'de>;

        fn deserialize<D>(self, deserializer: D) -> Result<Self::Value, D::Error>
        where
            D: Deserializer<'de>,
        {
            // Internally tagged enums are only supported in self-describing
            // formats.
            deserializer.deserialize_any(self)
        }
    }

    impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for TagOrContentVisitor<'de> {
        type Value = TagOrContent<'de>;

        fn expecting(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
            write!(fmt, "a type tag `{}` or any other value", self.name)
        }

        fn visit_bool<F>(self, value: bool) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_bool(value)
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_i8<F>(self, value: i8) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_i8(value)
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_i16<F>(self, value: i16) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_i16(value)
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_i32<F>(self, value: i32) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_i32(value)
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_i64<F>(self, value: i64) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_i64(value)
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_u8<F>(self, value: u8) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_u8(value)
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_u16<F>(self, value: u16) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_u16(value)
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_u32<F>(self, value: u32) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_u32(value)
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_u64<F>(self, value: u64) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_u64(value)
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_f32<F>(self, value: f32) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_f32(value)
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_f64<F>(self, value: f64) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_f64(value)
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_char<F>(self, value: char) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_char(value)
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_str<F>(self, value: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            if value == self.name {
                Ok(TagOrContent::Tag)
            } else {
                ContentVisitor::new()
                    .visit_str(value)
                    .map(TagOrContent::Content)
            }
        }

        fn visit_borrowed_str<F>(self, value: &'de str) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            if value == self.name {
                Ok(TagOrContent::Tag)
            } else {
                ContentVisitor::new()
                    .visit_borrowed_str(value)
                    .map(TagOrContent::Content)
            }
        }

        fn visit_string<F>(self, value: String) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            if value == self.name {
                Ok(TagOrContent::Tag)
            } else {
                ContentVisitor::new()
                    .visit_string(value)
                    .map(TagOrContent::Content)
            }
        }

        fn visit_bytes<F>(self, value: &[u8]) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            if value == self.name.as_bytes() {
                Ok(TagOrContent::Tag)
            } else {
                ContentVisitor::new()
                    .visit_bytes(value)
                    .map(TagOrContent::Content)
            }
        }

        fn visit_borrowed_bytes<F>(self, value: &'de [u8]) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            if value == self.name.as_bytes() {
                Ok(TagOrContent::Tag)
            } else {
                ContentVisitor::new()
                    .visit_borrowed_bytes(value)
                    .map(TagOrContent::Content)
            }
        }

        fn visit_byte_buf<F>(self, value: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            if value == self.name.as_bytes() {
                Ok(TagOrContent::Tag)
            } else {
                ContentVisitor::new()
                    .visit_byte_buf(value)
                    .map(TagOrContent::Content)
            }
        }

        fn visit_unit<F>(self) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_unit()
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_none<F>(self) -> Result<Self::Value, F>
        where
            F: de::Error,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_none()
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_some<D>(self, deserializer: D) -> Result<Self::Value, D::Error>
        where
            D: Deserializer<'de>,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_some(deserializer)
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_newtype_struct<D>(self, deserializer: D) -> Result<Self::Value, D::Error>
        where
            D: Deserializer<'de>,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_newtype_struct(deserializer)
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_seq<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<Self::Value, V::Error>
        where
            V: SeqAccess<'de>,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_seq(visitor)
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_map<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<Self::Value, V::Error>
        where
            V: MapAccess<'de>,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_map(visitor)
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }

        fn visit_enum<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<Self::Value, V::Error>
        where
            V: EnumAccess<'de>,
        {
            ContentVisitor::new()
                .visit_enum(visitor)
                .map(TagOrContent::Content)
        }
    }

    /// Used by generated code to deserialize an internally tagged enum.
    ///
    /// Not public API.
    pub struct TaggedContent<'de, T> {
        pub tag: T,
        pub content: Content<'de>,
    }

    /// Not public API.
    pub struct TaggedContentVisitor<'de, T> {
        tag_name: &'static str,
        expecting: &'static str,
        value: PhantomData<TaggedContent<'de, T>>,
    }

    impl<'de, T> TaggedContentVisitor<'de, T> {
        /// Visitor for the content of an internally tagged enum with the given
        /// tag name.
        pub fn new(name: &'static str, expecting: &'static str) -> Self {
            TaggedContentVisitor {
                tag_name: name,
                expecting: expecting,
                value: PhantomData,
            }
        }
    }

    impl<'de, T> DeserializeSeed<'de> for TaggedContentVisitor<'de, T>
    where
        T: Deserialize<'de>,
    {
        type Value = TaggedContent<'de, T>;

        fn deserialize<D>(self, deserializer: D) -> Result<Self::Value, D::Error>
        where
            D: Deserializer<'de>,
        {
            // Internally tagged enums are only supported in self-describing
            // formats.
            deserializer.deserialize_any(self)
        }
    }

    impl<'de, T> Visitor<'de> for TaggedContentVisitor<'de, T>
    where
        T: Deserialize<'de>,
    {
        type Value = TaggedContent<'de, T>;

        fn expecting(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
            fmt.write_str(self.expecting)
        }

        fn visit_seq<S>(self, mut seq: S) -> Result<Self::Value, S::Error>
        where
            S: SeqAccess<'de>,
        {
            let tag = match try!(seq.next_element()) {
                Some(tag) => tag,
                None => {
                    return Err(de::Error::missing_field(self.tag_name));
                }
            };
            let rest = de::value::SeqAccessDeserializer::new(seq);
            Ok(TaggedContent {
                tag: tag,
                content: try!(Content::deserialize(rest)),
            })
        }

        fn visit_map<M>(self, mut map: M) -> Result<Self::Value, M::Error>
        where
            M: MapAccess<'de>,
        {
            let mut tag = None;
            let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(size_hint::cautious(map.size_hint()));
            while let Some(k) = try!(map.next_key_seed(TagOrContentVisitor::new(self.tag_name))) {
                match k {
                    TagOrContent::Tag => {
                        if tag.is_some() {
                            return Err(de::Error::duplicate_field(self.tag_name));
                        }
                        tag = Some(try!(map.next_value()));
                    }
                    TagOrContent::Content(k) => {
                        let v = try!(map.next_value());
                        vec.push((k, v));
                    }
                }
            }
            match tag {
                None => Err(de::Error::missing_field(self.tag_name)),
                Some(tag) => Ok(TaggedContent {
                    tag: tag,
                    content: Content::Map(vec),
                }),
            }
        }
    }

