diff --git a/checks/fuzzing_test.go b/checks/fuzzing_test.go
index 7fe1a0a75ab..8f36a048e40 100644
--- a/checks/fuzzing_test.go
+++ b/checks/fuzzing_test.go
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func TestFuzzing(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name        string
 		want        checker.CheckResult
-		langs       map[clients.Language]int
+		langs       []clients.Language
 		response    clients.SearchResponse
 		wantErr     bool
 		wantFuzzErr bool
@@ -45,8 +45,11 @@ func TestFuzzing(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name:     "empty response",
 			response: clients.SearchResponse{},
-			langs: map[clients.Language]int{
-				clients.Go: 300,
+			langs: []clients.Language{
+				{
+					Name:     clients.Go,
+					NumLines: 300,
+				},
 			},
 			wantErr: false,
 		},
@@ -55,9 +58,15 @@ func TestFuzzing(t *testing.T) {
 			response: clients.SearchResponse{
 				Hits: 1,
 			},
-			langs: map[clients.Language]int{
-				clients.Go:   100,
-				clients.Java: 70,
+			langs: []clients.Language{
+				{
+					Name:     clients.Go,
+					NumLines: 100,
+				},
+				{
+					Name:     clients.Java,
+					NumLines: 70,
+				},
 			},
 			wantErr: false,
 			want:    checker.CheckResult{Score: 10},
@@ -70,8 +79,11 @@ func TestFuzzing(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "nil response",
-			langs: map[clients.Language]int{
-				clients.Python: 256,
+			langs: []clients.Language{
+				{
+					Name:     clients.Python,
+					NumLines: 256,
+				},
 			},
 			wantErr: true,
 			want:    checker.CheckResult{Score: -1},
@@ -85,8 +97,11 @@ func TestFuzzing(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "min score since lang not supported",
-			langs: map[clients.Language]int{
-				clients.Language("not_supported_lang"): 1490,
+			langs: []clients.Language{
+				{
+					Name:     clients.LanguageName("a_not_supported_lang"),
+					NumLines: 500,
+				},
 			},
 			wantFuzzErr: false,
 			want:        checker.CheckResult{Score: 0},
diff --git a/checks/raw/fuzzing.go b/checks/raw/fuzzing.go
index 848cfbd86b3..4d8cb3636d7 100644
--- a/checks/raw/fuzzing.go
+++ b/checks/raw/fuzzing.go
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ type languageFuzzConfig struct {
 
 // Contains fuzzing speficications for programming languages.
 // Please use the type Language defined in clients/languages.go rather than a raw string.
-var languageFuzzSpecs = map[clients.Language]languageFuzzConfig{
+var languageFuzzSpecs = map[clients.LanguageName]languageFuzzConfig{
 	// Default fuzz patterns for Go.
 	clients.Go: {
 		filePattern: "*_test.go",
@@ -93,11 +93,11 @@ func Fuzzing(c *checker.CheckRequest) (checker.FuzzingData, error) {
 		)
 	}
 
-	langMap, err := c.RepoClient.ListProgrammingLanguages()
+	langs, err := c.RepoClient.ListProgrammingLanguages()
 	if err != nil {
 		return checker.FuzzingData{}, fmt.Errorf("cannot get langs of repo: %w", err)
 	}
-	prominentLangs := getProminentLanguages(langMap)
+	prominentLangs := getProminentLanguages(langs)
 
 	for _, lang := range prominentLangs {
 		usingFuzzFunc, files, e := checkFuzzFunc(c, lang)
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func checkOSSFuzz(c *checker.CheckRequest) (bool, error) {
 	return result.Hits > 0, nil
 }
 
-func checkFuzzFunc(c *checker.CheckRequest, lang clients.Language) (bool, []checker.File, error) {
+func checkFuzzFunc(c *checker.CheckRequest, lang clients.LanguageName) (bool, []checker.File, error) {
 	if c.RepoClient == nil {
 		return false, nil, nil
 	}
@@ -217,24 +217,24 @@ var getFuzzFunc fileparser.DoWhileTrueOnFileContent = func(
 	return true, nil
 }
 
