_page.py

# Copyright (c) 2006, Mathieu Fenniak
# Copyright (c) 2007, Ashish Kulkarni <kulkarni.ashish@gmail.com>
#
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
# met:
#
# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
# this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
# this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
# and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
# * The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
# derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
# AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
# ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
# LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
# CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
# SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
# INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
# CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
# ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
# POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

import math
import uuid
import warnings
from decimal import Decimal
from typing import (
    Any,
    Callable,
    Dict,
    Iterable,
    Iterator,
    List,
    Optional,
    Set,
    Tuple,
    Union,
    cast,
)

from ._cmap import build_char_map, unknown_char_map
from ._utils import (
    CompressedTransformationMatrix,
    File,
    TransformationMatrixType,
    deprecate_no_replacement,
    deprecate_with_replacement,
    logger_warning,
    matrix_multiply,
)
from .constants import AnnotationDictionaryAttributes as ADA
from .constants import ImageAttributes as IA
from .constants import PageAttributes as PG
from .constants import Ressources as RES
from .errors import PageSizeNotDefinedError
from .filters import _xobj_to_image
from .generic import (
    ArrayObject,
    ContentStream,
    DictionaryObject,
    EncodedStreamObject,
    FloatObject,
    IndirectObject,
    NameObject,
    NullObject,
    NumberObject,
    RectangleObject,
    TextStringObject,
    encode_pdfdocencoding,
)

CUSTOM_RTL_MIN: int = -1
CUSTOM_RTL_MAX: int = -1
CUSTOM_RTL_SPECIAL_CHARS: List[int] = []


def set_custom_rtl(
    _min: Union[str, int, None] = None,
    _max: Union[str, int, None] = None,
    specials: Union[str, List[int], None] = None,
) -> Tuple[int, int, List[int]]:
    """
    changes the Right-To-Left and special characters customed parameters:

    _min -> CUSTOM_RTL_MIN : None does not change the value ; int or str(converted to ascii code) ; -1 by default
    _max -> CUSTOM_RTL_MAX : None does not change the value ; int or str(converted to ascii code) ; -1 by default
        those values define a range of custom characters that will be written right to left ;
        [-1;-1] set no additional range to be converter

    specials -> CUSTOM_RTL_SPECIAL_CHARS: None does not change the current value; str to be converted to list or list of ascii codes ; [] by default
        list of codes that will inserted applying the current insertion order ; this consist normally in a list of punctuation characters
    """
    global CUSTOM_RTL_MIN, CUSTOM_RTL_MAX, CUSTOM_RTL_SPECIAL_CHARS
    if isinstance(_min, int):
        CUSTOM_RTL_MIN = _min
    elif isinstance(_min, str):
        CUSTOM_RTL_MIN = ord(_min)
    if isinstance(_max, int):
        CUSTOM_RTL_MAX = _max
    elif isinstance(_max, str):
        CUSTOM_RTL_MAX = ord(_max)
    if isinstance(specials, str):
        CUSTOM_RTL_SPECIAL_CHARS = [ord(x) for x in specials]
    elif isinstance(specials, list):
        CUSTOM_RTL_SPECIAL_CHARS = specials
    return CUSTOM_RTL_MIN, CUSTOM_RTL_MAX, CUSTOM_RTL_SPECIAL_CHARS


def _get_rectangle(self: Any, name: str, defaults: Iterable[str]) -> RectangleObject:
    retval: Union[None, RectangleObject, IndirectObject] = self.get(name)
    if isinstance(retval, RectangleObject):
        return retval
    if retval is None:
        for d in defaults:
            retval = self.get(d)
            if retval is not None:
                break
    if isinstance(retval, IndirectObject):
        retval = self.pdf.get_object(retval)
    retval = RectangleObject(retval)  # type: ignore
    _set_rectangle(self, name, retval)
    return retval


def getRectangle(
    self: Any, name: str, defaults: Iterable[str]
) -> RectangleObject:  # pragma: no cover
    deprecate_no_replacement("getRectangle")
    return _get_rectangle(self, name, defaults)


def _set_rectangle(self: Any, name: str, value: Union[RectangleObject, float]) -> None:
    name = NameObject(name)
    self[name] = value


def setRectangle(
    self: Any, name: str, value: Union[RectangleObject, float]
) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
    deprecate_no_replacement("setRectangle")
    _set_rectangle(self, name, value)


def _delete_rectangle(self: Any, name: str) -> None:
    del self[name]


def deleteRectangle(self: Any, name: str) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
    deprecate_no_replacement("deleteRectangle")
    del self[name]


def _create_rectangle_accessor(name: str, fallback: Iterable[str]) -> property:
    return property(
        lambda self: _get_rectangle(self, name, fallback),
        lambda self, value: _set_rectangle(self, name, value),
        lambda self: _delete_rectangle(self, name),
    )


def createRectangleAccessor(
    name: str, fallback: Iterable[str]
) -> property:  # pragma: no cover
    deprecate_no_replacement("createRectangleAccessor")
    return _create_rectangle_accessor(name, fallback)


class Transformation:
    """
    Specify a 2D transformation.

    The transformation between two coordinate systems is represented by a 3-by-3
    transformation matrix written as follows::

        a b 0
        c d 0
        e f 1

    Because a transformation matrix has only six elements that can be changed,
    it is usually specified in PDF as the six-element array [ a b c d e f ].

    Coordinate transformations are expressed as matrix multiplications::

                                 a b 0
     [ x′ y′ 1 ] = [ x y 1 ] ×   c d 0
                                 e f 1


    Usage
    -----

        >>> from PyPDF2 import Transformation
        >>> op = Transformation().scale(sx=2, sy=3).translate(tx=10, ty=20)
        >>> page.add_transformation(op)
    """

    # 9.5.4 Coordinate Systems for 3D
    # 4.2.2 Common Transformations
    def __init__(self, ctm: CompressedTransformationMatrix = (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0)):
        self.ctm = ctm

    @property
    def matrix(self) -> TransformationMatrixType:
        return (
            (self.ctm[0], self.ctm[1], 0),
            (self.ctm[2], self.ctm[3], 0),
            (self.ctm[4], self.ctm[5], 1),
        )

    @staticmethod
    def compress(matrix: TransformationMatrixType) -> CompressedTransformationMatrix:
        return (
            matrix[0][0],
            matrix[0][1],
            matrix[1][0],
            matrix[1][1],
            matrix[2][0],
            matrix[2][1],
        )

    def translate(self, tx: float = 0, ty: float = 0) -> "Transformation":
        m = self.ctm
        return Transformation(ctm=(m[0], m[1], m[2], m[3], m[4] + tx, m[5] + ty))

    def scale(
        self, sx: Optional[float] = None, sy: Optional[float] = None
    ) -> "Transformation":
        """
        Scale the contents of a page towards the origin of the coordinate system.

        Typically, that is the lower-left corner of the page. That can be
        changed by translating the contents / the page boxes.
        """
        if sx is None and sy is None:
            raise ValueError("Either sx or sy must be specified")
        if sx is None:
            sx = sy
        if sy is None:
            sy = sx
        assert sx is not None
        assert sy is not None
        op: TransformationMatrixType = ((sx, 0, 0), (0, sy, 0), (0, 0, 1))
        ctm = Transformation.compress(matrix_multiply(self.matrix, op))
        return Transformation(ctm)

    def rotate(self, rotation: float) -> "Transformation":
        rotation = math.radians(rotation)
        op: TransformationMatrixType = (
            (math.cos(rotation), math.sin(rotation), 0),
            (-math.sin(rotation), math.cos(rotation), 0),
            (0, 0, 1),
        )
        ctm = Transformation.compress(matrix_multiply(self.matrix, op))
        return Transformation(ctm)

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return f"Transformation(ctm={self.ctm})"

    def apply_on(
        self, pt: Union[Tuple[Decimal, Decimal], Tuple[float, float], List[float]]
    ) -> Union[Tuple[float, float], List[float]]:
        pt1 = (
            float(pt[0]) * self.ctm[0] + float(pt[1]) * self.ctm[2] + self.ctm[4],
            float(pt[0]) * self.ctm[1] + float(pt[1]) * self.ctm[3] + self.ctm[5],
        )
        return list(pt1) if isinstance(pt, list) else pt1


class PageObject(DictionaryObject):
    """
    PageObject represents a single page within a PDF file.