    /// Used by generated code to deserialize an adjacently tagged enum.
    ///
    /// Not public API.
    pub enum TagOrContentField {
        Tag,
        Content,
    }

    /// Not public API.
    pub struct TagOrContentFieldVisitor {
        pub tag: &'static str,
        pub content: &'static str,
    }

    impl<'de> DeserializeSeed<'de> for TagOrContentFieldVisitor {
        type Value = TagOrContentField;

        fn deserialize<D>(self, deserializer: D) -> Result<Self::Value, D::Error>
        where
            D: Deserializer<'de>,
        {
            deserializer.deserialize_str(self)
        }
    }

    impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for TagOrContentFieldVisitor {
        type Value = TagOrContentField;

        fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
            write!(formatter, "{:?} or {:?}", self.tag, self.content)
        }

        fn visit_str<E>(self, field: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
        where
            E: de::Error,
        {
            if field == self.tag {
                Ok(TagOrContentField::Tag)
            } else if field == self.content {
                Ok(TagOrContentField::Content)
            } else {
                Err(de::Error::invalid_value(Unexpected::Str(field), &self))
            }
        }
    }

    /// Used by generated code to deserialize an adjacently tagged enum when
    /// ignoring unrelated fields is allowed.
    ///
    /// Not public API.
    pub enum TagContentOtherField {
        Tag,
        Content,
        Other,
    }

    /// Not public API.
    pub struct TagContentOtherFieldVisitor {
        pub tag: &'static str,
        pub content: &'static str,
    }

    impl<'de> DeserializeSeed<'de> for TagContentOtherFieldVisitor {
        type Value = TagContentOtherField;

        fn deserialize<D>(self, deserializer: D) -> Result<Self::Value, D::Error>
        where
            D: Deserializer<'de>,
        {
            deserializer.deserialize_str(self)
        }
    }

    impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for TagContentOtherFieldVisitor {
        type Value = TagContentOtherField;

        fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
            write!(
                formatter,
                "{:?}, {:?}, or other ignored fields",
                self.tag, self.content
            )
        }

        fn visit_str<E>(self, field: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
        where
            E: de::Error,
        {
            if field == self.tag {
                Ok(TagContentOtherField::Tag)
            } else if field == self.content {
                Ok(TagContentOtherField::Content)
            } else {
                Ok(TagContentOtherField::Other)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Not public API
    pub struct ContentDeserializer<'de, E> {
        content: Content<'de>,
        err: PhantomData<E>,
    }

    impl<'de, E> ContentDeserializer<'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        #[cold]
        fn invalid_type(self, exp: &Expected) -> E {
            de::Error::invalid_type(self.content.unexpected(), exp)
        }

        fn deserialize_integer<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, E>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.content {
                Content::U8(v) => visitor.visit_u8(v),
                Content::U16(v) => visitor.visit_u16(v),
                Content::U32(v) => visitor.visit_u32(v),
                Content::U64(v) => visitor.visit_u64(v),
                Content::I8(v) => visitor.visit_i8(v),
                Content::I16(v) => visitor.visit_i16(v),
                Content::I32(v) => visitor.visit_i32(v),
                Content::I64(v) => visitor.visit_i64(v),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }
    }

    fn visit_content_seq<'de, V, E>(content: Vec<Content<'de>>, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, E>
    where
        V: Visitor<'de>,
        E: de::Error,
    {
        let seq = content.into_iter().map(ContentDeserializer::new);
        let mut seq_visitor = de::value::SeqDeserializer::new(seq);
        let value = try!(visitor.visit_seq(&mut seq_visitor));
        try!(seq_visitor.end());
        Ok(value)
    }

    fn visit_content_map<'de, V, E>(
        content: Vec<(Content<'de>, Content<'de>)>,
        visitor: V,
    ) -> Result<V::Value, E>
    where
        V: Visitor<'de>,
        E: de::Error,
    {
        let map = content
            .into_iter()
            .map(|(k, v)| (ContentDeserializer::new(k), ContentDeserializer::new(v)));
        let mut map_visitor = de::value::MapDeserializer::new(map);
        let value = try!(visitor.visit_map(&mut map_visitor));
        try!(map_visitor.end());
        Ok(value)
    }

    /// Used when deserializing an internally tagged enum because the content
    /// will be used exactly once.
    impl<'de, E> Deserializer<'de> for ContentDeserializer<'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        type Error = E;

