cops_performance.md

Performance

Performance/BindCall

!!! Note

Required Ruby version: 2.7

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes	1.6	-

In Ruby 2.7, UnboundMethod#bind_call has been added.

This cop identifies places where bind(obj).call(args, ...) can be replaced by bind_call(obj, args, ...).

The bind_call(obj, args, ...) method is faster than bind(obj).call(args, ...).

Examples

# bad
umethod.bind(obj).call(foo, bar)
umethod.bind(obj).(foo, bar)

# good
umethod.bind_call(obj, foo, bar)

Performance/Caller

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	No	0.49	-

This cop identifies places where caller[n] can be replaced by caller(n..n).first.

Examples

# bad
caller[1]
caller.first
caller_locations[1]
caller_locations.first

# good
caller(2..2).first
caller(1..1).first
caller_locations(2..2).first
caller_locations(1..1).first

Performance/CaseWhenSplat

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Disabled	Yes	Yes (Unsafe)	0.34	0.59

Reordering when conditions with a splat to the end of the when branches can improve performance.

Ruby has to allocate memory for the splat expansion every time that the case when statement is run. Since Ruby does not support fall through inside of case when, like some other languages do, the order of the when branches should not matter. By placing any splat expansions at the end of the list of when branches we will reduce the number of times that memory has to be allocated for the expansion. The exception to this is if multiple of your when conditions can be true for any given condition. A likely scenario for this defining a higher level when condition to override a condition that is inside of the splat expansion.

This is not a guaranteed performance improvement. If the data being processed by the case condition is normalized in a manner that favors hitting a condition in the splat expansion, it is possible that moving the splat condition to the end will use more memory, and run slightly slower.

Examples

# bad
case foo
when *condition
  bar
when baz
  foobar
end

case foo
when *[1, 2, 3, 4]
  bar
when 5
  baz
end

# good
case foo
when baz
  foobar
when *condition
  bar
end

case foo
when 1, 2, 3, 4
  bar
when 5
  baz
end

Configurable attributes

Name	Default value	Configurable values
AutoCorrect	false	Boolean

Performance/Casecmp

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	No	Yes	0.36	-

This cop identifies places where a case-insensitive string comparison can better be implemented using casecmp. This cop is unsafe because String#casecmp and String#casecmp? behave differently when using Non-ASCII characters.

Examples

# bad
str.downcase == 'abc'
str.upcase.eql? 'ABC'
'abc' == str.downcase
'ABC'.eql? str.upcase
str.downcase == str.downcase

# good
str.casecmp('ABC').zero?
'abc'.casecmp(str).zero?

References

• https://github.com/JuanitoFatas/fast-ruby#stringcasecmp-vs-stringdowncase---code

Performance/ChainArrayAllocation

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Disabled	Yes	No	0.59	-

This cop is used to identify usages of Each of these methods (compact, flatten, map) will generate a new intermediate array that is promptly thrown away. Instead it is faster to mutate when we know it's safe.

Examples

# bad
array = ["a", "b", "c"]
array.compact.flatten.map { |x| x.downcase }

# good.
array = ["a", "b", "c"]
array.compact!
array.flatten!
array.map! { |x| x.downcase }
array

References

• https://twitter.com/schneems/status/1034123879978029057

Performance/CompareWithBlock

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes	0.46	-

This cop identifies places where sort { |a, b| a.foo <=> b.foo } can be replaced by sort_by(&:foo). This cop also checks max and min methods.

Examples

# bad
array.sort { |a, b| a.foo <=> b.foo }
array.max { |a, b| a.foo <=> b.foo }
array.min { |a, b| a.foo <=> b.foo }
array.sort { |a, b| a[:foo] <=> b[:foo] }

# good
array.sort_by(&:foo)
array.sort_by { |v| v.foo }
array.sort_by do |var|
  var.foo
end
array.max_by(&:foo)
array.min_by(&:foo)
array.sort_by { |a| a[:foo] }

Performance/Count

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes (Unsafe)	0.31	1.5

This cop is used to identify usages of count on an Enumerable that follow calls to select or reject. Querying logic can instead be passed to the count call.

