diff --git a/changelog/fix_an_error_for_empty_lines_around_exception_handling_keywords.md b/changelog/fix_an_error_for_empty_lines_around_exception_handling_keywords.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e457e659a6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/fix_an_error_for_empty_lines_around_exception_handling_keywords.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+* [#10193](https://github.com/rubocop/rubocop/pull/10193): Fix an error for `Layout/EmptyLinesAroundExceptionHandlingKeywords` when `begin` and `rescue` are on the same line. ([@koic][])
diff --git a/lib/rubocop/cop/layout/empty_lines_around_exception_handling_keywords.rb b/lib/rubocop/cop/layout/empty_lines_around_exception_handling_keywords.rb
index 40abfb0040b..97c950b48b5 100644
--- a/lib/rubocop/cop/layout/empty_lines_around_exception_handling_keywords.rb
+++ b/lib/rubocop/cop/layout/empty_lines_around_exception_handling_keywords.rb
@@ -65,21 +65,24 @@ class EmptyLinesAroundExceptionHandlingKeywords < Base
         MSG = 'Extra empty line detected %<location>s the `%<keyword>s`.'
 
         def on_def(node)
-          check_body(node.body)
+          check_body(node.body, node.loc.line)
         end
         alias on_defs on_def
 
         def on_kwbegin(node)
           body, = *node
-          check_body(body)
+          check_body(body, node.loc.line)
         end
 
         private
 
-        def check_body(node)
-          locations = keyword_locations(node)
+        def check_body(body, line_of_def_or_kwbegin)
+          locations = keyword_locations(body)
+
           locations.each do |loc|
             line = loc.line
+            next if line == line_of_def_or_kwbegin
+
             keyword = loc.source
             # below the keyword
             check_line(style, line, message('after', keyword), &:empty?)
diff --git a/spec/rubocop/cop/layout/empty_lines_around_exception_handling_keywords_spec.rb b/spec/rubocop/cop/layout/empty_lines_around_exception_handling_keywords_spec.rb
index 73d5a4499db..46d2d8eede3 100644
--- a/spec/rubocop/cop/layout/empty_lines_around_exception_handling_keywords_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/rubocop/cop/layout/empty_lines_around_exception_handling_keywords_spec.rb
@@ -127,6 +127,14 @@ def foo
     end
   RUBY
 
+  include_examples 'accepts', '`begin` and `rescue` are on the same line', <<~RUBY
+    begin; foo; rescue => e; end
+  RUBY
+
+  include_examples 'accepts', '`def` and `rescue` are on the same line', <<~RUBY
+    def do_something; foo; rescue => e; end
+  RUBY
+
   it 'with complex begin-end - registers many offenses' do
     expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
       begin