This section describes how the test suite structure created from the parsed test data is executed, how test status is determined, and how to continue executing a test case if there are failures, and how to stop the whole test execution gracefully.
Test cases are always executed within a test suite. A test suite created from a test case file has tests directly, whereas suites created from directories have child test suites which either have tests or their own child suites. By default all the tests in an executed suite are run, but it is possible to select tests using options --test, --suite, --include and --exclude. Suites containing no tests are ignored.
The execution starts from the top-level test suite. If the suite has tests they are executed one-by-one, and if it has suites they are executed recursively in depth-first order. When an individual test case is executed, the keywords it contains are run in a sequence. Normally the execution of the current test ends if any of the keywords fails, but it is also possible to continue after failures. The exact execution order and how possible setups and teardowns affect the execution are discussed in the following sections.
Setups and teardowns can be used on test suite, test case and user keyword levels.
If a test suite has a setup, it is executed before its tests and child suites. If the suite setup passes, test execution continues normally. If it fails, all the test cases the suite and its child suites contain are marked failed. The tests and possible suite setups and teardowns in the child test suites are not executed.
Suite setups are often used for setting up the test environment. Because tests are not run if the suite setup fails, it is easy to use suite setups for verifying that the environment is in state in which the tests can be executed.
If a test suite has a teardown, it is executed after all its test cases and child suites. Suite teardowns are executed regardless of the test status and even if the matching suite setup fails. If the suite teardown fails, all tests in the suite are marked failed afterwards in reports and logs.
Suite teardowns are mostly used for cleaning up the test environment after the execution. To ensure that all these tasks are done, all the keywords used in the teardown are executed even if some of them fail.
Possible test setup is executed before the keywords of the test case. If the setup fails, the keywords are not executed. The main use for test setups is setting up the environment for that particular test case.
Possible test teardown is executed after the test case has been executed. It is executed regardless of the test status and also if test setup has failed.
Similarly as suite teardown, test teardowns are used mainly for cleanup activities. Also they are executed fully even if some of their keywords fail.
User keywords cannot have setups, but they can have teardowns that work exactly like other teardowns. Keyword teardowns are run after the keyword is executed otherwise, regardless the status, and they are executed fully even if some of their keywords fail.
Test cases in a test suite are executed in the same order as they are defined in the test case file. Test suites inside a higher level test suite are executed in case-insensitive alphabetical order based on the file or directory name. If multiple files and/or directories are given from the command line, they are executed in the order they are given.
If there is a need to use certain test suite execution order inside a directory, it is possible to add prefixes like 01 and 02 into file and directory names. Such prefixes are not included in the generated test suite name if they are separated from the base name of the suite with two underscores:
01__my_suite.robot -> My Suite
02__another_suite.robot -> Another SuiteIf the alphabetical ordering of test suites inside suites is problematic, a good workaround is giving them separately in the required order. This easily leads to overly long start-up commands, but argument files allow listing files nicely one file per line.
It is also possible to randomize the execution order using the --randomize option.
This section explains how tests can get PASS, FAIL or SKIP status and how the suite status is determined based on test statuses.
Note
The SKIP status is new in Robot Framework 4.0.
A test gets the PASS status if it is executed and none of the keywords it contains fails.
Normally all keywords are executed, but it is also possible to use BuiltIn keywords Pass Execution and Pass Execution If to stop execution with the PASS status and not run the remaining keywords.
How Pass Execution and Pass Execution If behave in different situations is explained below:
- When used in any setup or teardown (suite, test or keyword), these keywords pass that setup or teardown. Possible teardowns of the started keywords are executed. Test execution or statuses are not affected otherwise.
- When used in a test case outside setup or teardown, the keywords pass that particular test case. Possible test and keyword teardowns are executed.
- Possible continuable failures that occur before these keyword are used, as well as failures in teardowns executed afterwards, will fail the execution.
- It is mandatory to give an explanation message why execution was interrupted, and it is also possible to modify test case tags. For more details, and usage examples, see the documentation of these keywords.
