diff --git a/changelog/fix_fix_crash_in_styleconditionalassignment.md b/changelog/fix_fix_crash_in_styleconditionalassignment.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5621f7cc3f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/fix_fix_crash_in_styleconditionalassignment.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+* [#10737](https://github.com/rubocop/rubocop/issues/10737): Fix crash in `Style/ConditionalAssignment` with `EnforcedStyle: assign_inside_condition` when op-assigning a variable inside a `resbody`. ([@dvandersluis][])
diff --git a/lib/rubocop/cop/style/conditional_assignment.rb b/lib/rubocop/cop/style/conditional_assignment.rb
index 96a421a79da..4456967aef8 100644
--- a/lib/rubocop/cop/style/conditional_assignment.rb
+++ b/lib/rubocop/cop/style/conditional_assignment.rb
@@ -237,6 +237,7 @@ class ConditionalAssignment < Base
         ASSIGNMENT_TYPES.each do |type|
           define_method "on_#{type}" do |node|
             return if part_of_ignored_node?(node)
+            return if node.parent&.shorthand_asgn?
 
             check_assignment_to_condition(node)
           end
diff --git a/spec/rubocop/cop/style/conditional_assignment_assign_in_condition_spec.rb b/spec/rubocop/cop/style/conditional_assignment_assign_in_condition_spec.rb
index 6c0fe9ad8d3..b103a1b7d41 100644
--- a/spec/rubocop/cop/style/conditional_assignment_assign_in_condition_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/rubocop/cop/style/conditional_assignment_assign_in_condition_spec.rb
@@ -242,6 +242,16 @@
         end
       RUBY
     end
+
+    it 'does not crash when used inside rescue' do
+      expect_no_offenses(<<~RUBY)
+        begin
+          bar #{assignment} 2
+        rescue
+          bar #{assignment} 1
+        end
+      RUBY
+    end
   end
 
   shared_examples 'multiline all variable types offense' do |variable|