    Typically this object will be created by accessing the
    :meth:`get_page()<PyPDF2.PdfReader.get_page>` method of the
    :class:`PdfReader<PyPDF2.PdfReader>` class, but it is
    also possible to create an empty page with the
    :meth:`create_blank_page()<PyPDF2._page.PageObject.create_blank_page>` static method.

    :param pdf: PDF file the page belongs to.
    :param indirect_reference: Stores the original indirect reference to
        this object in its source PDF
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        pdf: Optional[Any] = None,  # PdfReader
        indirect_reference: Optional[IndirectObject] = None,
        indirect_ref: Optional[IndirectObject] = None,
    ) -> None:
        from ._reader import PdfReader

        DictionaryObject.__init__(self)
        self.pdf: Optional[PdfReader] = pdf
        if indirect_ref is not None:  # deprecated
            warnings.warn(
                "Use indirect_reference instead of indirect_ref.", DeprecationWarning
            )
            if indirect_reference is not None:
                raise ValueError("Use indirect_reference instead of indirect_ref.")
            indirect_reference = indirect_ref
        self.indirect_reference = indirect_reference

    @property
    def indirect_ref(self) -> Optional[IndirectObject]:  # deprecated
        warnings.warn(
            "Use indirect_reference instead of indirect_ref.", DeprecationWarning
        )
        return self.indirect_reference

    @indirect_ref.setter
    def indirect_ref(self, value: Optional[IndirectObject]) -> None:  # deprecated
        self.indirect_reference = value

    def hash_value_data(self) -> bytes:
        data = super().hash_value_data()
        data += b"%d" % id(self)
        return data

    @property
    def user_unit(self) -> float:
        """
        A read-only positive number giving the size of user space units.

        It is in multiples of 1/72 inch. Hence a value of 1 means a user space
        unit is 1/72 inch, and a value of 3 means that a user space unit is
        3/72 inch.
        """
        return self.get(PG.USER_UNIT, 1)

    @staticmethod
    def create_blank_page(
        pdf: Optional[Any] = None,  # PdfReader
        width: Union[float, Decimal, None] = None,
        height: Union[float, Decimal, None] = None,
    ) -> "PageObject":
        """
        Return a new blank page.

        If ``width`` or ``height`` is ``None``, try to get the page size
        from the last page of *pdf*.

        :param pdf: PDF file the page belongs to
        :param float width: The width of the new page expressed in default user
            space units.
        :param float height: The height of the new page expressed in default user
            space units.
        :return: the new blank page
        :raises PageSizeNotDefinedError: if ``pdf`` is ``None`` or contains
            no page
        """
        page = PageObject(pdf)

        # Creates a new page (cf PDF Reference  7.7.3.3)
        page.__setitem__(NameObject(PG.TYPE), NameObject("/Page"))
        page.__setitem__(NameObject(PG.PARENT), NullObject())
        page.__setitem__(NameObject(PG.RESOURCES), DictionaryObject())
        if width is None or height is None:
            if pdf is not None and len(pdf.pages) > 0:
                lastpage = pdf.pages[len(pdf.pages) - 1]
                width = lastpage.mediabox.width
                height = lastpage.mediabox.height
            else:
                raise PageSizeNotDefinedError
        page.__setitem__(
            NameObject(PG.MEDIABOX), RectangleObject((0, 0, width, height))  # type: ignore
        )

        return page

    @staticmethod
    def createBlankPage(
        pdf: Optional[Any] = None,  # PdfReader
        width: Union[float, Decimal, None] = None,
        height: Union[float, Decimal, None] = None,
    ) -> "PageObject":  # pragma: no cover
        """
        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`create_blank_page` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement("createBlankPage", "create_blank_page")
        return PageObject.create_blank_page(pdf, width, height)

    @property
    def images(self) -> List[File]:
        """
        Get a list of all images of the page.

        This requires pillow. You can install it via 'pip install PyPDF2[image]'.

        For the moment, this does NOT include inline images. They will be added
        in future.
        """
        images_extracted: List[File] = []
        if RES.XOBJECT not in self[PG.RESOURCES]:  # type: ignore
            return images_extracted

        x_object = self[PG.RESOURCES][RES.XOBJECT].get_object()  # type: ignore
        for obj in x_object:
            if x_object[obj][IA.SUBTYPE] == "/Image":
                extension, byte_stream = _xobj_to_image(x_object[obj])
                if extension is not None:
                    filename = f"{obj[1:]}{extension}"
                    images_extracted.append(File(name=filename, data=byte_stream))
        return images_extracted

    @property
    def rotation(self) -> int:
        """
        The VISUAL rotation of the page.

        This number has to be a multiple of 90 degrees: 0,90,180,270
        This property does not affect "/Contents"
        """
        return int(self.get(PG.ROTATE, 0))

    @rotation.setter
    def rotation(self, r: Union[int, float]) -> None:
        self[NameObject(PG.ROTATE)] = NumberObject((((int(r) + 45) // 90) * 90) % 360)

    def transfer_rotation_to_content(self) -> None:
        """
        Apply the rotation of the page to the content and the media/crop/... boxes.

        It's recommended to apply this function before page merging.
        """
        r = -self.rotation  # rotation to apply is in the otherway
        self.rotation = 0
        mb = RectangleObject(self.mediabox)
        trsf = (
            Transformation()
            .translate(
                -float(mb.left + mb.width / 2), -float(mb.bottom + mb.height / 2)
            )
            .rotate(r)
        )
        pt1 = trsf.apply_on(mb.lower_left)
        pt2 = trsf.apply_on(mb.upper_right)
        trsf = trsf.translate(-min(pt1[0], pt2[0]), -min(pt1[1], pt2[1]))
        self.add_transformation(trsf, False)
        for b in ["/MediaBox", "/CropBox", "/BleedBox", "/TrimBox", "/ArtBox"]:
            if b in self:
                rr = RectangleObject(self[b])  # type: ignore
                pt1 = trsf.apply_on(rr.lower_left)
                pt2 = trsf.apply_on(rr.upper_right)
                self[NameObject(b)] = RectangleObject(
                    (
                        min(pt1[0], pt2[0]),
                        min(pt1[1], pt2[1]),
                        max(pt1[0], pt2[0]),
                        max(pt1[1], pt2[1]),
                    )
                )

    def rotate(self, angle: int) -> "PageObject":
        """
        Rotate a page clockwise by increments of 90 degrees.

        :param int angle: Angle to rotate the page.  Must be an increment
            of 90 deg.
        """
        if angle % 90 != 0:
            raise ValueError("Rotation angle must be a multiple of 90")
        rotate_obj = self.get(PG.ROTATE, 0)
        current_angle = (
            rotate_obj if isinstance(rotate_obj, int) else rotate_obj.get_object()
        )
        self[NameObject(PG.ROTATE)] = NumberObject(current_angle + angle)
        return self

    def rotate_clockwise(self, angle: int) -> "PageObject":  # pragma: no cover
        deprecate_with_replacement("rotate_clockwise", "rotate")
        return self.rotate(angle)

    def rotateClockwise(self, angle: int) -> "PageObject":  # pragma: no cover
        """
        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`rotate_clockwise` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement("rotateClockwise", "rotate")
        return self.rotate(angle)

    def rotateCounterClockwise(self, angle: int) -> "PageObject":  # pragma: no cover
        """
        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`rotate_clockwise` with a negative argument instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement("rotateCounterClockwise", "rotate")
        return self.rotate(-angle)

    @staticmethod
    def _merge_resources(
        res1: DictionaryObject, res2: DictionaryObject, resource: Any
    ) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], Dict[str, Any]]:
        new_res = DictionaryObject()
        new_res.update(res1.get(resource, DictionaryObject()).get_object())
        page2res = cast(
            DictionaryObject, res2.get(resource, DictionaryObject()).get_object()
        )
        rename_res = {}
        for key in list(page2res.keys()):
            if key in new_res and new_res.raw_get(key) != page2res.raw_get(key):
                newname = NameObject(key + str(uuid.uuid4()))
                rename_res[key] = newname
                new_res[newname] = page2res[key]
            elif key not in new_res:
                new_res[key] = page2res.raw_get(key)
        return new_res, rename_res