Passing execution in the middle of a test, setup or teardown should be used with care. In the worst case it leads to tests that skip all the parts that could actually uncover problems in the tested application. In cases where execution cannot continue do to external factors, it is often safer to skip the test.
The most common reason for a test to get the FAIL status is that one of the keywords it contains fails. The keyword itself can fail by raising an exception or the keyword can be called incorrectly. Other reasons for failures include syntax errors and the test being empty.
If a suite setup fails, tests in that suite are marked failed without running them. If a suite teardown fails, tests are marked failed retroactively.
Starting from Robot Framework 4.0, tests can get also SKIP status in addition to PASS and FAIL. There are many different ways to get this status.
The command line option --skip can be used to skip specified tests without running them at all. It works based on tags and supports tag patterns like examp?? and tagANDanother. If it is used multiple times, all tests matching any of specified tags or tag patterns are skipped:
--skip require-network
--skip windowsANDversion9?
--skip python2.* --skip python3.[0-6]Starting from Robot Framework 5.0, a test case can also be skipped by tagging the test with the reserved tag `robot:skip`:
robotframework
* Test Cases* Example [Tags] robot:skip Log This is not executed
The difference between --skip and --exclude is that with the latter tests are omitted from the execution altogether and they will not be shown in logs and reports. With the former they are included, but not actually executed, and they will be visible in logs and reports.
Tests can get the skip status during execution in various ways:
- Using the BuiltIn keyword
Skipanywhere in the test case, including setup or teardown. UsingSkipkeyword has two effects: the test gets the SKIP status and rest of the test is not executed. However, if the test has a teardown, it will be run. - Using the BuiltIn keyword
Skip Ifwhich takes a condition and skips the test if the condition is true. - Library keywords may also trigger skip behavior by using a special exceptions. This is explained the Skipping tests section in the Creating test libraries chapter.
- If suite setup is skipped using any of the above means, all tests in the suite are skipped without executing them.
- If suite teardown is skipped, all tests will be marked skipped retroactively.
The command line option --skiponfailure can be used to automatically mark failed tests skipped. It works based on tags and supports tag patterns like the --skip option discussed above:
--skiponfailure not-ready
--skiponfailure experimentalANDmobileStarting from RF 5.0, the reserved tag robot:skip-on-failure can alternatively be used to achieve the same effect as above:
robotframework
* Test Cases* Example [Tags] robot:skip-on-failure Fail this test will be marked as skipped instead of failed
The motivation for this functionality is allowing execution of tests that are not yet ready or that are testing a functionality that is not yet ready. Instead of such tests failing, they will be marked skipped and their tags can be used to separate them from possible other skipped tests.
Earlier Robot Framework versions supported criticality concept that allowed marking tests critical or non-critical. By default all tests were critical, but the --critical and --noncritical options could be used to configure that. The difference between critical and non-critical tests was that non-critical tests were not included when determining the final status for an executed test suite or for the whole test run. In practice the test status was two dimensional having PASS and FAIL in one axis and criticality on the other.
Non-critical failed tests were in many ways similar to the current skipped tests. Because these features are similar and having both SKIP and criticality would have created strange test statuses like non-critical SKIP, the criticality concept was removed in Robot Framework 4.0 when the SKIP status was introduced. The problems with criticality are explained in more detail in the issue that proposed removing it.
The main use case for the criticality concept was being able to run tests that are not yet ready or that are testing a functionality that is not yet ready. This use case is nowadays covered by the skip-on-failure functionality discussed in the previous section.
To ease migrating from criticality to skipping, the old --noncritical option worked as an alias for the new --skiponfailure in Robot Framework 4.0 and also the old --critical option was preserved. Both old options were deprecated and they were removed in Robot Framework 5.0.
Suite status is determined solely based on statuses of the tests it contains:
- If any test has failed, suite status is FAIL.
- If there are no failures but at least one test has passed, suite status is PASS.
- If all tests have been skipped or the are no tests at all, suite status is SKIP.