ActiveRecord compatibility: ActiveRecord will ignore the block that is passed to count. Other methods, such as select, will convert the association to an array and then run the block on the array. A simple work around to make count work with a block is to call to_a.count {...}.

Example: Model.where(id: [1, 2, 3]).select { |m| m.method == true }.size

becomes:

Model.where(id: [1, 2, 3]).to_a.count { |m| m.method == true }

Examples

# bad
[1, 2, 3].select { |e| e > 2 }.size
[1, 2, 3].reject { |e| e > 2 }.size
[1, 2, 3].select { |e| e > 2 }.length
[1, 2, 3].reject { |e| e > 2 }.length
[1, 2, 3].select { |e| e > 2 }.count { |e| e.odd? }
[1, 2, 3].reject { |e| e > 2 }.count { |e| e.even? }
array.select(&:value).count

# good
[1, 2, 3].count { |e| e > 2 }
[1, 2, 3].count { |e| e < 2 }
[1, 2, 3].count { |e| e > 2 && e.odd? }
[1, 2, 3].count { |e| e < 2 && e.even? }
Model.select('field AS field_one').count
Model.select(:value).count

Performance/DeletePrefix

!!! Note

Required Ruby version: 2.5

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes	1.6	-

In Ruby 2.5, String#delete_prefix has been added.

This cop identifies places where gsub(/\Aprefix/, '') and sub(/\Aprefix/, '') can be replaced by delete_prefix('prefix').

The delete_prefix('prefix') method is faster than gsub(/\Aprefix/, '').

Examples

# bad
str.gsub(/\Aprefix/, '')
str.gsub!(/\Aprefix/, '')
str.gsub(/^prefix/, '')
str.gsub!(/^prefix/, '')

str.sub(/\Aprefix/, '')
str.sub!(/\Aprefix/, '')
str.sub(/^prefix/, '')
str.sub!(/^prefix/, '')

# good
str.delete_prefix('prefix')
str.delete_prefix!('prefix')

Performance/DeleteSuffix

!!! Note

Required Ruby version: 2.5

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes	1.6	-

In Ruby 2.5, String#delete_suffix has been added.

This cop identifies places where gsub(/suffix\z/, '') and sub(/suffix\z/, '') can be replaced by delete_suffix('suffix').

The delete_suffix('suffix') method is faster than gsub(/suffix\z/, '').

Examples

# bad
str.gsub(/suffix\z/, '')
str.gsub!(/suffix\z/, '')
str.gsub(/suffix$/, '')
str.gsub!(/suffix$/, '')

str.sub(/suffix\z/, '')
str.sub!(/suffix\z/, '')
str.sub(/suffix$/, '')
str.sub!(/suffix$/, '')

# good
str.delete_suffix('suffix')
str.delete_suffix!('suffix')

Performance/Detect

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes (Unsafe)	0.30	1.5

This cop is used to identify usages of select.first, select.last, find_all.first, and find_all.last and change them to use detect instead.

ActiveRecord compatibility: ActiveRecord does not implement a detect method and find has its own meaning. Correcting ActiveRecord methods with this cop should be considered unsafe.

Examples

# bad
[].select { |item| true }.first
[].select { |item| true }.last
[].find_all { |item| true }.first
[].find_all { |item| true }.last

# good
[].detect { |item| true }
[].reverse.detect { |item| true }

References

• https://github.com/JuanitoFatas/fast-ruby#enumerabledetect-vs-enumerableselectfirst-code

Performance/DoubleStartEndWith

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes	0.36	0.48

This cop checks for double #start_with? or #end_with? calls separated by ||. In some cases such calls can be replaced with an single #start_with?/#end_with? call.