        fn deserialize_any<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.content {
                Content::Bool(v) => visitor.visit_bool(v),
                Content::U8(v) => visitor.visit_u8(v),
                Content::U16(v) => visitor.visit_u16(v),
                Content::U32(v) => visitor.visit_u32(v),
                Content::U64(v) => visitor.visit_u64(v),
                Content::I8(v) => visitor.visit_i8(v),
                Content::I16(v) => visitor.visit_i16(v),
                Content::I32(v) => visitor.visit_i32(v),
                Content::I64(v) => visitor.visit_i64(v),
                Content::F32(v) => visitor.visit_f32(v),
                Content::F64(v) => visitor.visit_f64(v),
                Content::Char(v) => visitor.visit_char(v),
                Content::String(v) => visitor.visit_string(v),
                Content::Str(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_str(v),
                Content::ByteBuf(v) => visitor.visit_byte_buf(v),
                Content::Bytes(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_bytes(v),
                Content::Unit => visitor.visit_unit(),
                Content::None => visitor.visit_none(),
                Content::Some(v) => visitor.visit_some(ContentDeserializer::new(*v)),
                Content::Newtype(v) => visitor.visit_newtype_struct(ContentDeserializer::new(*v)),
                Content::Seq(v) => visit_content_seq(v, visitor),
                Content::Map(v) => visit_content_map(v, visitor),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_bool<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.content {
                Content::Bool(v) => visitor.visit_bool(v),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_i8<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_integer(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_i16<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_integer(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_i32<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_integer(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_i64<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_integer(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_u8<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_integer(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_u16<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_integer(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_u32<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_integer(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_u64<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_integer(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_f32<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.content {
                Content::F32(v) => visitor.visit_f32(v),
                Content::F64(v) => visitor.visit_f64(v),
                Content::U64(v) => visitor.visit_u64(v),
                Content::I64(v) => visitor.visit_i64(v),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_f64<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.content {
                Content::F64(v) => visitor.visit_f64(v),
                Content::U64(v) => visitor.visit_u64(v),
                Content::I64(v) => visitor.visit_i64(v),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_char<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.content {
                Content::Char(v) => visitor.visit_char(v),
                Content::String(v) => visitor.visit_string(v),
                Content::Str(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_str(v),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_str<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_string(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_string<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.content {
                Content::String(v) => visitor.visit_string(v),
                Content::Str(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_str(v),
                Content::ByteBuf(v) => visitor.visit_byte_buf(v),
                Content::Bytes(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_bytes(v),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_bytes<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_byte_buf(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_byte_buf<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.content {
                Content::String(v) => visitor.visit_string(v),
                Content::Str(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_str(v),
                Content::ByteBuf(v) => visitor.visit_byte_buf(v),
                Content::Bytes(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_bytes(v),
                Content::Seq(v) => visit_content_seq(v, visitor),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_option<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.content {
                Content::None => visitor.visit_none(),
                Content::Some(v) => visitor.visit_some(ContentDeserializer::new(*v)),
                Content::Unit => visitor.visit_unit(),
                _ => visitor.visit_some(self),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_unit<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.content {
                Content::Unit => visitor.visit_unit(),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_unit_struct<V>(
            self,
            _name: &'static str,
            visitor: V,
        ) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.content {
                // As a special case, allow deserializing untagged newtype
                // variant containing unit struct.
                //
                //     #[derive(Deserialize)]
                //     struct Info;
                //
                //     #[derive(Deserialize)]
                //     #[serde(tag = "topic")]
                //     enum Message {
                //         Info(Info),
                //     }
                //
                // We want {"topic":"Info"} to deserialize even though
                // ordinarily unit structs do not deserialize from empty map.
                Content::Map(ref v) if v.is_empty() => visitor.visit_unit(),
                _ => self.deserialize_any(visitor),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_newtype_struct<V>(
            self,
            _name: &str,
            visitor: V,
        ) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.content {
                Content::Newtype(v) => visitor.visit_newtype_struct(ContentDeserializer::new(*v)),
                _ => visitor.visit_newtype_struct(self),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_seq<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.content {
                Content::Seq(v) => visit_content_seq(v, visitor),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_tuple<V>(self, _len: usize, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_seq(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_tuple_struct<V>(
            self,
            _name: &'static str,
            _len: usize,
            visitor: V,
        ) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_seq(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_map<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.content {
                Content::Map(v) => visit_content_map(v, visitor),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_struct<V>(
            self,
            _name: &'static str,
            _fields: &'static [&'static str],
            visitor: V,
        ) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.content {
                Content::Seq(v) => visit_content_seq(v, visitor),
                Content::Map(v) => visit_content_map(v, visitor),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_enum<V>(
            self,
            _name: &str,
            _variants: &'static [&'static str],
            visitor: V,
        ) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            let (variant, value) = match self.content {
                Content::Map(value) => {
                    let mut iter = value.into_iter();
                    let (variant, value) = match iter.next() {
                        Some(v) => v,
                        None => {
                            return Err(de::Error::invalid_value(
                                de::Unexpected::Map,
                                &"map with a single key",
                            ));
                        }
                    };
                    // enums are encoded in json as maps with a single key:value pair
                    if iter.next().is_some() {
                        return Err(de::Error::invalid_value(
                            de::Unexpected::Map,
                            &"map with a single key",
                        ));
                    }
                    (variant, Some(value))
                }
                s @ Content::String(_) | s @ Content::Str(_) => (s, None),
                other => {
                    return Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
                        other.unexpected(),
                        &"string or map",
                    ));
                }
            };

            visitor.visit_enum(EnumDeserializer::new(variant, value))
        }

        fn deserialize_identifier<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.content {
                Content::String(v) => visitor.visit_string(v),
                Content::Str(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_str(v),
                Content::ByteBuf(v) => visitor.visit_byte_buf(v),
                Content::Bytes(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_bytes(v),
                Content::U8(v) => visitor.visit_u8(v),
                Content::U64(v) => visitor.visit_u64(v),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_ignored_any<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            drop(self);
            visitor.visit_unit()
        }
    }

    impl<'de, E> ContentDeserializer<'de, E> {
        /// private API, don't use
        pub fn new(content: Content<'de>) -> Self {
            ContentDeserializer {
                content: content,
                err: PhantomData,
            }
        }
    }

    pub struct EnumDeserializer<'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        variant: Content<'de>,
        value: Option<Content<'de>>,
        err: PhantomData<E>,
    }

    impl<'de, E> EnumDeserializer<'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        pub fn new(variant: Content<'de>, value: Option<Content<'de>>) -> EnumDeserializer<'de, E> {
            EnumDeserializer {
                variant: variant,
                value: value,
                err: PhantomData,
            }
        }
    }

    impl<'de, E> de::EnumAccess<'de> for EnumDeserializer<'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        type Error = E;
        type Variant = VariantDeserializer<'de, Self::Error>;

        fn variant_seed<V>(self, seed: V) -> Result<(V::Value, Self::Variant), E>
        where
            V: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
        {
            let visitor = VariantDeserializer {
                value: self.value,
                err: PhantomData,
            };
            seed.deserialize(ContentDeserializer::new(self.variant))
                .map(|v| (v, visitor))
        }
    }

    pub struct VariantDeserializer<'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        value: Option<Content<'de>>,
        err: PhantomData<E>,
    }

    impl<'de, E> de::VariantAccess<'de> for VariantDeserializer<'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        type Error = E;

        fn unit_variant(self) -> Result<(), E> {
            match self.value {
                Some(value) => de::Deserialize::deserialize(ContentDeserializer::new(value)),
                None => Ok(()),
            }
        }

        fn newtype_variant_seed<T>(self, seed: T) -> Result<T::Value, E>
        where
            T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
        {
            match self.value {
                Some(value) => seed.deserialize(ContentDeserializer::new(value)),
                None => Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
                    de::Unexpected::UnitVariant,
                    &"newtype variant",
                )),
            }
        }

        fn tuple_variant<V>(self, _len: usize, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: de::Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.value {
                Some(Content::Seq(v)) => {
                    de::Deserializer::deserialize_any(SeqDeserializer::new(v), visitor)
                }
                Some(other) => Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
                    other.unexpected(),
                    &"tuple variant",
                )),
                None => Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
                    de::Unexpected::UnitVariant,
                    &"tuple variant",
                )),
            }
        }

        fn struct_variant<V>(
            self,
            _fields: &'static [&'static str],
            visitor: V,
        ) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: de::Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.value {
                Some(Content::Map(v)) => {
                    de::Deserializer::deserialize_any(MapDeserializer::new(v), visitor)
                }
                Some(Content::Seq(v)) => {
                    de::Deserializer::deserialize_any(SeqDeserializer::new(v), visitor)
                }
                Some(other) => Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
                    other.unexpected(),
                    &"struct variant",
                )),
                None => Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
                    de::Unexpected::UnitVariant,
                    &"struct variant",
                )),
            }
        }
    }

    struct SeqDeserializer<'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        iter: <Vec<Content<'de>> as IntoIterator>::IntoIter,
        err: PhantomData<E>,
    }

    impl<'de, E> SeqDeserializer<'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        fn new(vec: Vec<Content<'de>>) -> Self {
            SeqDeserializer {
                iter: vec.into_iter(),
                err: PhantomData,
            }
        }
    }

    impl<'de, E> de::Deserializer<'de> for SeqDeserializer<'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        type Error = E;