    @staticmethod
    def _content_stream_rename(
        stream: ContentStream, rename: Dict[Any, Any], pdf: Any  # PdfReader
    ) -> ContentStream:
        if not rename:
            return stream
        stream = ContentStream(stream, pdf)
        for operands, _operator in stream.operations:
            if isinstance(operands, list):
                for i in range(len(operands)):
                    op = operands[i]
                    if isinstance(op, NameObject):
                        operands[i] = rename.get(op, op)
            elif isinstance(operands, dict):
                for i in operands:
                    op = operands[i]
                    if isinstance(op, NameObject):
                        operands[i] = rename.get(op, op)
            else:
                raise KeyError(f"type of operands is {type(operands)}")
        return stream

    @staticmethod
    def _push_pop_gs(contents: Any, pdf: Any) -> ContentStream:  # PdfReader
        # adds a graphics state "push" and "pop" to the beginning and end
        # of a content stream.  This isolates it from changes such as
        # transformation matricies.
        stream = ContentStream(contents, pdf)
        stream.operations.insert(0, ([], "q"))
        stream.operations.append(([], "Q"))
        return stream

    @staticmethod
    def _add_transformation_matrix(
        contents: Any, pdf: Any, ctm: CompressedTransformationMatrix
    ) -> ContentStream:  # PdfReader
        # adds transformation matrix at the beginning of the given
        # contents stream.
        a, b, c, d, e, f = ctm
        contents = ContentStream(contents, pdf)
        contents.operations.insert(
            0,
            [
                [
                    FloatObject(a),
                    FloatObject(b),
                    FloatObject(c),
                    FloatObject(d),
                    FloatObject(e),
                    FloatObject(f),
                ],
                " cm",
            ],
        )
        return contents

    def get_contents(self) -> Optional[ContentStream]:
        """
        Access the page contents.

        :return: the ``/Contents`` object, or ``None`` if it doesn't exist.
            ``/Contents`` is optional, as described in PDF Reference  7.7.3.3
        """
        if PG.CONTENTS in self:
            return self[PG.CONTENTS].get_object()  # type: ignore
        else:
            return None

    def getContents(self) -> Optional[ContentStream]:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`get_contents` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement("getContents", "get_contents")
        return self.get_contents()

    def merge_page(self, page2: "PageObject", expand: bool = False) -> None:
        """
        Merge the content streams of two pages into one.

        Resource references
        (i.e. fonts) are maintained from both pages.  The mediabox/cropbox/etc
        of this page are not altered.  The parameter page's content stream will
        be added to the end of this page's content stream, meaning that it will
        be drawn after, or "on top" of this page.

        :param PageObject page2: The page to be merged into this one. Should be
            an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
        :param bool expand: If true, the current page dimensions will be
            expanded to accommodate the dimensions of the page to be merged.
        """
        self._merge_page(page2, expand=expand)

    def mergePage(self, page2: "PageObject") -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`merge_page` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement("mergePage", "merge_page")
        return self.merge_page(page2)

    def _merge_page(
        self,
        page2: "PageObject",
        page2transformation: Optional[Callable[[Any], ContentStream]] = None,
        ctm: Optional[CompressedTransformationMatrix] = None,
        expand: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        # First we work on merging the resource dictionaries.  This allows us
        # to find out what symbols in the content streams we might need to
        # rename.

        new_resources = DictionaryObject()
        rename = {}
        try:
            original_resources = cast(DictionaryObject, self[PG.RESOURCES].get_object())
        except KeyError:
            original_resources = DictionaryObject()
        try:
            page2resources = cast(DictionaryObject, page2[PG.RESOURCES].get_object())
        except KeyError:
            page2resources = DictionaryObject()
        new_annots = ArrayObject()

        for page in (self, page2):
            if PG.ANNOTS in page:
                annots = page[PG.ANNOTS]
                if isinstance(annots, ArrayObject):
                    for ref in annots:
                        new_annots.append(ref)

        for res in (
            RES.EXT_G_STATE,
            RES.FONT,
            RES.XOBJECT,
            RES.COLOR_SPACE,
            RES.PATTERN,
            RES.SHADING,
            RES.PROPERTIES,
        ):
            new, newrename = PageObject._merge_resources(
                original_resources, page2resources, res
            )
            if new:
                new_resources[NameObject(res)] = new
                rename.update(newrename)

        # Combine /ProcSet sets.
        new_resources[NameObject(RES.PROC_SET)] = ArrayObject(
            frozenset(
                original_resources.get(RES.PROC_SET, ArrayObject()).get_object()
            ).union(
                frozenset(page2resources.get(RES.PROC_SET, ArrayObject()).get_object())
            )
        )

        new_content_array = ArrayObject()

        original_content = self.get_contents()
        if original_content is not None:
            new_content_array.append(
                PageObject._push_pop_gs(original_content, self.pdf)
            )

        page2content = page2.get_contents()
        if page2content is not None:
            page2content = ContentStream(page2content, self.pdf)
            rect = page2.trimbox
            page2content.operations.insert(
                0,
                (
                    map(
                        FloatObject,
                        [
                            rect.left,
                            rect.bottom,
                            rect.width,
                            rect.height,
                        ],
                    ),
                    "re",
                ),
            )
            page2content.operations.insert(1, ([], "W"))
            page2content.operations.insert(2, ([], "n"))
            if page2transformation is not None:
                page2content = page2transformation(page2content)
            page2content = PageObject._content_stream_rename(
                page2content, rename, self.pdf
            )
            page2content = PageObject._push_pop_gs(page2content, self.pdf)
            new_content_array.append(page2content)

        # if expanding the page to fit a new page, calculate the new media box size
        if expand:
            self._expand_mediabox(page2, ctm)

        self[NameObject(PG.CONTENTS)] = ContentStream(new_content_array, self.pdf)
        self[NameObject(PG.RESOURCES)] = new_resources
        self[NameObject(PG.ANNOTS)] = new_annots

    def _expand_mediabox(
        self, page2: "PageObject", ctm: Optional[CompressedTransformationMatrix]
    ) -> None:
        corners1 = (
            self.mediabox.left.as_numeric(),
            self.mediabox.bottom.as_numeric(),
            self.mediabox.right.as_numeric(),
            self.mediabox.top.as_numeric(),
        )
        corners2 = (
            page2.mediabox.left.as_numeric(),
            page2.mediabox.bottom.as_numeric(),
            page2.mediabox.left.as_numeric(),
            page2.mediabox.top.as_numeric(),
            page2.mediabox.right.as_numeric(),
            page2.mediabox.top.as_numeric(),
            page2.mediabox.right.as_numeric(),
            page2.mediabox.bottom.as_numeric(),
        )
        if ctm is not None:
            ctm = tuple(float(x) for x in ctm)  # type: ignore[assignment]
            new_x = tuple(
                ctm[0] * corners2[i] + ctm[2] * corners2[i + 1] + ctm[4]
                for i in range(0, 8, 2)
            )
            new_y = tuple(
                ctm[1] * corners2[i] + ctm[3] * corners2[i + 1] + ctm[5]
                for i in range(0, 8, 2)
            )
        else:
            new_x = corners2[0:8:2]
            new_y = corners2[1:8:2]
        lowerleft = (min(new_x), min(new_y))
        upperright = (max(new_x), max(new_y))
        lowerleft = (min(corners1[0], lowerleft[0]), min(corners1[1], lowerleft[1]))
        upperright = (
            max(corners1[2], upperright[0]),
            max(corners1[3], upperright[1]),
        )

        self.mediabox.lower_left = lowerleft
        self.mediabox.upper_right = upperright

    def mergeTransformedPage(
        self,
        page2: "PageObject",
        ctm: Union[CompressedTransformationMatrix, Transformation],
        expand: bool = False,
    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        mergeTransformedPage is similar to merge_page, but a transformation
        matrix is applied to the merged stream.

        :param PageObject page2: The page to be merged into this one. Should be
            an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
        :param tuple ctm: a 6-element tuple containing the operands of the
            transformation matrix
        :param bool expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the dimensions
            of the page to be merged.

        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`add_transformation`  and :meth:`merge_page` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement(
            "page.mergeTransformedPage(page2, ctm)",
            "page2.add_transformation(ctm); page.merge_page(page2)",
        )
        if isinstance(ctm, Transformation):
            ctm = ctm.ctm
        ctm = cast(CompressedTransformationMatrix, ctm)
        self._merge_page(
            page2,
            lambda page2Content: PageObject._add_transformation_matrix(
                page2Content, page2.pdf, ctm  # type: ignore[arg-type]
            ),
            ctm,
            expand,
        )

    def mergeScaledPage(
        self, page2: "PageObject", scale: float, expand: bool = False
    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        mergeScaledPage is similar to merge_page, but the stream to be merged
        is scaled by applying a transformation matrix.