Examples

# bad
str.start_with?("a") || str.start_with?(Some::CONST)
str.start_with?("a", "b") || str.start_with?("c")
str.end_with?(var1) || str.end_with?(var2)

# good
str.start_with?("a", Some::CONST)
str.start_with?("a", "b", "c")
str.end_with?(var1, var2)

Configurable attributes

Name	Default value	Configurable values
IncludeActiveSupportAliases	false	Boolean

Performance/EndWith

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes (Unsafe)	0.36	0.44

This cop identifies unnecessary use of a regex where String#end_with? would suffice.

Examples

# bad
'abc'.match?(/bc\Z/)
/bc\Z/.match?('abc')
'abc' =~ /bc\Z/
/bc\Z/ =~ 'abc'
'abc'.match(/bc\Z/)
/bc\Z/.match('abc')

'abc'.match?(/bc$/)
/bc$/.match?('abc')
'abc' =~ /bc$/
/bc$/ =~ 'abc'
'abc'.match(/bc$/)
/bc$/.match('abc')

# good
'abc'.end_with?('bc')

Configurable attributes

Name	Default value	Configurable values
AutoCorrect	false	Boolean

References

• https://github.com/JuanitoFatas/fast-ruby#stringmatch-vs-stringstart_withstringend_with-code-start-code-end

Performance/FixedSize

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	No	0.35	-

Do not compute the size of statically sized objects.

Examples

# String methods
# bad
'foo'.size
%q[bar].count
%(qux).length

# Symbol methods
# bad
:fred.size
:'baz'.length

# Array methods
# bad
[1, 2, thud].count
%W(1, 2, bar).size

# Hash methods
# bad
{ a: corge, b: grault }.length

# good
foo.size
bar.count
qux.length

# good
:"#{fred}".size
CONST = :baz.length

# good
[1, 2, *thud].count
garply = [1, 2, 3]
garply.size

# good
{ a: corge, **grault }.length
waldo = { a: corge, b: grault }
waldo.size

Performance/FlatMap

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes	0.30	-

This cop is used to identify usages of

Examples

# bad
[1, 2, 3, 4].map { |e| [e, e] }.flatten(1)
[1, 2, 3, 4].collect { |e| [e, e] }.flatten(1)

# good
[1, 2, 3, 4].flat_map { |e| [e, e] }
[1, 2, 3, 4].map { |e| [e, e] }.flatten
[1, 2, 3, 4].collect { |e| [e, e] }.flatten

Configurable attributes

Name	Default value	Configurable values
EnabledForFlattenWithoutParams	false	Boolean

References

• https://github.com/JuanitoFatas/fast-ruby#enumerablemaparrayflatten-vs-enumerableflat_map-code

Performance/InefficientHashSearch

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	No	Yes	0.56	-

This cop checks for inefficient searching of keys and values within hashes.

Hash#keys.include? is less efficient than Hash#key? because the former allocates a new array and then performs an O(n) search through that array, while Hash#key? does not allocate any array and performs a faster O(1) search for the key.

Hash#values.include? is less efficient than Hash#value?. While they both perform an O(n) search through all of the values, calling values allocates a new array while using value? does not.

Examples

# bad
{ a: 1, b: 2 }.keys.include?(:a)
{ a: 1, b: 2 }.keys.include?(:z)
h = { a: 1, b: 2 }; h.keys.include?(100)

# good
{ a: 1, b: 2 }.key?(:a)
{ a: 1, b: 2 }.has_key?(:z)
h = { a: 1, b: 2 }; h.key?(100)

# bad
{ a: 1, b: 2 }.values.include?(2)
{ a: 1, b: 2 }.values.include?('garbage')
h = { a: 1, b: 2 }; h.values.include?(nil)

# good
{ a: 1, b: 2 }.value?(2)
{ a: 1, b: 2 }.has_value?('garbage')
h = { a: 1, b: 2 }; h.value?(nil)

References

• https://github.com/JuanitoFatas/fast-ruby#hashkey-instead-of-hashkeysinclude-code

Performance/OpenStruct

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Disabled	No	No	0.61	-

This cop checks for OpenStruct.new calls. Instantiation of an OpenStruct invalidates Ruby global method cache as it causes dynamic method definition during program runtime. This could have an effect on performance, especially in case of single-threaded applications with multiple OpenStruct instantiations.