        #[inline]
        fn deserialize_any<V>(mut self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: de::Visitor<'de>,
        {
            let len = self.iter.len();
            if len == 0 {
                visitor.visit_unit()
            } else {
                let ret = try!(visitor.visit_seq(&mut self));
                let remaining = self.iter.len();
                if remaining == 0 {
                    Ok(ret)
                } else {
                    Err(de::Error::invalid_length(len, &"fewer elements in array"))
                }
            }
        }

        forward_to_deserialize_any! {
            bool i8 i16 i32 i64 i128 u8 u16 u32 u64 u128 f32 f64 char str string
            bytes byte_buf option unit unit_struct newtype_struct seq tuple
            tuple_struct map struct enum identifier ignored_any
        }
    }

    impl<'de, E> de::SeqAccess<'de> for SeqDeserializer<'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        type Error = E;

        fn next_element_seed<T>(&mut self, seed: T) -> Result<Option<T::Value>, Self::Error>
        where
            T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
        {
            match self.iter.next() {
                Some(value) => seed.deserialize(ContentDeserializer::new(value)).map(Some),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        }

        fn size_hint(&self) -> Option<usize> {
            size_hint::from_bounds(&self.iter)
        }
    }

    struct MapDeserializer<'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        iter: <Vec<(Content<'de>, Content<'de>)> as IntoIterator>::IntoIter,
        value: Option<Content<'de>>,
        err: PhantomData<E>,
    }

    impl<'de, E> MapDeserializer<'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        fn new(map: Vec<(Content<'de>, Content<'de>)>) -> Self {
            MapDeserializer {
                iter: map.into_iter(),
                value: None,
                err: PhantomData,
            }
        }
    }

    impl<'de, E> de::MapAccess<'de> for MapDeserializer<'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        type Error = E;

        fn next_key_seed<T>(&mut self, seed: T) -> Result<Option<T::Value>, Self::Error>
        where
            T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
        {
            match self.iter.next() {
                Some((key, value)) => {
                    self.value = Some(value);
                    seed.deserialize(ContentDeserializer::new(key)).map(Some)
                }
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        }

        fn next_value_seed<T>(&mut self, seed: T) -> Result<T::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
        {
            match self.value.take() {
                Some(value) => seed.deserialize(ContentDeserializer::new(value)),
                None => Err(de::Error::custom("value is missing")),
            }
        }

        fn size_hint(&self) -> Option<usize> {
            size_hint::from_bounds(&self.iter)
        }
    }

    impl<'de, E> de::Deserializer<'de> for MapDeserializer<'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        type Error = E;

        #[inline]
        fn deserialize_any<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: de::Visitor<'de>,
        {
            visitor.visit_map(self)
        }

        forward_to_deserialize_any! {
            bool i8 i16 i32 i64 i128 u8 u16 u32 u64 u128 f32 f64 char str string
            bytes byte_buf option unit unit_struct newtype_struct seq tuple
            tuple_struct map struct enum identifier ignored_any
        }
    }

    /// Not public API.
    pub struct ContentRefDeserializer<'a, 'de: 'a, E> {
        content: &'a Content<'de>,
        err: PhantomData<E>,
    }

    impl<'a, 'de, E> ContentRefDeserializer<'a, 'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        #[cold]
        fn invalid_type(self, exp: &Expected) -> E {
            de::Error::invalid_type(self.content.unexpected(), exp)
        }

        fn deserialize_integer<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, E>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match *self.content {
                Content::U8(v) => visitor.visit_u8(v),
                Content::U16(v) => visitor.visit_u16(v),
                Content::U32(v) => visitor.visit_u32(v),
                Content::U64(v) => visitor.visit_u64(v),
                Content::I8(v) => visitor.visit_i8(v),
                Content::I16(v) => visitor.visit_i16(v),
                Content::I32(v) => visitor.visit_i32(v),
                Content::I64(v) => visitor.visit_i64(v),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }
    }

    fn visit_content_seq_ref<'a, 'de, V, E>(
        content: &'a [Content<'de>],
        visitor: V,
    ) -> Result<V::Value, E>
    where
        V: Visitor<'de>,
        E: de::Error,
    {
        let seq = content.iter().map(ContentRefDeserializer::new);
        let mut seq_visitor = de::value::SeqDeserializer::new(seq);
        let value = try!(visitor.visit_seq(&mut seq_visitor));
        try!(seq_visitor.end());
        Ok(value)
    }

    fn visit_content_map_ref<'a, 'de, V, E>(
        content: &'a [(Content<'de>, Content<'de>)],
        visitor: V,
    ) -> Result<V::Value, E>
    where
        V: Visitor<'de>,
        E: de::Error,
    {
        let map = content.iter().map(|&(ref k, ref v)| {
            (
                ContentRefDeserializer::new(k),
                ContentRefDeserializer::new(v),
            )
        });
        let mut map_visitor = de::value::MapDeserializer::new(map);
        let value = try!(visitor.visit_map(&mut map_visitor));
        try!(map_visitor.end());
        Ok(value)
    }

