diff --git a/changelog/change_namingfilename_make.md b/changelog/change_namingfilename_make.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..faf5f9b18fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/change_namingfilename_make.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+* [#10220](https://github.com/rubocop/rubocop/issues/10220): Update `Naming/FileName` to make `CheckDefinitionPathHierarchy` roots configurable. ([@grosser][])
diff --git a/config/default.yml b/config/default.yml
index e99b7987ff7..a748dd3cd70 100644
--- a/config/default.yml
+++ b/config/default.yml
@@ -2520,6 +2520,13 @@ Naming/FileName:
   # whether each source file's class or module name matches the file name --
   # not whether the nested module hierarchy matches the subdirectory path.
   CheckDefinitionPathHierarchy: true
+  # paths that are considered root directories, for example "lib" in most ruby projects
+  # or "app/models" in rails projects
+  CheckDefinitionPathHierarchyRoots:
+    - lib
+    - spec
+    - test
+    - src
   # If non-`nil`, expect all source file names to match the following regex.
   # Only the file name itself is matched, not the entire file path.
   # Use anchors as necessary if you want to match the entire name rather than
diff --git a/lib/rubocop/cop/naming/file_name.rb b/lib/rubocop/cop/naming/file_name.rb
index ca029ab8995..6936a5987c8 100644
--- a/lib/rubocop/cop/naming/file_name.rb
+++ b/lib/rubocop/cop/naming/file_name.rb
@@ -123,6 +123,10 @@ def check_definition_path_hierarchy?
           cop_config['CheckDefinitionPathHierarchy']
         end
 
+        def definition_path_hierarchy_roots
+          cop_config['CheckDefinitionPathHierarchyRoots'] || []
+        end
+
         def regex
           cop_config['Regex']
         end
@@ -206,13 +210,13 @@ def match_acronym?(expected, name)
           allowed_acronyms.any? { |acronym| expected.gsub(acronym.capitalize, acronym) == name }
         end
 
-        def to_namespace(path)
+        def to_namespace(path) # rubocop:disable Metrics/AbcSize
           components = Pathname(path).each_filename.to_a
           # To convert a pathname to a Ruby namespace, we need a starting point
           # But RC can be run from any working directory, and can check any path
           # We can't assume that the working directory, or any other, is the
           # "starting point" to build a namespace.
-          start = %w[lib spec test src]
+          start = definition_path_hierarchy_roots
           start_index = nil
 
           # To find the closest namespace root take the path components, and
diff --git a/spec/rubocop/cop/naming/file_name_spec.rb b/spec/rubocop/cop/naming/file_name_spec.rb
index 3ea874d5792..79c3a4d8ce4 100644
--- a/spec/rubocop/cop/naming/file_name_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/rubocop/cop/naming/file_name_spec.rb
@@ -8,14 +8,15 @@
       '/some/.rubocop.yml'
     )
   end
-  let(:cop_config) do
+  let(:cop_config) do # matches default.yml
     {
       'IgnoreExecutableScripts' => true,
       'ExpectMatchingDefinition' => false,
-      'Regex' => nil
+      'Regex' => nil,
+      'CheckDefinitionPathHierarchy' => true,
+      'CheckDefinitionPathHierarchyRoots' => %w[lib spec test src]
     }
   end
-
   let(:includes) { ['**/*.rb'] }
 
   context 'with camelCase file names ending in .rb' do
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@
     end
 
     context 'when IgnoreExecutableScripts is disabled' do
-      let(:cop_config) { { 'IgnoreExecutableScripts' => false } }
+      let(:cop_config) { super().merge('IgnoreExecutableScripts' => false) }
 
       it 'registers an offense' do
         expect_offense(<<~RUBY, '/some/dir/test-case')
@@ -118,13 +119,7 @@
   end
 
   context 'when ExpectMatchingDefinition is true' do
-    let(:cop_config) do
-      {
-        'IgnoreExecutableScripts' => true,
-        'ExpectMatchingDefinition' => true,
-        'CheckDefinitionPathHierarchy' => 'true'
-      }
-    end
+    let(:cop_config) { super().merge('ExpectMatchingDefinition' => true) }
 
     context 'on a file which defines no class or module at all' do
       %w[lib src test spec].each do |dir|
@@ -138,6 +133,17 @@
         end
       end
 
+      context 'under lib when not added to root' do
+        let(:cop_config) { super().merge('CheckDefinitionPathHierarchyRoots' => ['foo']) }
+
+        it 'registers an offense' do
+          expect_offense(<<~RUBY, '/some/other/dir/test_case.rb')
+            print 1
+            ^ `test_case.rb` should define a class or module called `TestCase`.
+          RUBY
+        end
+      end
+
       context 'under some other random directory' do
         it 'registers an offense' do
           expect_offense(<<~RUBY, '/some/other/dir/test_case.rb')
@@ -272,11 +278,10 @@ module A
 
   context 'when CheckDefinitionPathHierarchy is false' do
     let(:cop_config) do
-      {
-        'IgnoreExecutableScripts' => true,
+      super().merge(
         'ExpectMatchingDefinition' => true,
         'CheckDefinitionPathHierarchy' => false
-      }
+      )
     end
 
     context 'on a file with a matching class' do
@@ -412,11 +417,10 @@ module Foo
 
   context 'with acronym namespace' do
     let(:cop_config) do
-      {
-        'IgnoreExecutableScripts' => true,
+      super().merge(
         'ExpectMatchingDefinition' => true,
         'AllowedAcronyms' => ['CLI']
-      }
+      )
     end
 
     it 'does not register an offense' do
@@ -433,11 +437,10 @@ class AdminUser
 
   context 'with acronym class name' do
     let(:cop_config) do
-      {
-        'IgnoreExecutableScripts' => true,
+      super().merge(
         'ExpectMatchingDefinition' => true,
         'AllowedAcronyms' => ['CLI']
-      }
+      )
     end
 
     it 'does not register an offense' do
@@ -452,11 +455,10 @@ class CLI
 
   context 'with include acronym name' do
     let(:cop_config) do
-      {
-        'IgnoreExecutableScripts' => true,
+      super().merge(
         'ExpectMatchingDefinition' => true,
         'AllowedAcronyms' => ['HTTP']
-      }
+      )
     end
 
     it 'does not register an offense' do