diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 117e44d192..7f2e410b4d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@
 
 ## master (unreleased)
 
+### New features
+
+* [#78](https://github.com/rubocop-hq/rubocop-rails/issues/78): Add new `Rails/HashEnum` cop. ([@fedeagripa][], [@brunvez][], [@santib][])
+
 ### Bug fixes
 
 * [#53](https://github.com/rubocop-hq/rubocop-rails/issues/53): Fix a false positive for `Rails/SaveBang` when implicitly return using finder method and creation method connected by `||`. ([@koic][])
@@ -47,3 +51,6 @@
 [@buehmann]: https://github.com/buehmann
 [@anthony-robin]: https://github.com/anthony-robin
 [@rmm5t]: https://github.com/rmm5t
+[@fedeagripa]: https://github.com/fedeagripa
+[@brunvez]: https://github.com/brunvez
+[@santib]: https://github.com/santib
diff --git a/config/default.yml b/config/default.yml
index 929d6dbfac..63d786626f 100644
--- a/config/default.yml
+++ b/config/default.yml
@@ -213,6 +213,13 @@ Rails/HasManyOrHasOneDependent:
   Include:
     - app/models/**/*.rb
 
+Rails/HashEnum:
+  Description: 'Prefer hash syntax over array syntax when defining enums'
+  Enabled: true
+  VersionAdded: '0.74'
+  Include:
+    - app/models/**/*.rb
+
 Rails/HelperInstanceVariable:
   Description: 'Do not use instance variables in helpers'
   Enabled: true
diff --git a/lib/rubocop/cop/rails/hash_enum.rb b/lib/rubocop/cop/rails/hash_enum.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..05000d1295
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubocop/cop/rails/hash_enum.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module RuboCop
+  module Cop
+    module Rails
+      # This cop looks for enums written with array syntax.
+      #
+      # When using array syntax adding an element in a
+      # position other than the last causes all previous
+      # definitions to shift. Explicitly specifying the
+      # value for each key prevents this from happening.
+      #
+      # @example
+      #   # bad
+      #   enum status: [:active, :archived]
+      #
+      #   # good
+      #   enum status: { active: 0, archived: 1 }
+      #
+      class HashEnum < Cop
+        MSG = 'Enum defined as an array found in `%<enum>s` enum declaration. '\
+              'Use hash syntax instead.'
+
+        def_node_matcher :enum_with_array?, <<~PATTERN
+          (send nil? :enum (hash (pair (_ $_) array)))
+        PATTERN
+
+        def on_send(node)
+          enum_with_array?(node) do |name, _args|
+            add_offense(node, message: format(MSG, enum: name))
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubocop/cop/rails_cops.rb b/lib/rubocop/cop/rails_cops.rb
index c992525e97..a704738b44 100644
--- a/lib/rubocop/cop/rails_cops.rb
+++ b/lib/rubocop/cop/rails_cops.rb
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 require_relative 'rails/find_each'
 require_relative 'rails/has_and_belongs_to_many'
 require_relative 'rails/has_many_or_has_one_dependent'
+require_relative 'rails/hash_enum'
 require_relative 'rails/helper_instance_variable'
 require_relative 'rails/http_positional_arguments'
 require_relative 'rails/http_status'
diff --git a/manual/cops.md b/manual/cops.md
index d7e1aaaca6..3a598f12a7 100644
--- a/manual/cops.md
+++ b/manual/cops.md
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 * [Rails/FindEach](cops_rails.md#railsfindeach)
 * [Rails/HasAndBelongsToMany](cops_rails.md#railshasandbelongstomany)
 * [Rails/HasManyOrHasOneDependent](cops_rails.md#railshasmanyorhasonedependent)
+* [Rails/HashEnum](cops_rails.md#railshashenum)
 * [Rails/HelperInstanceVariable](cops_rails.md#railshelperinstancevariable)
 * [Rails/HttpPositionalArguments](cops_rails.md#railshttppositionalarguments)
 * [Rails/HttpStatus](cops_rails.md#railshttpstatus)
diff --git a/manual/cops_rails.md b/manual/cops_rails.md
index b5b697de92..69253324c8 100644
--- a/manual/cops_rails.md
+++ b/manual/cops_rails.md
@@ -896,6 +896,30 @@ Include | `app/models/**/*.rb` | Array
 
 * [https://rails.rubystyle.guide#has_many-has_one-dependent-option](https://rails.rubystyle.guide#has_many-has_one-dependent-option)
 
+## Rails/HashEnum
+
+Enabled by default | Safe | Supports autocorrection | VersionAdded | VersionChanged
+--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
+Enabled | Yes | No | 0.74 | -
+
+This cop looks for enums written with array syntax
+
+### Examples
+
+```ruby
+# bad
+enum status: [:active, :archived]
+
+# good
+enum status: { active: 0, archived: 1 }
+```
+
+### Configurable attributes
+
+Name | Default value | Configurable values
+--- | --- | ---
+Include | `app/models/**/*.rb` | Array
+
 ## Rails/HelperInstanceVariable
 
 Enabled by default | Safe | Supports autocorrection | VersionAdded | VersionChanged
diff --git a/spec/rubocop/cop/rails/hash_enum_spec.rb b/spec/rubocop/cop/rails/hash_enum_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9398d764d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/rubocop/cop/rails/hash_enum_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe RuboCop::Cop::Rails::HashEnum do
+  subject(:cop) { described_class.new(config) }
+
+  let(:config) { RuboCop::Config.new }
+
+  context 'when array syntax is used' do
+    context 'with %i[] syntax' do
+      it 'registers an offense' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          enum status: %i[active archived]
+          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Enum defined as an array found in `status` enum declaration. Use hash syntax instead.
+        RUBY
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'with %w[] syntax' do
+      it 'registers an offense' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          enum status: %w[active archived]
+          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Enum defined as an array found in `status` enum declaration. Use hash syntax instead.
+        RUBY
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'with %i() syntax' do
+      it 'registers an offense' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          enum status: %i(active archived)
+          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Enum defined as an array found in `status` enum declaration. Use hash syntax instead.
+        RUBY
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'with %w() syntax' do
+      it 'registers an offense' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          enum status: %w(active archived)
+          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Enum defined as an array found in `status` enum declaration. Use hash syntax instead.
+        RUBY
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'with [] syntax' do
+      it 'registers an offense' do
+        expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+          enum status: [:active, :archived]
+          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Enum defined as an array found in `status` enum declaration. Use hash syntax instead.
+        RUBY
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'when hash syntax is used' do
+    it 'does not register an offense' do
+      expect_no_offenses('enum status: { active: 0, archived: 1 }')
+    end
+  end
+end