        :param PageObject page2: The page to be merged into this one. Should be
            an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
        :param float scale: The scaling factor
        :param bool expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the
            dimensions of the page to be merged.

        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`add_transformation` and :meth:`merge_page` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement(
            "page.mergeScaledPage(page2, scale, expand)",
            "page2.add_transformation(Transformation().scale(scale)); page.merge_page(page2, expand)",
        )
        op = Transformation().scale(scale, scale)
        self.mergeTransformedPage(page2, op, expand)

    def mergeRotatedPage(
        self, page2: "PageObject", rotation: float, expand: bool = False
    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        mergeRotatedPage is similar to merge_page, but the stream to be merged
        is rotated by applying a transformation matrix.

        :param PageObject page2: the page to be merged into this one. Should be
            an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
        :param float rotation: The angle of the rotation, in degrees
        :param bool expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the
            dimensions of the page to be merged.

        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`add_transformation` and :meth:`merge_page` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement(
            "page.mergeRotatedPage(page2, rotation, expand)",
            "page2.add_transformation(Transformation().rotate(rotation)); page.merge_page(page2, expand)",
        )
        op = Transformation().rotate(rotation)
        self.mergeTransformedPage(page2, op, expand)

    def mergeTranslatedPage(
        self, page2: "PageObject", tx: float, ty: float, expand: bool = False
    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        mergeTranslatedPage is similar to merge_page, but the stream to be
        merged is translated by applying a transformation matrix.

        :param PageObject page2: the page to be merged into this one. Should be
            an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
        :param float tx: The translation on X axis
        :param float ty: The translation on Y axis
        :param bool expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the
            dimensions of the page to be merged.

        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`add_transformation` and :meth:`merge_page` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement(
            "page.mergeTranslatedPage(page2, tx, ty, expand)",
            "page2.add_transformation(Transformation().translate(tx, ty)); page.merge_page(page2, expand)",
        )
        op = Transformation().translate(tx, ty)
        self.mergeTransformedPage(page2, op, expand)

    def mergeRotatedTranslatedPage(
        self,
        page2: "PageObject",
        rotation: float,
        tx: float,
        ty: float,
        expand: bool = False,
    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        mergeRotatedTranslatedPage is similar to merge_page, but the stream to
        be merged is rotated and translated by applying a transformation matrix.

        :param PageObject page2: the page to be merged into this one. Should be
            an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
        :param float tx: The translation on X axis
        :param float ty: The translation on Y axis
        :param float rotation: The angle of the rotation, in degrees
        :param bool expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the
            dimensions of the page to be merged.

        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`add_transformation` and :meth:`merge_page` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement(
            "page.mergeRotatedTranslatedPage(page2, rotation, tx, ty, expand)",
            "page2.add_transformation(Transformation().rotate(rotation).translate(tx, ty)); page.merge_page(page2, expand)",
        )
        op = Transformation().translate(-tx, -ty).rotate(rotation).translate(tx, ty)
        return self.mergeTransformedPage(page2, op, expand)

    def mergeRotatedScaledPage(
        self, page2: "PageObject", rotation: float, scale: float, expand: bool = False
    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        mergeRotatedScaledPage is similar to merge_page, but the stream to be
        merged is rotated and scaled by applying a transformation matrix.

        :param PageObject page2: the page to be merged into this one. Should be
            an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
        :param float rotation: The angle of the rotation, in degrees
        :param float scale: The scaling factor
        :param bool expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the
            dimensions of the page to be merged.

        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`add_transformation` and :meth:`merge_page` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement(
            "page.mergeRotatedScaledPage(page2, rotation, scale, expand)",
            "page2.add_transformation(Transformation().rotate(rotation).scale(scale)); page.merge_page(page2, expand)",
        )
        op = Transformation().rotate(rotation).scale(scale, scale)
        self.mergeTransformedPage(page2, op, expand)

    def mergeScaledTranslatedPage(
        self,
        page2: "PageObject",
        scale: float,
        tx: float,
        ty: float,
        expand: bool = False,
    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        mergeScaledTranslatedPage is similar to merge_page, but the stream to be
        merged is translated and scaled by applying a transformation matrix.

        :param PageObject page2: the page to be merged into this one. Should be
            an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
        :param float scale: The scaling factor
        :param float tx: The translation on X axis
        :param float ty: The translation on Y axis
        :param bool expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the
            dimensions of the page to be merged.

        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`add_transformation` and :meth:`merge_page` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement(
            "page.mergeScaledTranslatedPage(page2, scale, tx, ty, expand)",
            "page2.add_transformation(Transformation().scale(scale).translate(tx, ty)); page.merge_page(page2, expand)",
        )
        op = Transformation().scale(scale, scale).translate(tx, ty)
        return self.mergeTransformedPage(page2, op, expand)

    def mergeRotatedScaledTranslatedPage(
        self,
        page2: "PageObject",
        rotation: float,
        scale: float,
        tx: float,
        ty: float,
        expand: bool = False,
    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        mergeRotatedScaledTranslatedPage is similar to merge_page, but the
        stream to be merged is translated, rotated and scaled by applying a
        transformation matrix.

        :param PageObject page2: the page to be merged into this one. Should be
            an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
        :param float tx: The translation on X axis
        :param float ty: The translation on Y axis
        :param float rotation: The angle of the rotation, in degrees
        :param float scale: The scaling factor
        :param bool expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the
            dimensions of the page to be merged.

        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`add_transformation` and :meth:`merge_page` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement(
            "page.mergeRotatedScaledTranslatedPage(page2, rotation, tx, ty, expand)",
            "page2.add_transformation(Transformation().rotate(rotation).scale(scale)); page.merge_page(page2, expand)",
        )
        op = Transformation().rotate(rotation).scale(scale, scale).translate(tx, ty)
        self.mergeTransformedPage(page2, op, expand)

    def add_transformation(
        self,
        ctm: Union[Transformation, CompressedTransformationMatrix],
        expand: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Apply a transformation matrix to the page.

        :param tuple ctm: A 6-element tuple containing the operands of the
            transformation matrix. Alternatively, a
            :py:class:`Transformation<PyPDF2.Transformation>`
            object can be passed.

        See :doc:`/user/cropping-and-transforming`.
        """
        if isinstance(ctm, Transformation):
            ctm = ctm.ctm
        content = self.get_contents()
        if content is not None:
            content = PageObject._add_transformation_matrix(content, self.pdf, ctm)
            content = PageObject._push_pop_gs(content, self.pdf)
            self[NameObject(PG.CONTENTS)] = content
        # if expanding the page to fit a new page, calculate the new media box size
        if expand:
            corners = [
                self.mediabox.left.as_numeric(),
                self.mediabox.bottom.as_numeric(),
                self.mediabox.left.as_numeric(),
                self.mediabox.top.as_numeric(),
                self.mediabox.right.as_numeric(),
                self.mediabox.top.as_numeric(),
                self.mediabox.right.as_numeric(),
                self.mediabox.bottom.as_numeric(),
            ]

            ctm = tuple(float(x) for x in ctm)  # type: ignore[assignment]
            new_x = [
                ctm[0] * corners[i] + ctm[2] * corners[i + 1] + ctm[4]
                for i in range(0, 8, 2)
            ]
            new_y = [
                ctm[1] * corners[i] + ctm[3] * corners[i + 1] + ctm[5]
                for i in range(0, 8, 2)
            ]

            lowerleft = (min(new_x), min(new_y))
            upperright = (max(new_x), max(new_y))
            lowerleft = (min(corners[0], lowerleft[0]), min(corners[1], lowerleft[1]))
            upperright = (
                max(corners[2], upperright[0]),
                max(corners[3], upperright[1]),
            )

            self.mediabox.lower_left = lowerleft
            self.mediabox.upper_right = upperright

    def addTransformation(
        self, ctm: CompressedTransformationMatrix
    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`add_transformation` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement("addTransformation", "add_transformation")
        self.add_transformation(ctm)

    def scale(self, sx: float, sy: float) -> None:
        """
        Scale a page by the given factors by applying a transformation
        matrix to its content and updating the page size.

