diff --git a/changelog/new_fix_internalaffairssinglelinecomparison.md b/changelog/new_fix_internalaffairssinglelinecomparison.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..018a9cbcec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/new_fix_internalaffairssinglelinecomparison.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+* [#10170](https://github.com/rubocop/rubocop/pull/10170): Add new `InternalAffairs/SingleLineComparison` cop. ([@dvandersluis][])
diff --git a/lib/rubocop.rb b/lib/rubocop.rb
index 55ef735b0f1..19eadb9ee1e 100644
--- a/lib/rubocop.rb
+++ b/lib/rubocop.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 require_relative 'rubocop/ast_aliases'
 require_relative 'rubocop/ext/regexp_node'
 require_relative 'rubocop/ext/regexp_parser'
+require_relative 'rubocop/ext/range'
 
 require_relative 'rubocop/core_ext/string'
 require_relative 'rubocop/ext/processed_source'
diff --git a/lib/rubocop/cop/internal_affairs.rb b/lib/rubocop/cop/internal_affairs.rb
index 5ebcfdc92ff..eb006c6aa48 100644
--- a/lib/rubocop/cop/internal_affairs.rb
+++ b/lib/rubocop/cop/internal_affairs.rb
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 require_relative 'internal_affairs/redundant_location_argument'
 require_relative 'internal_affairs/redundant_message_argument'
 require_relative 'internal_affairs/redundant_method_dispatch_node'
+require_relative 'internal_affairs/single_line_comparison'
 require_relative 'internal_affairs/style_detected_api_use'
 require_relative 'internal_affairs/undefined_config'
 require_relative 'internal_affairs/useless_message_assertion'
diff --git a/lib/rubocop/cop/internal_affairs/single_line_comparison.rb b/lib/rubocop/cop/internal_affairs/single_line_comparison.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..121aa275c03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubocop/cop/internal_affairs/single_line_comparison.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module RuboCop
+  module Cop
+    module InternalAffairs
+      # Enforces the use of `node.single_line?` instead of
+      # comparing `first_line` and `last_line` for equality.
+      #
+      # @example
+      #   # bad
+      #   node.loc.first_line == node.loc.last_line
+      #
+      #   # bad
+      #   node.loc.last_line == node.loc.first_line
+      #
+      #   # bad
+      #   node.loc.line == node.loc.last_line
+      #
+      #   # bad
+      #   node.loc.last_line == node.loc.line
+      #
+      #   # bad
+      #   node.first_line == node.last_line
+      #
+      #   # good
+      #   node.single_line?
+      #
+      class SingleLineComparison < Base
+        extend AutoCorrector
+
+        MSG = 'Use `%<preferred>s`.'
+        RESTRICT_ON_SEND = %i[==].freeze
+
+        # @!method single_line_comparison(node)
+        def_node_matcher :single_line_comparison, <<~PATTERN
+          {
+            (send (send $_receiver {:line :first_line}) :== (send _receiver :last_line))
+            (send (send $_receiver :last_line) :== (send _receiver {:line :first_line}))
+          }
+        PATTERN
+
+        def on_send(node)
+          return unless (receiver = single_line_comparison(node))
+
+          preferred = "#{extract_receiver(receiver)}.single_line?"
+
+          add_offense(node, message: format(MSG, preferred: preferred)) do |corrector|
+            corrector.replace(node, preferred)
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def extract_receiver(node)
+          node = node.receiver if node.send_type? && %i[loc source_range].include?(node.method_name)
+          node.source
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubocop/ext/range.rb b/lib/rubocop/ext/range.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f00e9fedb18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubocop/ext/range.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module RuboCop
+  module Ext
+    # Extensions to Parser::Source::Range
+    module Range
+      # Adds `Range#single_line?` to parallel `Node#single_line?`
+      def single_line?
+        first_line == last_line
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Parser::Source::Range.include RuboCop::Ext::Range
diff --git a/spec/rubocop/cop/internal_affairs/single_line_comparison_spec.rb b/spec/rubocop/cop/internal_affairs/single_line_comparison_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cfc82a2f92f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/rubocop/cop/internal_affairs/single_line_comparison_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+RSpec.describe RuboCop::Cop::InternalAffairs::SingleLineComparison, :config do
+  it 'registers and corrects an offense when comparing `loc.first_line` with `loc.last_line`' do
+    expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+      node.loc.first_line == node.loc.last_line
+      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Use `node.single_line?`.
+    RUBY
+
+    expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+      node.single_line?
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  it 'registers and corrects an offense when comparing `loc.last_line` with `loc.first_line`' do
+    expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+      node.loc.last_line == node.loc.first_line
+      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Use `node.single_line?`.
+    RUBY
+
+    expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+      node.single_line?
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  it 'registers and corrects an offense when comparing `loc.line` with `loc.last_line`' do
+    expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+      node.loc.line == node.loc.last_line
+      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Use `node.single_line?`.
+    RUBY
+
+    expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+      node.single_line?
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  it 'registers and corrects an offense when comparing `loc.last_line` with `loc.line`' do
+    expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+      node.loc.last_line == node.loc.line
+      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Use `node.single_line?`.
+    RUBY
+
+    expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+      node.single_line?
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  it 'registers and corrects an offense when comparing `source_range.first_line` with `source_range.last_line`' do
+    expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+      node.source_range.first_line == node.source_range.last_line
+      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Use `node.single_line?`.
+    RUBY
+
+    expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+      node.single_line?
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  it 'registers and corrects an offense when comparing `source_range.last_line` with `source_range.first_line`' do
+    expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+      node.source_range.last_line == node.source_range.first_line
+      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Use `node.single_line?`.
+    RUBY
+
+    expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+      node.single_line?
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  it 'registers and corrects an offense when comparing `first_line` with `last_line`' do
+    expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+      node.first_line == node.last_line
+      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Use `node.single_line?`.
+    RUBY
+
+    expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+      node.single_line?
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  it 'registers and corrects an offense when comparing `last_line` with `first_line`' do
+    expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+      node.last_line == node.first_line
+      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Use `node.single_line?`.
+    RUBY
+
+    expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+      node.single_line?
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  it 'does not register an offense when comparing the same line' do
+    expect_no_offenses(<<~RUBY)
+      node.loc.first_line == node.loc.line
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  it 'does not register an offense when the receivers are not a match' do
+    expect_no_offenses(<<~RUBY)
+      nodes.first.first_line == nodes.last.last_line
+    RUBY
+  end
+end