Normally test cases are stopped immediately when any of their keywords fail. This behavior shortens test execution time and prevents subsequent keywords hanging or otherwise causing problems if the system under test is in unstable state. This has a drawback that often subsequent keywords would give more information about the state of the system, though, and in some cases those subsequent keywords would actually take care of the needed cleanup activities. Hence Robot Framework offers several features to continue even if there are failures.
To make it sure that all the cleanup activities are taken care of, the continue-on-failure mode is automatically enabled in suite, test and keyword teardowns. In practice this means that in teardowns all the keywords in all levels are always executed.
If this behavior is not desired, the special robot:stop-on-failure and robot:recursive-stop-on-failure tags can be used to disable it.
When using test templates, all the top-level keywords are executed to make it sure that all the different combinations are covered. In this usage continuing is limited to the top-level keywords, and inside them the execution ends normally if there are non-continuable failures.
robotframework
* Test Cases* Continue with templates [Template] Should be Equal this fails this is run
If this behavior is not desired, the special robot:stop-on-failure and robot:recursive-stop-on-failure tags can be used to disable it.
Library keywords report failures using exceptions, and it is possible to use special exceptions to tell Robot Framework that execution can continue regardless the failure. How these exceptions can be created is explained in the Continuable failures section in the Creating test libraries section.
When a test ends and there have been continuable failures, the test will be marked failed. If there are more than one failure, all of them will be enumerated in the final error message:
Several failures occurred:
1) First error message.
2) Second error message.Test execution ends also if a normal failure occurs after a continuable failure. Also in that case all the failures will be listed in the final error message.
The return value from failed keywords, possibly assigned to a variable, is always the Python None.
BuiltIn keyword Run Keyword And Continue On Failure allows converting any failure into a continuable failure. These failures are handled by the framework exactly the same way as continuable failures originating from library keywords discussed above.
robotframework
* Test Cases* Example Run Keyword and Continue on Failure Should be Equal 1 2 Log This is executed but test fails in the end
All keywords executed as part of test cases or user keywords which are tagged with the robot:continue-on-failure tag are considered continuable by default. For example, the following two tests behave identically:
robotframework
* Test Cases* Test 1 Run Keyword and Continue on Failure Should be Equal 1 2 User Keyword 1
- Test 2
[Tags] robot:continue-on-failure Should be Equal 1 2 User Keyword 2
* Keywords* User Keyword 1 Run Keyword and Continue on Failure Should be Equal 3 4 Log This is executed
- User Keyword 2
[Tags] robot:continue-on-failure Should be Equal 3 4 Log This is executed
These tags also affect the continue-on-failure mode with different control structures. For example, the below test case will execute the Do Something keyword ten times regardless does it succeed or not:
robotframework
* Test Cases* Example [Tags] robot:continue-on-failure FOR ${index} IN RANGE 10 Do Something END
Setting robot:continue-on-failure within a test case or a user keyword will not propagate the continue-on-failure behavior into user keywords they call. If such recursive behavior is needed, the robot:recursive-continue-on-failure tag can be used. For example, all keywords in the following example are executed:
robotframework
* Test Cases* Example [Tags] robot:recursive-continue-on-failure Should be Equal 1 2 User Keyword 1 Log This is executed
* Keywords* User Keyword 1 Should be Equal 3 4 User Keyword 2 Log This is executed
- User Keyword 2
Should be Equal 5 6 Log This is executed
Setting robot:continue-on-failure or robot:recursive-continue-on-failure in a test case does NOT alter the behaviour of a failure in the keyword(s) executed as part of the [Setup]: The test case is marked as failed and no test case keywords are executed.
Note
The robot:continue-on-failure and robot:recursive-continue-on-failure tags are new in Robot Framework 4.1. They do not work properly with WHILE loops prior to Robot Framework 6.0.