    /// Used when deserializing an untagged enum because the content may need
    /// to be used more than once.
    impl<'de, 'a, E> Deserializer<'de> for ContentRefDeserializer<'a, 'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        type Error = E;

        fn deserialize_any<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, E>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match *self.content {
                Content::Bool(v) => visitor.visit_bool(v),
                Content::U8(v) => visitor.visit_u8(v),
                Content::U16(v) => visitor.visit_u16(v),
                Content::U32(v) => visitor.visit_u32(v),
                Content::U64(v) => visitor.visit_u64(v),
                Content::I8(v) => visitor.visit_i8(v),
                Content::I16(v) => visitor.visit_i16(v),
                Content::I32(v) => visitor.visit_i32(v),
                Content::I64(v) => visitor.visit_i64(v),
                Content::F32(v) => visitor.visit_f32(v),
                Content::F64(v) => visitor.visit_f64(v),
                Content::Char(v) => visitor.visit_char(v),
                Content::String(ref v) => visitor.visit_str(v),
                Content::Str(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_str(v),
                Content::ByteBuf(ref v) => visitor.visit_bytes(v),
                Content::Bytes(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_bytes(v),
                Content::Unit => visitor.visit_unit(),
                Content::None => visitor.visit_none(),
                Content::Some(ref v) => visitor.visit_some(ContentRefDeserializer::new(v)),
                Content::Newtype(ref v) => {
                    visitor.visit_newtype_struct(ContentRefDeserializer::new(v))
                }
                Content::Seq(ref v) => visit_content_seq_ref(v, visitor),
                Content::Map(ref v) => visit_content_map_ref(v, visitor),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_bool<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match *self.content {
                Content::Bool(v) => visitor.visit_bool(v),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_i8<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_integer(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_i16<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_integer(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_i32<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_integer(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_i64<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_integer(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_u8<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_integer(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_u16<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_integer(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_u32<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_integer(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_u64<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_integer(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_f32<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match *self.content {
                Content::F32(v) => visitor.visit_f32(v),
                Content::F64(v) => visitor.visit_f64(v),
                Content::U64(v) => visitor.visit_u64(v),
                Content::I64(v) => visitor.visit_i64(v),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_f64<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match *self.content {
                Content::F64(v) => visitor.visit_f64(v),
                Content::U64(v) => visitor.visit_u64(v),
                Content::I64(v) => visitor.visit_i64(v),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_char<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match *self.content {
                Content::Char(v) => visitor.visit_char(v),
                Content::String(ref v) => visitor.visit_str(v),
                Content::Str(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_str(v),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_str<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match *self.content {
                Content::String(ref v) => visitor.visit_str(v),
                Content::Str(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_str(v),
                Content::ByteBuf(ref v) => visitor.visit_bytes(v),
                Content::Bytes(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_bytes(v),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_string<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_str(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_bytes<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match *self.content {
                Content::String(ref v) => visitor.visit_str(v),
                Content::Str(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_str(v),
                Content::ByteBuf(ref v) => visitor.visit_bytes(v),
                Content::Bytes(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_bytes(v),
                Content::Seq(ref v) => visit_content_seq_ref(v, visitor),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_byte_buf<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_bytes(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_option<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, E>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match *self.content {
                Content::None => visitor.visit_none(),
                Content::Some(ref v) => visitor.visit_some(ContentRefDeserializer::new(v)),
                Content::Unit => visitor.visit_unit(),
                _ => visitor.visit_some(self),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_unit<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match *self.content {
                Content::Unit => visitor.visit_unit(),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_unit_struct<V>(
            self,
            _name: &'static str,
            visitor: V,
        ) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_unit(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_newtype_struct<V>(self, _name: &str, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, E>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match *self.content {
                Content::Newtype(ref v) => {
                    visitor.visit_newtype_struct(ContentRefDeserializer::new(v))
                }
                _ => visitor.visit_newtype_struct(self),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_seq<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match *self.content {
                Content::Seq(ref v) => visit_content_seq_ref(v, visitor),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_tuple<V>(self, _len: usize, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_seq(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_tuple_struct<V>(
            self,
            _name: &'static str,
            _len: usize,
            visitor: V,
        ) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            self.deserialize_seq(visitor)
        }

        fn deserialize_map<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match *self.content {
                Content::Map(ref v) => visit_content_map_ref(v, visitor),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_struct<V>(
            self,
            _name: &'static str,
            _fields: &'static [&'static str],
            visitor: V,
        ) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match *self.content {
                Content::Seq(ref v) => visit_content_seq_ref(v, visitor),
                Content::Map(ref v) => visit_content_map_ref(v, visitor),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_enum<V>(
            self,
            _name: &str,
            _variants: &'static [&'static str],
            visitor: V,
        ) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            let (variant, value) = match *self.content {
                Content::Map(ref value) => {
                    let mut iter = value.iter();
                    let &(ref variant, ref value) = match iter.next() {
                        Some(v) => v,
                        None => {
                            return Err(de::Error::invalid_value(
                                de::Unexpected::Map,
                                &"map with a single key",
                            ));
                        }
                    };
                    // enums are encoded in json as maps with a single key:value pair
                    if iter.next().is_some() {
                        return Err(de::Error::invalid_value(
                            de::Unexpected::Map,
                            &"map with a single key",
                        ));
                    }
                    (variant, Some(value))
                }
                ref s @ Content::String(_) | ref s @ Content::Str(_) => (s, None),
                ref other => {
                    return Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
                        other.unexpected(),
                        &"string or map",
                    ));
                }
            };

            visitor.visit_enum(EnumRefDeserializer {
                variant: variant,
                value: value,
                err: PhantomData,
            })
        }

        fn deserialize_identifier<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match *self.content {
                Content::String(ref v) => visitor.visit_str(v),
                Content::Str(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_str(v),
                Content::ByteBuf(ref v) => visitor.visit_bytes(v),
                Content::Bytes(v) => visitor.visit_borrowed_bytes(v),
                Content::U8(v) => visitor.visit_u8(v),
                Content::U64(v) => visitor.visit_u64(v),
                _ => Err(self.invalid_type(&visitor)),
            }
        }

        fn deserialize_ignored_any<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: Visitor<'de>,
        {
            visitor.visit_unit()
        }
    }

    impl<'a, 'de, E> ContentRefDeserializer<'a, 'de, E> {
        /// private API, don't use
        pub fn new(content: &'a Content<'de>) -> Self {
            ContentRefDeserializer {
                content: content,
                err: PhantomData,
            }
        }
    }

    struct EnumRefDeserializer<'a, 'de: 'a, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        variant: &'a Content<'de>,
        value: Option<&'a Content<'de>>,
        err: PhantomData<E>,
    }

    impl<'de, 'a, E> de::EnumAccess<'de> for EnumRefDeserializer<'a, 'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        type Error = E;
        type Variant = VariantRefDeserializer<'a, 'de, Self::Error>;

        fn variant_seed<V>(self, seed: V) -> Result<(V::Value, Self::Variant), Self::Error>
        where
            V: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
        {
            let visitor = VariantRefDeserializer {
                value: self.value,
                err: PhantomData,
            };
            seed.deserialize(ContentRefDeserializer::new(self.variant))
                .map(|v| (v, visitor))
        }
    }

    struct VariantRefDeserializer<'a, 'de: 'a, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        value: Option<&'a Content<'de>>,
        err: PhantomData<E>,
    }

    impl<'de, 'a, E> de::VariantAccess<'de> for VariantRefDeserializer<'a, 'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        type Error = E;