        This updates the mediabox, the cropbox, and the contents
        of the page.

        :param float sx: The scaling factor on horizontal axis.
        :param float sy: The scaling factor on vertical axis.
        """
        self.add_transformation((sx, 0, 0, sy, 0, 0))
        self.cropbox = self.cropbox.scale(sx, sy)
        self.artbox = self.artbox.scale(sx, sy)
        self.bleedbox = self.bleedbox.scale(sx, sy)
        self.trimbox = self.trimbox.scale(sx, sy)
        self.mediabox = self.mediabox.scale(sx, sy)

        if PG.ANNOTS in self:
            annotations = self[PG.ANNOTS]
            if isinstance(annotations, ArrayObject):
                for annotation in annotations:
                    annotation_obj = annotation.get_object()
                    if ADA.Rect in annotation_obj:
                        rectangle = annotation_obj[ADA.Rect]
                        if isinstance(rectangle, ArrayObject):
                            rectangle[0] = FloatObject(float(rectangle[0]) * sx)
                            rectangle[1] = FloatObject(float(rectangle[1]) * sy)
                            rectangle[2] = FloatObject(float(rectangle[2]) * sx)
                            rectangle[3] = FloatObject(float(rectangle[3]) * sy)

        if PG.VP in self:
            viewport = self[PG.VP]
            if isinstance(viewport, ArrayObject):
                bbox = viewport[0]["/BBox"]
            else:
                bbox = viewport["/BBox"]  # type: ignore
            scaled_bbox = RectangleObject(
                (
                    float(bbox[0]) * sx,
                    float(bbox[1]) * sy,
                    float(bbox[2]) * sx,
                    float(bbox[3]) * sy,
                )
            )
            if isinstance(viewport, ArrayObject):
                self[NameObject(PG.VP)][NumberObject(0)][  # type: ignore
                    NameObject("/BBox")
                ] = scaled_bbox
            else:
                self[NameObject(PG.VP)][NameObject("/BBox")] = scaled_bbox  # type: ignore

    def scale_by(self, factor: float) -> None:
        """
        Scale a page by the given factor by applying a transformation
        matrix to its content and updating the page size.

        :param float factor: The scaling factor (for both X and Y axis).
        """
        self.scale(factor, factor)

    def scaleBy(self, factor: float) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`scale_by` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement("scaleBy", "scale_by")
        self.scale(factor, factor)

    def scale_to(self, width: float, height: float) -> None:
        """
        Scale a page to the specified dimensions by applying a
        transformation matrix to its content and updating the page size.

        :param float width: The new width.
        :param float height: The new height.
        """
        sx = width / float(self.mediabox.width)
        sy = height / float(self.mediabox.height)
        self.scale(sx, sy)

    def scaleTo(self, width: float, height: float) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`scale_to` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement("scaleTo", "scale_to")
        self.scale_to(width, height)

    def compress_content_streams(self) -> None:
        """
        Compress the size of this page by joining all content streams and
        applying a FlateDecode filter.

        However, it is possible that this function will perform no action if
        content stream compression becomes "automatic".
        """
        content = self.get_contents()
        if content is not None:
            if not isinstance(content, ContentStream):
                content = ContentStream(content, self.pdf)
            self[NameObject(PG.CONTENTS)] = content.flate_encode()

    def compressContentStreams(self) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`compress_content_streams` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement("compressContentStreams", "compress_content_streams")
        self.compress_content_streams()

    def _extract_text_old(
        self, Tj_sep: str = "", TJ_sep: str = ""
    ) -> str:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        Locate all text drawing commands, in the order they are provided in the
        content stream, and extract the text.  This works well for some PDF
        files, but poorly for others, depending on the generator used.  This will
        be refined in the future.  Do not rely on the order of text coming out of
        this function, as it will change if this function is made more
        sophisticated.

        :return: a string object.
        """
        text = ""
        content = self[PG.CONTENTS].get_object()
        if not isinstance(content, ContentStream):
            content = ContentStream(content, self.pdf)
        # Note: we check all strings are TextStringObjects.  ByteStringObjects
        # are strings where the byte->string encoding was unknown, so adding
        # them to the text here would be gibberish.

        space_scale = 1.0

        for operands, operator in content.operations:
            # Missing operators:
            #   Tf: text font
            #  Tfs: text font size
            #   Tc: '5.2.1 Character Spacing'
            #   Th: '5.2.3 Horizontal Scaling'
            #   Tl: '5.2.4 Leading'
            # Tmode: '5.2.5 Text Rendering Mode'
            # Trise: '5.2.6 Text Rise'

            if operator in [b"Tf", b"Tfs", b"Tc", b"Th", b"Tl", b"Tmode"]:
                pass
            elif operator == b"Tw":  # word spacing
                # See '5.2.2 Word Spacing'
                space_scale = 1.0 + float(operands[0])
            elif operator == b"Tj":
                # See 'TABLE 5.6 Text-showing operators'
                _text = operands[0]
                if isinstance(_text, TextStringObject):
                    text += Tj_sep
                    text += _text
                    text += "\n"
            elif operator == b"T*":
                # See 'TABLE 5.5 Text-positioning operators'
                text += "\n"
            elif operator == b"'":
                # See 'TABLE 5.6 Text-showing operators'
                text += "\n"
                _text = operands[0]
                if isinstance(_text, TextStringObject):
                    text += operands[0]
            elif operator == b'"':
                # See 'TABLE 5.6 Text-showing operators'
                _text = operands[2]
                if isinstance(_text, TextStringObject):
                    text += "\n"
                    text += _text
            elif operator == b"TJ":
                # See 'TABLE 5.6 Text-showing operators'
                for i in operands[0]:
                    if isinstance(i, TextStringObject):
                        text += TJ_sep
                        text += i
                    elif isinstance(i, (NumberObject, FloatObject)):
                        # a positive value decreases and the negative value increases
                        # space
                        if int(i) < -space_scale * 250:
                            if len(text) == 0 or text[-1] != " ":
                                text += " "
                        else:
                            if len(text) > 1 and text[-1] == " ":
                                text = text[:-1]
                text += "\n"
        return text

    def _debug_for_extract(self) -> str:  # pragma: no cover
        out = ""
        for ope, op in ContentStream(
            self["/Contents"].get_object(), self.pdf, "bytes"
        ).operations:
            if op == b"TJ":
                s = [x for x in ope[0] if isinstance(x, str)]
            else:
                s = []
            out += op.decode("utf-8") + " " + "".join(s) + ope.__repr__() + "\n"
        out += "\n=============================\n"
        try:
            for fo in self[PG.RESOURCES]["/Font"]:  # type:ignore
                out += fo + "\n"
                out += self[PG.RESOURCES]["/Font"][fo].__repr__() + "\n"  # type:ignore
                try:
                    enc_repr = self[PG.RESOURCES]["/Font"][fo][  # type:ignore
                        "/Encoding"
                    ].__repr__()
                    out += enc_repr + "\n"
                except Exception:
                    pass
                try:
                    out += (
                        self[PG.RESOURCES]["/Font"][fo][  # type:ignore
                            "/ToUnicode"
                        ]
                        .get_data()
                        .decode()
                        + "\n"
                    )
                except Exception:
                    pass

        except KeyError:
            out += "No Font\n"
        return out

    def _extract_text(
        self,
        obj: Any,
        pdf: Any,
        orientations: Tuple[int, ...] = (0, 90, 180, 270),
        space_width: float = 200.0,
        content_key: Optional[str] = PG.CONTENTS,
        visitor_operand_before: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
        visitor_operand_after: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
        visitor_text: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
    ) -> str:
        """
        Locate all text drawing commands, in the order they are provided in the
        content stream, and extract the text.  This works well for some PDF
        files, but poorly for others, depending on the generator used.  This will
        be refined in the future.  Do not rely on the order of text coming out of
        this function, as it will change if this function is made more
        sophisticated.

        Arabic, Hebrew,... are extracted in the good order. If required an custom RTL range of characters
        can be defined; see function set_custom_rtl

        Additionally you can provide visitor-methods to get informed on all operands and all text-objects.
        For example in some PDF files this can be useful to parse tables.