Examples

# bad
class MyClass
  def my_method
    OpenStruct.new(my_key1: 'my_value1', my_key2: 'my_value2')
  end
end

# good
class MyClass
  MyStruct = Struct.new(:my_key1, :my_key2)
  def my_method
    MyStruct.new('my_value1', 'my_value2')
  end
end

Performance/RangeInclude

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	No	Yes	0.36	-

This cop identifies uses of Range#include?, which iterates over each item in a Range to see if a specified item is there. In contrast, Range#cover? simply compares the target item with the beginning and end points of the Range. In a great majority of cases, this is what is wanted.

This cop is Safe: false by default because Range#include? and Range#cover? are not equivalent behavior.

Examples

# bad
('a'..'z').include?('b') # => true

# good
('a'..'z').cover?('b') # => true

# Example of a case where `Range#cover?` may not provide
# the desired result:

('a'..'z').cover?('yellow') # => true

References

• https://github.com/JuanitoFatas/fast-ruby#cover-vs-include-code

Performance/RedundantBlockCall

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes	0.36	-

This cop identifies the use of a &block parameter and block.call where yield would do just as well.

Examples

# bad
def method(&block)
  block.call
end
def another(&func)
  func.call 1, 2, 3
end

# good
def method
  yield
end
def another
  yield 1, 2, 3
end

References

• https://github.com/JuanitoFatas/fast-ruby#proccall-and-block-arguments-vs-yieldcode

Performance/RedundantMatch

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes	0.36	-

This cop identifies the use of Regexp#match or String#match, which returns #<MatchData>/nil. The return value of =~ is an integral index/nil and is more performant.

Examples

# bad
do_something if str.match(/regex/)
while regex.match('str')
  do_something
end

# good
method(str =~ /regex/)
return value unless regex =~ 'str'

Performance/RedundantMerge

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes	0.36	-

This cop identifies places where Hash#merge! can be replaced by Hash#[]=. You can set the maximum number of key-value pairs to consider an offense with MaxKeyValuePairs.

Examples

# bad
hash.merge!(a: 1)
hash.merge!({'key' => 'value'})

# good
hash[:a] = 1
hash['key'] = 'value'

MaxKeyValuePairs: 2 (default)

# bad
hash.merge!(a: 1, b: 2)

# good
hash[:a] = 1
hash[:b] = 2

Configurable attributes

Name	Default value	Configurable values
MaxKeyValuePairs	2	Integer

References

• https://github.com/JuanitoFatas/fast-ruby#hashmerge-vs-hash-code

Performance/RegexpMatch

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes	0.47	-

In Ruby 2.4, String#match?, Regexp#match?, and Symbol#match? have been added. The methods are faster than match. Because the methods avoid creating a MatchData object or saving backref. So, when MatchData is not used, use match? instead of match.

Examples

# bad
def foo
  if x =~ /re/
    do_something
  end
end

# bad
def foo
  if x !~ /re/
    do_something
  end
end

# bad
def foo
  if x.match(/re/)
    do_something
  end
end

# bad
def foo
  if /re/ === x
    do_something
  end
end

# good
def foo
  if x.match?(/re/)
    do_something
  end
end

# good
def foo
  if !x.match?(/re/)
    do_something
  end
end

# good
def foo
  if x =~ /re/
    do_something(Regexp.last_match)
  end
end

# good
def foo
  if x.match(/re/)
    do_something($~)
  end
end

# good
def foo
  if /re/ === x
    do_something($~)
  end
end

References

• https://github.com/JuanitoFatas/fast-ruby#regexp-vs-stringmatch-vs-string-vs-stringmatch-code-

Performance/ReverseEach

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes	0.30	-

This cop is used to identify usages of reverse.each and change them to use reverse_each instead.