        fn unit_variant(self) -> Result<(), E> {
            match self.value {
                Some(value) => de::Deserialize::deserialize(ContentRefDeserializer::new(value)),
                None => Ok(()),
            }
        }

        fn newtype_variant_seed<T>(self, seed: T) -> Result<T::Value, E>
        where
            T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
        {
            match self.value {
                Some(value) => seed.deserialize(ContentRefDeserializer::new(value)),
                None => Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
                    de::Unexpected::UnitVariant,
                    &"newtype variant",
                )),
            }
        }

        fn tuple_variant<V>(self, _len: usize, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: de::Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.value {
                Some(&Content::Seq(ref v)) => {
                    de::Deserializer::deserialize_any(SeqRefDeserializer::new(v), visitor)
                }
                Some(other) => Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
                    other.unexpected(),
                    &"tuple variant",
                )),
                None => Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
                    de::Unexpected::UnitVariant,
                    &"tuple variant",
                )),
            }
        }

        fn struct_variant<V>(
            self,
            _fields: &'static [&'static str],
            visitor: V,
        ) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: de::Visitor<'de>,
        {
            match self.value {
                Some(&Content::Map(ref v)) => {
                    de::Deserializer::deserialize_any(MapRefDeserializer::new(v), visitor)
                }
                Some(&Content::Seq(ref v)) => {
                    de::Deserializer::deserialize_any(SeqRefDeserializer::new(v), visitor)
                }
                Some(other) => Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
                    other.unexpected(),
                    &"struct variant",
                )),
                None => Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
                    de::Unexpected::UnitVariant,
                    &"struct variant",
                )),
            }
        }
    }

    struct SeqRefDeserializer<'a, 'de: 'a, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        iter: <&'a [Content<'de>] as IntoIterator>::IntoIter,
        err: PhantomData<E>,
    }

    impl<'a, 'de, E> SeqRefDeserializer<'a, 'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        fn new(slice: &'a [Content<'de>]) -> Self {
            SeqRefDeserializer {
                iter: slice.iter(),
                err: PhantomData,
            }
        }
    }

    impl<'de, 'a, E> de::Deserializer<'de> for SeqRefDeserializer<'a, 'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        type Error = E;

        #[inline]
        fn deserialize_any<V>(mut self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: de::Visitor<'de>,
        {
            let len = self.iter.len();
            if len == 0 {
                visitor.visit_unit()
            } else {
                let ret = try!(visitor.visit_seq(&mut self));
                let remaining = self.iter.len();
                if remaining == 0 {
                    Ok(ret)
                } else {
                    Err(de::Error::invalid_length(len, &"fewer elements in array"))
                }
            }
        }

        forward_to_deserialize_any! {
            bool i8 i16 i32 i64 i128 u8 u16 u32 u64 u128 f32 f64 char str string
            bytes byte_buf option unit unit_struct newtype_struct seq tuple
            tuple_struct map struct enum identifier ignored_any
        }
    }

    impl<'de, 'a, E> de::SeqAccess<'de> for SeqRefDeserializer<'a, 'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        type Error = E;

        fn next_element_seed<T>(&mut self, seed: T) -> Result<Option<T::Value>, Self::Error>
        where
            T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
        {
            match self.iter.next() {
                Some(value) => seed
                    .deserialize(ContentRefDeserializer::new(value))
                    .map(Some),
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        }

        fn size_hint(&self) -> Option<usize> {
            size_hint::from_bounds(&self.iter)
        }
    }

    struct MapRefDeserializer<'a, 'de: 'a, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        iter: <&'a [(Content<'de>, Content<'de>)] as IntoIterator>::IntoIter,
        value: Option<&'a Content<'de>>,
        err: PhantomData<E>,
    }

    impl<'a, 'de, E> MapRefDeserializer<'a, 'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        fn new(map: &'a [(Content<'de>, Content<'de>)]) -> Self {
            MapRefDeserializer {
                iter: map.iter(),
                value: None,
                err: PhantomData,
            }
        }
    }

    impl<'de, 'a, E> de::MapAccess<'de> for MapRefDeserializer<'a, 'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        type Error = E;

        fn next_key_seed<T>(&mut self, seed: T) -> Result<Option<T::Value>, Self::Error>
        where
            T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
        {
            match self.iter.next() {
                Some(&(ref key, ref value)) => {
                    self.value = Some(value);
                    seed.deserialize(ContentRefDeserializer::new(key)).map(Some)
                }
                None => Ok(None),
            }
        }

        fn next_value_seed<T>(&mut self, seed: T) -> Result<T::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
        {
            match self.value.take() {
                Some(value) => seed.deserialize(ContentRefDeserializer::new(value)),
                None => Err(de::Error::custom("value is missing")),
            }
        }

        fn size_hint(&self) -> Option<usize> {
            size_hint::from_bounds(&self.iter)
        }
    }

    impl<'de, 'a, E> de::Deserializer<'de> for MapRefDeserializer<'a, 'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        type Error = E;

        #[inline]
        fn deserialize_any<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
        where
            V: de::Visitor<'de>,
        {
            visitor.visit_map(self)
        }

        forward_to_deserialize_any! {
            bool i8 i16 i32 i64 i128 u8 u16 u32 u64 u128 f32 f64 char str string
            bytes byte_buf option unit unit_struct newtype_struct seq tuple
            tuple_struct map struct enum identifier ignored_any
        }
    }

    impl<'de, E> de::IntoDeserializer<'de, E> for ContentDeserializer<'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        type Deserializer = Self;

        fn into_deserializer(self) -> Self {
            self
        }
    }

    impl<'de, 'a, E> de::IntoDeserializer<'de, E> for ContentRefDeserializer<'a, 'de, E>
    where
        E: de::Error,
    {
        type Deserializer = Self;

        fn into_deserializer(self) -> Self {
            self
        }
    }

    /// Visitor for deserializing an internally tagged unit variant.
    ///
    /// Not public API.
    pub struct InternallyTaggedUnitVisitor<'a> {
        type_name: &'a str,
        variant_name: &'a str,
    }

    impl<'a> InternallyTaggedUnitVisitor<'a> {
        /// Not public API.
        pub fn new(type_name: &'a str, variant_name: &'a str) -> Self {
            InternallyTaggedUnitVisitor {
                type_name: type_name,
                variant_name: variant_name,
            }
        }
    }

    impl<'de, 'a> Visitor<'de> for InternallyTaggedUnitVisitor<'a> {
        type Value = ();

        fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
            write!(
                formatter,
                "unit variant {}::{}",
                self.type_name, self.variant_name
            )
        }