        :param Tuple[int, ...] orientations: list of orientations text_extraction will look for
                    default = (0, 90, 180, 270)
                note: currently only 0(Up),90(turned Left), 180(upside Down), 270 (turned Right)
        :param float space_width: force default space width
                    (if not extracted from font (default 200)
        :param Optional[str] content_key: indicate the default key where to extract data
            None = the object; this allow to reuse the function on XObject
            default = "/Content"
        :param Optional[Function] visitor_operand_before: function to be called before processing an operand.
            It has four arguments: operand, operand-arguments,
                current transformation matrix and text matrix.
        :param Optional[Function] visitor_operand_after: function to be called after processing an operand.
            It has four arguments: operand, operand-arguments,
                current transformation matrix and text matrix.
        :param Optional[Function] visitor_text: function to be called when extracting some text at some position.
            It has five arguments: text,
                current transformation matrix, text matrix, font-dictionary and font-size.
            The font-dictionary may be None in case of unknown fonts.
            If not None it may e.g. contain key "/BaseFont" with value "/Arial,Bold".
        :return: a string object.
        """
        text: str = ""
        output: str = ""
        rtl_dir: bool = False  # right-to-left
        cmaps: Dict[
            str,
            Tuple[
                str, float, Union[str, Dict[int, str]], Dict[str, str], DictionaryObject
            ],
        ] = {}
        try:
            objr = obj
            while NameObject(PG.RESOURCES) not in objr:
                # /Resources can be inherited sometimes so we look to parents
                objr = objr["/Parent"].get_object()
                # if no parents we will have no /Resources will be available => an exception wil be raised
            resources_dict = cast(DictionaryObject, objr[PG.RESOURCES])
        except Exception:
            return ""  # no resources means no text is possible (no font) we consider the file as not damaged, no need to check for TJ or Tj
        if "/Font" in resources_dict:
            for f in cast(DictionaryObject, resources_dict["/Font"]):
                cmaps[f] = build_char_map(f, space_width, obj)
        cmap: Tuple[
            Union[str, Dict[int, str]], Dict[str, str], str, Optional[DictionaryObject]
        ] = (
            "charmap",
            {},
            "NotInitialized",
            None,
        )  # (encoding,CMAP,font resource name,dictionary-object of font)
        try:
            content = (
                obj[content_key].get_object() if isinstance(content_key, str) else obj
            )
            if not isinstance(content, ContentStream):
                content = ContentStream(content, pdf, "bytes")
        except KeyError:  # it means no content can be extracted(certainly empty page)
            return ""
        # Note: we check all strings are TextStringObjects.  ByteStringObjects
        # are strings where the byte->string encoding was unknown, so adding
        # them to the text here would be gibberish.

        cm_matrix: List[float] = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
        cm_stack = []
        tm_matrix: List[float] = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
        tm_prev: List[float] = [
            1.0,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            1.0,
            0.0,
            0.0,
        ]  # will store cm_matrix * tm_matrix
        char_scale = 1.0
        space_scale = 1.0
        _space_width: float = 500.0  # will be set correctly at first Tf
        TL = 0.0
        font_size = 12.0  # init just in case of

        def mult(m: List[float], n: List[float]) -> List[float]:
            return [
                m[0] * n[0] + m[1] * n[2],
                m[0] * n[1] + m[1] * n[3],
                m[2] * n[0] + m[3] * n[2],
                m[2] * n[1] + m[3] * n[3],
                m[4] * n[0] + m[5] * n[2] + n[4],
                m[4] * n[1] + m[5] * n[3] + n[5],
            ]

        def orient(m: List[float]) -> int:
            if m[3] > 1e-6:
                return 0
            elif m[3] < -1e-6:
                return 180
            elif m[1] > 0:
                return 90
            else:
                return 270

        def current_spacewidth() -> float:
            # return space_scale * _space_width * char_scale
            return _space_width / 1000.0

        def process_operation(operator: bytes, operands: List) -> None:
            nonlocal cm_matrix, cm_stack, tm_matrix, tm_prev, output, text, char_scale, space_scale, _space_width, TL, font_size, cmap, orientations, rtl_dir, visitor_text
            global CUSTOM_RTL_MIN, CUSTOM_RTL_MAX, CUSTOM_RTL_SPECIAL_CHARS

            check_crlf_space: bool = False
            # Table 5.4 page 405
            if operator == b"BT":
                tm_matrix = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
                # tm_prev = tm_matrix
                output += text
                if visitor_text is not None:
                    visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
                # based
                # if output != "" and output[-1]!="\n":
                #    output += "\n"
                text = ""
                return None
            elif operator == b"ET":
                output += text
                if visitor_text is not None:
                    visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
                text = ""
            # table 4.7 "Graphics state operators", page 219
            # cm_matrix calculation is a reserved for the moment
            elif operator == b"q":
                cm_stack.append(
                    (
                        cm_matrix,
                        cmap,
                        font_size,
                        char_scale,
                        space_scale,
                        _space_width,
                        TL,
                    )
                )
            elif operator == b"Q":
                try:
                    (
                        cm_matrix,
                        cmap,
                        font_size,
                        char_scale,
                        space_scale,
                        _space_width,
                        TL,
                    ) = cm_stack.pop()
                except Exception:
                    cm_matrix = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
                # rtl_dir = False
            elif operator == b"cm":
                output += text
                if visitor_text is not None:
                    visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
                text = ""
                cm_matrix = mult(
                    [
                        float(operands[0]),
                        float(operands[1]),
                        float(operands[2]),
                        float(operands[3]),
                        float(operands[4]),
                        float(operands[5]),
                    ],
                    cm_matrix,
                )
                # rtl_dir = False
            # Table 5.2 page 398
            elif operator == b"Tz":
                char_scale = float(operands[0]) / 100.0
            elif operator == b"Tw":
                space_scale = 1.0 + float(operands[0])
            elif operator == b"TL":
                TL = float(operands[0])
            elif operator == b"Tf":
                if text != "":
                    output += text  # .translate(cmap)
                    if visitor_text is not None:
                        visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
                text = ""
                # rtl_dir = False
                try:
                    # charMapTuple: font_type, float(sp_width / 2), encoding, map_dict, font-dictionary
                    charMapTuple = cmaps[operands[0]]
                    _space_width = charMapTuple[1]
                    # current cmap: encoding, map_dict, font resource name (internal name, not the real font-name),
                    # font-dictionary. The font-dictionary describes the font.
                    cmap = (
                        charMapTuple[2],
                        charMapTuple[3],
                        operands[0],
                        charMapTuple[4],
                    )
                except KeyError:  # font not found
                    _space_width = unknown_char_map[1]
                    cmap = (
                        unknown_char_map[2],
                        unknown_char_map[3],
                        "???" + operands[0],
                        None,
                    )
                try:
                    font_size = float(operands[1])
                except Exception:
                    pass  # keep previous size
            # Table 5.5 page 406
            elif operator == b"Td":
                check_crlf_space = True
                # A special case is a translating only tm:
                # tm[0..5] = 1 0 0 1 e f,
                # i.e. tm[4] += tx, tm[5] += ty.
                tx = float(operands[0])
                ty = float(operands[1])
                tm_matrix[4] += tx * tm_matrix[0] + ty * tm_matrix[2]
                tm_matrix[5] += tx * tm_matrix[1] + ty * tm_matrix[3]
            elif operator == b"Tm":
                check_crlf_space = True
                tm_matrix = [
                    float(operands[0]),
                    float(operands[1]),
                    float(operands[2]),
                    float(operands[3]),
                    float(operands[4]),
                    float(operands[5]),
                ]
            elif operator == b"T*":
                check_crlf_space = True
                tm_matrix[5] -= TL