Special tags robot:stop-on-failure and robot:recursive-stop-on-failure can be used to disable the continue-on-failure mode if needed. They work when continue-on-failure has been enabled using tags and also with teardowns and templates:
robotframework
* Test Cases* Disable continue-in-failure set using tags [Tags] robot:recursive-continue-on-failure Keyword Keyword # This is executed
- Disable continue-in-failure in teardown
No Operation [Teardown] Keyword
- Disable continue-in-failure with templates
[Tags] robot:stop-on-failure [Template] Should be Equal this fails this is not run
* Keywords* Keyword [Tags] robot:stop-on-failure Should be Equal this fails Should be Equal this is not run
The robot:stop-on-failure tag affects only test cases and user keywords where it is used and does not propagate to user keywords they call nor to their own teardowns. If recursive behavior affecting all called user keywords and teardowns is desired, the robot:recursive-stop-on-failure tag can be used instead. If there is a need, its effect can again be disabled in lower level keywords by using robot:continue-on-failure or robot:recursive-continue-on-failure tags.
The robot:stop-on-failure and robot:recursive-stop-on-failure tags do not alter the behavior of continuable failures caused by library keywords or by Run Keyword And Continue On Failure. For example, both keywords in this example are run even though robot:stop-on-failure is used:
robotframework
* Test Cases* Example [Tags] robot:stop-on-failure Run Keyword and Continue on Failure Should be Equal 1 2 Log This is executed regardless the tag
Note
The robot:stop-on-failure and robot:recursive-stop-on-failure tags are new in Robot Framework 6.0.
Robot Framework 5.0 introduced native TRY/EXCEPT syntax that can be used for handling failures:
robotframework
* Test Cases* Example TRY Some Keyword EXCEPT Expected error message Error Handler Keyword END
For more details see the separate TRY/EXCEPT syntax section.
There are several BuiltIn keywords that can be used to execute other keywords so that execution can continue after possible failures:
Run Keyword And Expect Errorexecutes a keyword and expects it to fail with the specified error message. The aforementioned TRY/EXCEPT syntax is nowadays generally recommended instead.Run Keyword And Ignore Errorexecutes a keyword and silences possible error. It returns the status along with possible keyword return value or error message. The TRY/EXCEPT syntax generally works better in this case as well.Run Keyword And Warn On Failureis a wrapper forRun Keyword And Ignore Errorthat automatically logs a warning if the executed keyword fails.Run Keyword And Return Statusexecutes a keyword and returns Boolean True or False depending on did it pass or fail.
Sometimes there is a need to stop the test execution before all the tests have finished, but so that logs and reports are created. Different ways how to accomplish this are explained below. In all these cases the remaining test cases are marked failed.
The tests that are automatically failed get robot:exit tag and the generated report will include NOT robot:exit combined tag pattern to easily see those tests that were not skipped. Note that the test in which the exit happened does not get the robot:exit tag.
Note
Prior to Robot Framework 3.1, the special tag was named robot-exit.
The execution is stopped when Ctrl-C is pressed in the console where the tests are running. The execution is stopped immediately, but reports and logs are still generated.
If Ctrl-C is pressed again, the execution ends immediately and reports and logs are not created.
On UNIX-like machines it is possible to terminate test execution using signals INT and TERM. These signals can be sent from the command line using kill command, and sending signals can also be easily automated.
The execution can be stopped also by the executed keywords. There is a separate Fatal Error BuiltIn keyword for this purpose, and custom keywords can use fatal exceptions when they fail.
If option --exitonfailure (-X) is used, test execution stops immediately if any test fails. The remaining tests are marked as failed without actually executing them.
Robot Framework separates failures caused by failing keywords from errors caused by, for example, invalid settings or failed test library imports. By default these errors are reported as test execution errors, but errors themselves do not fail tests or affect execution otherwise. If --exitonerror option is used, however, all such errors are considered fatal and execution stopped so that remaining tests are marked failed. With parsing errors encountered before execution even starts, this means that no tests are actually run.
By default teardowns of the tests and suites that have been started are executed even if the test execution is stopped using one of the methods above. This allows clean-up activities to be run regardless how execution ends.
It is also possible to skip teardowns when execution is stopped by using --skipteardownonexit option. This can be useful if, for example, clean-up tasks take a lot of time.