        fn visit_seq<S>(self, _: S) -> Result<(), S::Error>
        where
            S: SeqAccess<'de>,
        {
            Ok(())
        }

        fn visit_map<M>(self, mut access: M) -> Result<(), M::Error>
        where
            M: MapAccess<'de>,
        {
            while try!(access.next_entry::<IgnoredAny, IgnoredAny>()).is_some() {}
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    /// Visitor for deserializing an untagged unit variant.
    ///
    /// Not public API.
    pub struct UntaggedUnitVisitor<'a> {
        type_name: &'a str,
        variant_name: &'a str,
    }

    impl<'a> UntaggedUnitVisitor<'a> {
        /// Not public API.
        pub fn new(type_name: &'a str, variant_name: &'a str) -> Self {
            UntaggedUnitVisitor {
                type_name: type_name,
                variant_name: variant_name,
            }
        }
    }

    impl<'de, 'a> Visitor<'de> for UntaggedUnitVisitor<'a> {
        type Value = ();

        fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
            write!(
                formatter,
                "unit variant {}::{}",
                self.type_name, self.variant_name
            )
        }

        fn visit_unit<E>(self) -> Result<(), E>
        where
            E: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(())
        }

        fn visit_none<E>(self) -> Result<(), E>
        where
            E: de::Error,
        {
            Ok(())
        }
    }
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Like `IntoDeserializer` but also implemented for `&[u8]`. This is used for
// the newtype fallthrough case of `field_identifier`.
//
//    #[derive(Deserialize)]
//    #[serde(field_identifier)]
//    enum F {
//        A,
//        B,
//        Other(String), // deserialized using IdentifierDeserializer
//    }
pub trait IdentifierDeserializer<'de, E: Error> {
    type Deserializer: Deserializer<'de, Error = E>;

    fn from(self) -> Self::Deserializer;
}

impl<'de, E> IdentifierDeserializer<'de, E> for u32
where
    E: Error,
{
    type Deserializer = <u32 as IntoDeserializer<'de, E>>::Deserializer;

    fn from(self) -> Self::Deserializer {
        self.into_deserializer()
    }
}

pub struct StrDeserializer<'a, E> {
    value: &'a str,
    marker: PhantomData<E>,
}

impl<'a, E> IdentifierDeserializer<'a, E> for &'a str
where
    E: Error,
{
    type Deserializer = StrDeserializer<'a, E>;

    fn from(self) -> Self::Deserializer {
        StrDeserializer {
            value: self,
            marker: PhantomData,
        }
    }
}

impl<'de, 'a, E> Deserializer<'de> for StrDeserializer<'a, E>
where
    E: Error,
{
    type Error = E;

    fn deserialize_any<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
    where
        V: Visitor<'de>,
    {
        visitor.visit_str(self.value)
    }

    forward_to_deserialize_any! {
        bool i8 i16 i32 i64 i128 u8 u16 u32 u64 u128 f32 f64 char str string
        bytes byte_buf option unit unit_struct newtype_struct seq tuple
        tuple_struct map struct enum identifier ignored_any
    }
}

pub struct BytesDeserializer<'a, E> {
    value: &'a [u8],
    marker: PhantomData<E>,
}

impl<'a, E> IdentifierDeserializer<'a, E> for &'a [u8]
where
    E: Error,
{
    type Deserializer = BytesDeserializer<'a, E>;

    fn from(self) -> Self::Deserializer {
        BytesDeserializer {
            value: self,
            marker: PhantomData,
        }
    }
}

impl<'de, 'a, E> Deserializer<'de> for BytesDeserializer<'a, E>
where
    E: Error,
{
    type Error = E;

    fn deserialize_any<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
    where
        V: Visitor<'de>,
    {
        visitor.visit_bytes(self.value)
    }

    forward_to_deserialize_any! {
        bool i8 i16 i32 i64 i128 u8 u16 u32 u64 u128 f32 f64 char str string
        bytes byte_buf option unit unit_struct newtype_struct seq tuple
        tuple_struct map struct enum identifier ignored_any
    }
}

/// A DeserializeSeed helper for implementing deserialize_in_place Visitors.
///
/// Wraps a mutable reference and calls deserialize_in_place on it.
pub struct InPlaceSeed<'a, T: 'a>(pub &'a mut T);

impl<'a, 'de, T> DeserializeSeed<'de> for InPlaceSeed<'a, T>
where
    T: Deserialize<'de>,
{
    type Value = ();
    fn deserialize<D>(self, deserializer: D) -> Result<Self::Value, D::Error>
    where
        D: Deserializer<'de>,
    {
        T::deserialize_in_place(deserializer, self.0)
    }
}

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))]
pub struct FlatMapDeserializer<'a, 'de: 'a, E>(
    pub &'a mut Vec<Option<(Content<'de>, Content<'de>)>>,
    pub PhantomData<E>,
);

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))]
impl<'a, 'de, E> FlatMapDeserializer<'a, 'de, E>
where
    E: Error,
{
    fn deserialize_other<V>() -> Result<V, E> {
        Err(Error::custom("can only flatten structs and maps"))
    }
}

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))]
macro_rules! forward_to_deserialize_other {
    ($($func:ident ( $($arg:ty),* ))*) => {
        $(
            fn $func<V>(self, $(_: $arg,)* _visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
            where
                V: Visitor<'de>,
            {
                Self::deserialize_other()
            }
        )*
    }
}

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))]
impl<'a, 'de, E> Deserializer<'de> for FlatMapDeserializer<'a, 'de, E>
where
    E: Error,
{
    type Error = E;

    fn deserialize_any<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
    where
        V: Visitor<'de>,
    {
        visitor.visit_map(FlatInternallyTaggedAccess {
            iter: self.0.iter_mut(),
            pending: None,
            _marker: PhantomData,
        })
    }

    fn deserialize_enum<V>(
        self,
        name: &'static str,
        variants: &'static [&'static str],
        visitor: V,
    ) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
    where
        V: Visitor<'de>,
    {
        for item in self.0.iter_mut() {
            // items in the vector are nulled out when used.  So we can only use
            // an item if it's still filled in and if the field is one we care
            // about.
            let use_item = match *item {
                None => false,
                Some((ref c, _)) => c.as_str().map_or(false, |x| variants.contains(&x)),
            };

            if use_item {
                let (key, value) = item.take().unwrap();
                return visitor.visit_enum(EnumDeserializer::new(key, Some(value)));
            }
        }