            elif operator == b"Tj":
                check_crlf_space = True
                m = mult(tm_matrix, cm_matrix)
                orientation = orient(m)
                if orientation in orientations:
                    if isinstance(operands[0], str):
                        text += operands[0]
                    else:
                        t: str = ""
                        tt: bytes = (
                            encode_pdfdocencoding(operands[0])
                            if isinstance(operands[0], str)
                            else operands[0]
                        )
                        if isinstance(cmap[0], str):
                            try:
                                t = tt.decode(
                                    cmap[0], "surrogatepass"
                                )  # apply str encoding
                            except Exception:  # the data does not match the expectation, we use the alternative ; text extraction may not be good
                                t = tt.decode(
                                    "utf-16-be" if cmap[0] == "charmap" else "charmap",
                                    "surrogatepass",
                                )  # apply str encoding
                        else:  # apply dict encoding
                            t = "".join(
                                [
                                    cmap[0][x] if x in cmap[0] else bytes((x,)).decode()
                                    for x in tt
                                ]
                            )
                        # "\u0590 - \u08FF \uFB50 - \uFDFF"
                        for x in "".join(
                            [cmap[1][x] if x in cmap[1] else x for x in t]
                        ):
                            xx = ord(x)
                            # fmt: off
                            if (  # cases where the current inserting order is kept (punctuation,...)
                                (xx <= 0x2F)                        # punctuations but...
                                or (0x3A <= xx and xx <= 0x40)      # numbers (x30-39)
                                or (0x2000 <= xx and xx <= 0x206F)  # upper punctuations..
                                or (0x20A0 <= xx and xx <= 0x21FF)  # but (numbers) indices/exponents
                                or xx in CUSTOM_RTL_SPECIAL_CHARS   # customized....
                            ):
                                text = x + text if rtl_dir else text + x
                            elif (  # right-to-left characters set
                                (0x0590 <= xx and xx <= 0x08FF)
                                or (0xFB1D <= xx and xx <= 0xFDFF)
                                or (0xFE70 <= xx and xx <= 0xFEFF)
                                or (CUSTOM_RTL_MIN <= xx and xx <= CUSTOM_RTL_MAX)
                            ):
                                # print("<",xx,x)
                                if not rtl_dir:
                                    rtl_dir = True
                                    # print("RTL",text,"*")
                                    output += text
                                    if visitor_text is not None:
                                        visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
                                    text = ""
                                text = x + text
                            else:  # left-to-right
                                # print(">",xx,x,end="")
                                if rtl_dir:
                                    rtl_dir = False
                                    # print("LTR",text,"*")
                                    output += text
                                    if visitor_text is not None:
                                        visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
                                    text = ""
                                text = text + x
                            # fmt: on
            else:
                return None
            if check_crlf_space:
                m = mult(tm_matrix, cm_matrix)
                orientation = orient(m)
                delta_x = m[4] - tm_prev[4]
                delta_y = m[5] - tm_prev[5]
                k = math.sqrt(abs(m[0] * m[3]) + abs(m[1] * m[2]))
                f = font_size * k
                tm_prev = m
                if orientation not in orientations:
                    return None
                try:
                    if orientation == 0:
                        if delta_y < -0.8 * f:
                            if (output + text)[-1] != "\n":
                                output += text + "\n"
                                if visitor_text is not None:
                                    visitor_text(
                                        text + "\n",
                                        cm_matrix,
                                        tm_matrix,
                                        cmap[3],
                                        font_size,
                                    )
                                text = ""
                        elif (
                            abs(delta_y) < f * 0.3
                            and abs(delta_x) > current_spacewidth() * f * 15
                        ):
                            if (output + text)[-1] != " ":
                                text += " "
                    elif orientation == 180:
                        if delta_y > 0.8 * f:
                            if (output + text)[-1] != "\n":
                                output += text + "\n"
                                if visitor_text is not None:
                                    visitor_text(
                                        text + "\n",
                                        cm_matrix,
                                        tm_matrix,
                                        cmap[3],
                                        font_size,
                                    )
                                text = ""
                        elif (
                            abs(delta_y) < f * 0.3
                            and abs(delta_x) > current_spacewidth() * f * 15
                        ):
                            if (output + text)[-1] != " ":
                                text += " "
                    elif orientation == 90:
                        if delta_x > 0.8 * f:
                            if (output + text)[-1] != "\n":
                                output += text + "\n"
                                if visitor_text is not None:
                                    visitor_text(
                                        text + "\n",
                                        cm_matrix,
                                        tm_matrix,
                                        cmap[3],
                                        font_size,
                                    )
                                text = ""
                        elif (
                            abs(delta_x) < f * 0.3
                            and abs(delta_y) > current_spacewidth() * f * 15
                        ):
                            if (output + text)[-1] != " ":
                                text += " "
                    elif orientation == 270:
                        if delta_x < -0.8 * f:
                            if (output + text)[-1] != "\n":
                                output += text + "\n"
                                if visitor_text is not None:
                                    visitor_text(
                                        text + "\n",
                                        cm_matrix,
                                        tm_matrix,
                                        cmap[3],
                                        font_size,
                                    )
                                text = ""
                        elif (
                            abs(delta_x) < f * 0.3
                            and abs(delta_y) > current_spacewidth() * f * 15
                        ):
                            if (output + text)[-1] != " ":
                                text += " "
                except Exception:
                    pass

        for operands, operator in content.operations:
            if visitor_operand_before is not None:
                visitor_operand_before(operator, operands, cm_matrix, tm_matrix)
            # multiple operators are defined in here ####
            if operator == b"'":
                process_operation(b"T*", [])
                process_operation(b"Tj", operands)
            elif operator == b'"':
                process_operation(b"Tw", [operands[0]])
                process_operation(b"Tc", [operands[1]])
                process_operation(b"T*", [])
                process_operation(b"Tj", operands[2:])
            elif operator == b"TD":
                process_operation(b"TL", [-operands[1]])
                process_operation(b"Td", operands)
            elif operator == b"TJ":
                for op in operands[0]:
                    if isinstance(op, (str, bytes)):
                        process_operation(b"Tj", [op])
                    if isinstance(op, (int, float, NumberObject, FloatObject)):
                        if (
                            (abs(float(op)) >= _space_width)
                            and (len(text) > 0)
                            and (text[-1] != " ")
                        ):
                            process_operation(b"Tj", [" "])
            elif operator == b"Do":
                output += text
                if visitor_text is not None:
                    visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
                try:
                    if output[-1] != "\n":
                        output += "\n"
                        if visitor_text is not None:
                            visitor_text("\n", cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
                except IndexError:
                    pass
                try:
                    xobj = resources_dict["/XObject"]
                    if xobj[operands[0]]["/Subtype"] != "/Image":  # type: ignore
                        # output += text
                        text = self.extract_xform_text(
                            xobj[operands[0]],  # type: ignore
                            orientations,
                            space_width,
                            visitor_operand_before,
                            visitor_operand_after,
                            visitor_text,
                        )
                        output += text
                        if visitor_text is not None:
                            visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
                except Exception:
                    logger_warning(
                        f" impossible to decode XFormObject {operands[0]}",
                        __name__,
                    )
                finally:
                    text = ""
            else:
                process_operation(operator, operands)
            if visitor_operand_after is not None:
                visitor_operand_after(operator, operands, cm_matrix, tm_matrix)
        output += text  # just in case of
        if text != "" and visitor_text is not None:
            visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
        return output

    def extract_text(
        self,
        *args: Any,
        Tj_sep: str = None,
        TJ_sep: str = None,
        orientations: Union[int, Tuple[int, ...]] = (0, 90, 180, 270),
        space_width: float = 200.0,
        visitor_operand_before: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
        visitor_operand_after: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
        visitor_text: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
    ) -> str:
        """
        Locate all text drawing commands, in the order they are provided in the
        content stream, and extract the text.

        This works well for some PDF files, but poorly for others, depending on
        the generator used.  This will be refined in the future.

        Do not rely on the order of text coming out of this function, as it
        will change if this function is made more sophisticated.

        Additionally you can provide visitor-methods to get informed on
        all operations and all text-objects.
        For example in some PDF files this can be useful to parse tables.

