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Target audience: Reading this document requires basic knowledge of python testing, xUnit setup methods and the (previous) basic pytest funcarg mechanism, see https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/historical-notes.html#funcargs-and-pytest-funcarg. If you are new to pytest, then you can simply ignore this section and read the other sections.
_pytest
The pre pytest-2.3 funcarg mechanism calls a factory each time a funcarg for a test function is required. If a factory wants to re-use a resource across different scopes, it often used the request.cached_setup()
helper to manage caching of resources. Here is a basic example how we could implement a per-session Database object:
# content of conftest.py
class Database(object):
def __init__(self):
print("database instance created")
def destroy(self):
print("database instance destroyed")
def pytest_funcarg__db(request):
return request.cached_setup(setup=DataBase,
teardown=lambda db: db.destroy,
scope="session")
There are several limitations and difficulties with this approach:
- Scoping funcarg resource creation is not straight forward, instead one must understand the intricate cached_setup() method mechanics.
- parametrizing the "db" resource is not straight forward: you need to apply a "parametrize" decorator or implement a :py
~hookspec.pytest_generate_tests
hook calling :py~python.Metafunc.parametrize
which performs parametrization at the places where the resource is used. Moreover, you need to modify the factory to use anextrakey
parameter containingrequest.param
to the :py~python.Request.cached_setup
call. - Multiple parametrized session-scoped resources will be active at the same time, making it hard for them to affect global state of the application under test.
- there is no way how you can make use of funcarg factories in xUnit setup methods.
- A non-parametrized fixture function cannot use a parametrized funcarg resource if it isn't stated in the test function signature.
All of these limitations are addressed with pytest-2.3 and its improved fixture mechanism <fixture>
.
Instead of calling cached_setup() with a cache scope, you can use the @pytest.fixture <pytest.fixture>
decorator and directly state the scope:
@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
def db(request):
# factory will only be invoked once per session -
db = DataBase()
request.addfinalizer(db.destroy) # destroy when session is finished
return db
This factory implementation does not need to call cached_setup()
anymore because it will only be invoked once per session. Moreover, the request.addfinalizer()
registers a finalizer according to the specified resource scope on which the factory function is operating.
Previously, funcarg factories could not directly cause parametrization. You needed to specify a @parametrize
decorator on your test function or implement a pytest_generate_tests
hook to perform parametrization, i.e. calling a test multiple times with different value sets. pytest-2.3 introduces a decorator for use on the factory itself:
@pytest.fixture(params=["mysql", "pg"])
def db(request):
... # use request.param
Here the factory will be invoked twice (with the respective "mysql" and "pg" values set as request.param
attributes) and all of the tests requiring "db" will run twice as well. The "mysql" and "pg" values will also be used for reporting the test-invocation variants.
This new way of parametrizing funcarg factories should in many cases allow to re-use already written factories because effectively request.param
was already used when test functions/classes were parametrized via :py~_pytest.python.Metafunc.parametrize(indirect=True)
calls.
Of course it's perfectly fine to combine parametrization and scoping:
@pytest.fixture(scope="session", params=["mysql", "pg"])
def db(request):
if request.param == "mysql":
db = MySQL()
elif request.param == "pg":
db = PG()
request.addfinalizer(db.destroy) # destroy when session is finished
return db
This would execute all tests requiring the per-session "db" resource twice, receiving the values created by the two respective invocations to the factory function.
When using the @fixture
decorator the name of the function denotes the name under which the resource can be accessed as a function argument:
@pytest.fixture()
def db(request):
...
The name under which the funcarg resource can be requested is db
.
You can still use the "old" non-decorator way of specifying funcarg factories aka:
def pytest_funcarg__db(request):
...
But it is then not possible to define scoping and parametrization. It is thus recommended to use the factory decorator.
pytest for a long time offered a pytest_configure and a pytest_sessionstart hook which are often used to setup global resources. This suffers from several problems:
- in distributed testing the managing process would setup test resources that are never needed because it only co-ordinates the test run activities of the slave processes.
- if you only perform a collection (with "--collect-only") resource-setup will still be executed.
- If a pytest_sessionstart is contained in some subdirectories conftest.py file, it will not be called. This stems from the fact that this hook is actually used for reporting, in particular the test-header with platform/custom information.
Moreover, it was not easy to define a scoped setup from plugins or conftest files other than to implement a pytest_runtest_setup()
hook and caring for scoping/caching yourself. And it's virtually impossible to do this with parametrization as pytest_runtest_setup()
is called during test execution and parametrization happens at collection time.
It follows that pytest_configure/session/runtest_setup are often not appropriate for implementing common fixture needs. Therefore, pytest-2.3 introduces autouse fixtures
which fully integrate with the generic fixture mechanism <fixture>
and obsolete many prior uses of pytest hooks.
Since pytest-2.3, discovery of fixture/funcarg factories are taken care of at collection time. This is more efficient especially for large test suites. Moreover, a call to "pytest --collect-only" should be able to in the future show a lot of setup-information and thus presents a nice method to get an overview of fixture management in your project.
funcargs were originally introduced to pytest-2.0. In pytest-2.3 the mechanism was extended and refined and is now described as fixtures:
- previously funcarg factories were specified with a special
pytest_funcarg__NAME
prefix instead of using the@pytest.fixture
decorator. - Factories received a
request
object which managed caching throughrequest.cached_setup()
calls and allowed using other funcargs viarequest.getfuncargvalue()
calls. These intricate APIs made it hard to do proper parametrization and implement resource caching. The new :pypytest.fixture
decorator allows to declare the scope and let pytest figure things out for you. - if you used parametrization and funcarg factories which made use of
request.cached_setup()
it is recommended to invest a few minutes and simplify your fixture function code to use the@pytest.fixture
decorator instead. This will also allow to take advantage of the automatic per-resource grouping of tests.