        Err(Error::custom(format_args!(
            "no variant of enum {} found in flattened data",
            name
        )))
    }

    fn deserialize_map<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
    where
        V: Visitor<'de>,
    {
        visitor.visit_map(FlatMapAccess::new(self.0.iter()))
    }

    fn deserialize_struct<V>(
        self,
        _: &'static str,
        fields: &'static [&'static str],
        visitor: V,
    ) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
    where
        V: Visitor<'de>,
    {
        visitor.visit_map(FlatStructAccess::new(self.0.iter_mut(), fields))
    }

    fn deserialize_newtype_struct<V>(self, _name: &str, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
    where
        V: Visitor<'de>,
    {
        visitor.visit_newtype_struct(self)
    }

    fn deserialize_option<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
    where
        V: Visitor<'de>,
    {
        match visitor.__private_visit_untagged_option(self) {
            Ok(value) => Ok(value),
            Err(()) => Self::deserialize_other(),
        }
    }

    fn deserialize_unit<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
    where
        V: Visitor<'de>,
    {
        visitor.visit_unit()
    }

    forward_to_deserialize_other! {
        deserialize_bool()
        deserialize_i8()
        deserialize_i16()
        deserialize_i32()
        deserialize_i64()
        deserialize_u8()
        deserialize_u16()
        deserialize_u32()
        deserialize_u64()
        deserialize_f32()
        deserialize_f64()
        deserialize_char()
        deserialize_str()
        deserialize_string()
        deserialize_bytes()
        deserialize_byte_buf()
        deserialize_unit_struct(&'static str)
        deserialize_seq()
        deserialize_tuple(usize)
        deserialize_tuple_struct(&'static str, usize)
        deserialize_identifier()
        deserialize_ignored_any()
    }
}

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))]
pub struct FlatMapAccess<'a, 'de: 'a, E> {
    iter: slice::Iter<'a, Option<(Content<'de>, Content<'de>)>>,
    pending_content: Option<&'a Content<'de>>,
    _marker: PhantomData<E>,
}

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))]
impl<'a, 'de, E> FlatMapAccess<'a, 'de, E> {
    fn new(
        iter: slice::Iter<'a, Option<(Content<'de>, Content<'de>)>>,
    ) -> FlatMapAccess<'a, 'de, E> {
        FlatMapAccess {
            iter: iter,
            pending_content: None,
            _marker: PhantomData,
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))]
impl<'a, 'de, E> MapAccess<'de> for FlatMapAccess<'a, 'de, E>
where
    E: Error,
{
    type Error = E;

    fn next_key_seed<T>(&mut self, seed: T) -> Result<Option<T::Value>, Self::Error>
    where
        T: DeserializeSeed<'de>,
    {
        while let Some(item) = self.iter.next() {
            // Items in the vector are nulled out when used by a struct.
            if let Some((ref key, ref content)) = *item {
                self.pending_content = Some(content);
                return seed.deserialize(ContentRefDeserializer::new(key)).map(Some);
            }
        }
        Ok(None)
    }

    fn next_value_seed<T>(&mut self, seed: T) -> Result<T::Value, Self::Error>
    where
        T: DeserializeSeed<'de>,
    {
        match self.pending_content.take() {
            Some(value) => seed.deserialize(ContentRefDeserializer::new(value)),
            None => Err(Error::custom("value is missing")),
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))]
pub struct FlatStructAccess<'a, 'de: 'a, E> {
    iter: slice::IterMut<'a, Option<(Content<'de>, Content<'de>)>>,
    pending_content: Option<Content<'de>>,
    fields: &'static [&'static str],
    _marker: PhantomData<E>,
}

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))]
impl<'a, 'de, E> FlatStructAccess<'a, 'de, E> {
    fn new(
        iter: slice::IterMut<'a, Option<(Content<'de>, Content<'de>)>>,
        fields: &'static [&'static str],
    ) -> FlatStructAccess<'a, 'de, E> {
        FlatStructAccess {
            iter: iter,
            pending_content: None,
            fields: fields,
            _marker: PhantomData,
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))]
impl<'a, 'de, E> MapAccess<'de> for FlatStructAccess<'a, 'de, E>
where
    E: Error,
{
    type Error = E;

    fn next_key_seed<T>(&mut self, seed: T) -> Result<Option<T::Value>, Self::Error>
    where
        T: DeserializeSeed<'de>,
    {
        while let Some(item) = self.iter.next() {
            // items in the vector are nulled out when used.  So we can only use
            // an item if it's still filled in and if the field is one we care
            // about.  In case we do not know which fields we want, we take them all.
            let use_item = match *item {
                None => false,
                Some((ref c, _)) => c.as_str().map_or(false, |key| self.fields.contains(&key)),
            };

            if use_item {
                let (key, content) = item.take().unwrap();
                self.pending_content = Some(content);
                return seed.deserialize(ContentDeserializer::new(key)).map(Some);
            }
        }
        Ok(None)
    }

    fn next_value_seed<T>(&mut self, seed: T) -> Result<T::Value, Self::Error>
    where
        T: DeserializeSeed<'de>,
    {
        match self.pending_content.take() {
            Some(value) => seed.deserialize(ContentDeserializer::new(value)),
            None => Err(Error::custom("value is missing")),
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))]
pub struct FlatInternallyTaggedAccess<'a, 'de: 'a, E> {
    iter: slice::IterMut<'a, Option<(Content<'de>, Content<'de>)>>,
    pending: Option<&'a Content<'de>>,
    _marker: PhantomData<E>,
}

#[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))]
impl<'a, 'de, E> MapAccess<'de> for FlatInternallyTaggedAccess<'a, 'de, E>
where
    E: Error,
{
    type Error = E;

    fn next_key_seed<T>(&mut self, seed: T) -> Result<Option<T::Value>, Self::Error>
    where
        T: DeserializeSeed<'de>,
    {
        while let Some(item) = self.iter.next() {
            if let Some((ref key, ref content)) = *item {
                // Do not take(), instead borrow this entry. The internally tagged
                // enum does its own buffering so we can't tell whether this entry
                // is going to be consumed. Borrowing here leaves the entry
                // available for later flattened fields.
                self.pending = Some(content);
                return seed.deserialize(ContentRefDeserializer::new(key)).map(Some);
            }
        }
        Ok(None)
    }

    fn next_value_seed<T>(&mut self, seed: T) -> Result<T::Value, Self::Error>
    where
        T: DeserializeSeed<'de>,
    {
        match self.pending.take() {
            Some(value) => seed.deserialize(ContentRefDeserializer::new(value)),
            None => panic!("value is missing"),
        }
    }
}