        :param Tj_sep: Deprecated. Kept for compatibility until PyPDF2==4.0.0
        :param TJ_sep: Deprecated. Kept for compatibility until PyPDF2==4.0.0
        :param orientations: (list of) orientations (of the characters) (default: (0,90,270,360))
                single int is equivalent to a singleton ( 0 == (0,) )
                note: currently only 0(Up),90(turned Left), 180(upside Down),270 (turned Right)
        :param float space_width: force default space width (if not extracted from font (default: 200)
        :param Optional[Function] visitor_operand_before: function to be called before processing an operand.
            It has four arguments: operator, operand-arguments,
                current transformation matrix and text matrix.
        :param Optional[Function] visitor_operand_after: function to be called after processing an operand.
            It has four arguments: operand, operand-arguments,
                current transformation matrix and text matrix.
        :param Optional[Function] visitor_text: function to be called when extracting some text at some position.
            It has three arguments: text,
                current transformation matrix and text matrix.
        :return: The extracted text
        """
        if len(args) >= 1:
            if isinstance(args[0], str):
                Tj_sep = args[0]
                if len(args) >= 2:
                    if isinstance(args[1], str):
                        TJ_sep = args[1]
                    else:
                        raise TypeError(f"Invalid positional parameter {args[1]}")
                if len(args) >= 3:
                    if isinstance(args[2], (tuple, int)):
                        orientations = args[2]
                    else:
                        raise TypeError(f"Invalid positional parameter {args[2]}")
                if len(args) >= 4:
                    if isinstance(args[3], (float, int)):
                        space_width = args[3]
                    else:
                        raise TypeError(f"Invalid positional parameter {args[3]}")
            elif isinstance(args[0], (tuple, int)):
                orientations = args[0]
                if len(args) >= 2:
                    if isinstance(args[1], (float, int)):
                        space_width = args[1]
                    else:
                        raise TypeError(f"Invalid positional parameter {args[1]}")
            else:
                raise TypeError(f"Invalid positional parameter {args[0]}")
        if Tj_sep is not None or TJ_sep is not None:
            warnings.warn(
                "parameters Tj_Sep, TJ_sep depreciated, and will be removed in PyPDF2 3.0.0.",
                DeprecationWarning,
            )

        if isinstance(orientations, int):
            orientations = (orientations,)

        return self._extract_text(
            self,
            self.pdf,
            orientations,
            space_width,
            PG.CONTENTS,
            visitor_operand_before,
            visitor_operand_after,
            visitor_text,
        )

    def extract_xform_text(
        self,
        xform: EncodedStreamObject,
        orientations: Tuple[int, ...] = (0, 90, 270, 360),
        space_width: float = 200.0,
        visitor_operand_before: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
        visitor_operand_after: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
        visitor_text: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
    ) -> str:
        """
        Extract text from an XObject.

        :param float space_width:  force default space width (if not extracted from font (default 200)

        :return: The extracted text
        """
        return self._extract_text(
            xform,
            self.pdf,
            orientations,
            space_width,
            None,
            visitor_operand_before,
            visitor_operand_after,
            visitor_text,
        )

    def extractText(
        self, Tj_sep: str = "", TJ_sep: str = ""
    ) -> str:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :meth:`extract_text` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement("extractText", "extract_text")
        return self.extract_text()

    def _get_fonts(self) -> Tuple[Set[str], Set[str]]:
        """
        Get the names of embedded fonts and unembedded fonts.

        :return: (Set of embedded fonts, set of unembedded fonts)
        """
        obj = self.get_object()
        assert isinstance(obj, DictionaryObject)
        fonts, embedded = _get_fonts_walk(cast(DictionaryObject, obj[PG.RESOURCES]))
        unembedded = fonts - embedded
        return embedded, unembedded

    mediabox = _create_rectangle_accessor(PG.MEDIABOX, ())
    """
    A :class:`RectangleObject<PyPDF2.generic.RectangleObject>`, expressed in default user space units,
    defining the boundaries of the physical medium on which the page is
    intended to be displayed or printed.
    """

    @property
    def mediaBox(self) -> RectangleObject:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :py:attr:`mediabox` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement("mediaBox", "mediabox")
        return self.mediabox

    @mediaBox.setter
    def mediaBox(self, value: RectangleObject) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :py:attr:`mediabox` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement("mediaBox", "mediabox")
        self.mediabox = value

    cropbox = _create_rectangle_accessor("/CropBox", (PG.MEDIABOX,))
    """
    A :class:`RectangleObject<PyPDF2.generic.RectangleObject>`, expressed in default user space units,
    defining the visible region of default user space.  When the page is
    displayed or printed, its contents are to be clipped (cropped) to this
    rectangle and then imposed on the output medium in some
    implementation-defined manner.  Default value: same as :attr:`mediabox<mediabox>`.
    """

    @property
    def cropBox(self) -> RectangleObject:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :py:attr:`cropbox` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement("cropBox", "cropbox")
        return self.cropbox

    @cropBox.setter
    def cropBox(self, value: RectangleObject) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        deprecate_with_replacement("cropBox", "cropbox")
        self.cropbox = value

    bleedbox = _create_rectangle_accessor("/BleedBox", ("/CropBox", PG.MEDIABOX))
    """
    A :class:`RectangleObject<PyPDF2.generic.RectangleObject>`, expressed in default user space units,
    defining the region to which the contents of the page should be clipped
    when output in a production environment.
    """

    @property
    def bleedBox(self) -> RectangleObject:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :py:attr:`bleedbox` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement("bleedBox", "bleedbox")
        return self.bleedbox

    @bleedBox.setter
    def bleedBox(self, value: RectangleObject) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        deprecate_with_replacement("bleedBox", "bleedbox")
        self.bleedbox = value

    trimbox = _create_rectangle_accessor("/TrimBox", ("/CropBox", PG.MEDIABOX))
    """
    A :class:`RectangleObject<PyPDF2.generic.RectangleObject>`, expressed in default user space units,
    defining the intended dimensions of the finished page after trimming.
    """

    @property
    def trimBox(self) -> RectangleObject:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :py:attr:`trimbox` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement("trimBox", "trimbox")
        return self.trimbox

    @trimBox.setter
    def trimBox(self, value: RectangleObject) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        deprecate_with_replacement("trimBox", "trimbox")
        self.trimbox = value

    artbox = _create_rectangle_accessor("/ArtBox", ("/CropBox", PG.MEDIABOX))
    """
    A :class:`RectangleObject<PyPDF2.generic.RectangleObject>`, expressed in default user space units,
    defining the extent of the page's meaningful content as intended by the
    page's creator.
    """

    @property
    def artBox(self) -> RectangleObject:  # pragma: no cover
        """
        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0

            Use :py:attr:`artbox` instead.
        """
        deprecate_with_replacement("artBox", "artbox")
        return self.artbox

    @artBox.setter
    def artBox(self, value: RectangleObject) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
        deprecate_with_replacement("artBox", "artbox")
        self.artbox = value

    @property
    def annotations(self) -> Optional[ArrayObject]:
        if "/Annots" not in self:
            return None
        else:
            return cast(ArrayObject, self["/Annots"])

    @annotations.setter
    def annotations(self, value: Optional[ArrayObject]) -> None:
        """
        Set the annotations array of the page.

        Typically you don't want to set this value, but append to it.
        If you append to it, don't forget to add the object first to the writer
        and only add the indirect object.
        """
        if value is None:
            del self[NameObject("/Annots")]
        else:
            self[NameObject("/Annots")] = value


class _VirtualList:
    def __init__(
        self,
        length_function: Callable[[], int],
        get_function: Callable[[int], PageObject],
    ) -> None:
        self.length_function = length_function
        self.get_function = get_function
        self.current = -1

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        return self.length_function()

    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> PageObject:
        if isinstance(index, slice):
            indices = range(*index.indices(len(self)))
            cls = type(self)
            return cls(indices.__len__, lambda idx: self[indices[idx]])  # type: ignore
        if not isinstance(index, int):
            raise TypeError("sequence indices must be integers")
        len_self = len(self)
        if index < 0:
            # support negative indexes
            index = len_self + index
        if index < 0 or index >= len_self:
            raise IndexError("sequence index out of range")
        return self.get_function(index)

    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[PageObject]:
        for i in range(len(self)):
            yield self[i]


def _get_fonts_walk(
    obj: DictionaryObject,
    fnt: Optional[Set[str]] = None,
    emb: Optional[Set[str]] = None,
) -> Tuple[Set[str], Set[str]]:
    """
    If there is a key called 'BaseFont', that is a font that is used in the document.
    If there is a key called 'FontName' and another key in the same dictionary object
    that is called 'FontFilex' (where x is null, 2, or 3), then that fontname is
    embedded.

    We create and add to two sets, fnt = fonts used and emb = fonts embedded.
    """
    if fnt is None:
        fnt = set()
    if emb is None:
        emb = set()
    if not hasattr(obj, "keys"):
        return set(), set()
    fontkeys = ("/FontFile", "/FontFile2", "/FontFile3")
    if "/BaseFont" in obj:
        fnt.add(cast(str, obj["/BaseFont"]))
    if "/FontName" in obj:
        if [x for x in fontkeys if x in obj]:  # test to see if there is FontFile
            emb.add(cast(str, obj["/FontName"]))

    for key in obj.keys():
        _get_fonts_walk(cast(DictionaryObject, obj[key]), fnt, emb)

    return fnt, emb  # return the sets for each page