Examples

# bad
[].reverse.each

# good
[].reverse_each

References

• https://github.com/JuanitoFatas/fast-ruby#enumerablereverseeach-vs-enumerablereverse_each-code

Performance/Size

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes	0.30	-

This cop is used to identify usages of count on an Array and Hash and change them to size.

TODO: Add advanced detection of variables that could have been assigned to an array or a hash.

Examples

# bad
[1, 2, 3].count

# bad
{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}.count

# good
[1, 2, 3].size

# good
{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}.size

# good
[1, 2, 3].count { |e| e > 2 }

References

• https://github.com/JuanitoFatas/fast-ruby#arraylength-vs-arraysize-vs-arraycount-code

Performance/StartWith

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes (Unsafe)	0.36	0.44

This cop identifies unnecessary use of a regex where String#start_with? would suffice.

Examples

# bad
'abc'.match?(/\Aab/)
/\Aab/.match?('abc')
'abc' =~ /\Aab/
/\Aab/ =~ 'abc'
'abc'.match(/\Aab/)
/\Aab/.match('abc')

'abc'.match?(/^ab/)
/^ab/.match?('abc')
'abc' =~ /^ab/
/^ab/ =~ 'abc'
'abc'.match(/^ab/)
/^ab/.match('abc')

# good
'abc'.start_with?('ab')

Configurable attributes

Name	Default value	Configurable values
AutoCorrect	false	Boolean

References

• https://github.com/JuanitoFatas/fast-ruby#stringmatch-vs-stringstart_withstringend_with-code-start-code-end

Performance/StringInclude

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes	1.7	-

This cop identifies unnecessary use of a regex where String#include? would suffice.

Examples

# bad
'abc'.match?(/ab/)
/ab/.match?('abc')
'abc' =~ /ab/
/ab/ =~ 'abc'
'abc'.match(/ab/)
/ab/.match('abc')

# good
'abc'.include?('ab')

Performance/StringReplacement

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes	0.33	-

This cop identifies places where gsub can be replaced by tr or delete.

Examples

# bad
'abc'.gsub('b', 'd')
'abc'.gsub('a', '')
'abc'.gsub(/a/, 'd')
'abc'.gsub!('a', 'd')

# good
'abc'.gsub(/.*/, 'a')
'abc'.gsub(/a+/, 'd')
'abc'.tr('b', 'd')
'a b c'.delete(' ')

References

• https://github.com/JuanitoFatas/fast-ruby#stringgsub-vs-stringtr-code

Performance/TimesMap

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes (Unsafe)	0.36	0.50

This cop checks for .times.map calls. In most cases such calls can be replaced with an explicit array creation.

Examples

# bad
9.times.map do |i|
  i.to_s
end

# good
Array.new(9) do |i|
  i.to_s
end

Configurable attributes

Name	Default value	Configurable values
AutoCorrect	false	Boolean

Performance/UnfreezeString

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	No	0.50	-

In Ruby 2.3 or later, use unary plus operator to unfreeze a string literal instead of String#dup and String.new. Unary plus operator is faster than String#dup.

Note: String.new (without operator) is not exactly the same as +''. These differ in encoding. String.new.encoding is always ASCII-8BIT. However, (+'').encoding is the same as script encoding(e.g. UTF-8). So, if you expect ASCII-8BIT encoding, disable this cop.

Examples

# bad
''.dup
"something".dup
String.new
String.new('')
String.new('something')

# good
+'something'
+''

Performance/UriDefaultParser

Enabled by default	Safe	Supports autocorrection	VersionAdded	VersionChanged
Enabled	Yes	Yes	0.50	-

This cop identifies places where URI::Parser.new can be replaced by URI::DEFAULT_PARSER.

Examples

# bad
URI::Parser.new

# good
URI::DEFAULT_PARSER