-func getProminentLanguages(langs map[clients.Language]int) []clients.Language {
+func getProminentLanguages(langs []clients.Language) []clients.LanguageName {
 	numLangs := len(langs)
 	if numLangs == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
 	totalLoC := 0
-	for _, LoC := range langs {
-		totalLoC += LoC
+	for _, l := range langs {
+		totalLoC += l.NumLines
 	}
 	// Var avgLoC calculates the average lines of code in the current repo,
 	// and it can stay as an int, no need for a float value.
 	avgLoC := totalLoC / numLangs
 
 	// Languages that have lines of code above average will be considered prominent.
-	ret := []clients.Language{}
-	for lang, LoC := range langs {
-		if LoC >= avgLoC {
-			lang = clients.Language(strings.ToLower(string(lang)))
+	ret := []clients.LanguageName{}
+	for _, l := range langs {
+		if l.NumLines >= avgLoC {
+			lang := clients.LanguageName(strings.ToLower(string(l.Name)))
 			ret = append(ret, lang)
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/checks/raw/fuzzing_test.go b/checks/raw/fuzzing_test.go
index 8fdc9daac41..65c811c8b9b 100644
--- a/checks/raw/fuzzing_test.go
+++ b/checks/raw/fuzzing_test.go
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ func Test_fuzzFileAndFuncMatchPattern(t *testing.T) {
 		name              string
 		expectedFileMatch bool
 		expectedFuncMatch bool
-		lang              clients.Language
+		lang              clients.LanguageName
 		fileName          string
 		fileContent       string
 		wantErr           bool
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ func Test_fuzzFileAndFuncMatchPattern(t *testing.T) {
 			name:              "Test_fuzzFuncRegex file success & func success",
 			expectedFileMatch: true,
 			expectedFuncMatch: true,
-			lang:              "go",
+			lang:              clients.LanguageName("go"),
 			fileName:          "FOOoo_fOOff_BaRRR_test.go",
 			fileContent:       `func FuzzSomething (fOo_bAR_1234 *testing.F)`,
 			wantErr:           false,
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ func Test_fuzzFileAndFuncMatchPattern(t *testing.T) {
 			name:              "Test_fuzzFuncRegex file success & func failure",
 			expectedFileMatch: true,
 			expectedFuncMatch: false,
-			lang:              "go",
+			lang:              clients.LanguageName("go"),
 			fileName:          "a_unit_test.go",
 			fileContent:       `func TestSomethingUnitTest (t *testing.T)`,
 			wantErr:           true,
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ func Test_fuzzFileAndFuncMatchPattern(t *testing.T) {
 			name:              "Test_fuzzFuncRegex file failure & func failure",
 			expectedFileMatch: false,
 			expectedFuncMatch: false,
-			lang:              "go",
+			lang:              clients.LanguageName("go"),
 			fileName:          "not_a_fuzz_test_file.go",
 			fileContent:       `func main (t *testing.T)`,
 			wantErr:           true,
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ func Test_fuzzFileAndFuncMatchPattern(t *testing.T) {
 			name:              "Test_fuzzFuncRegex not a support language",
 			expectedFileMatch: false,
 			expectedFuncMatch: false,
-			lang:              "not_a_supported_one",
+			lang:              clients.LanguageName("not_a_supported_one"),
 			fileName:          "a_fuzz_test.py",
 			fileContent:       `def NotSupported (foo)`,
 			wantErr:           true,
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ func Test_checkFuzzFunc(t *testing.T) {
 		name        string
 		want        bool
 		wantErr     bool
-		langs       map[clients.Language]int
+		langs       []clients.Language
 		fileName    []string
 		fileContent string
 	}{
@@ -250,8 +250,11 @@ func Test_checkFuzzFunc(t *testing.T) {
 				"foo_test.go",
 				"main.go",
 			},
-			langs: map[clients.Language]int{
-				clients.Go: 100,
+			langs: []clients.Language{
+				{
+					Name:     clients.Go,
+					NumLines: 100,
+				},
 			},
 			fileContent: "func TestFoo (t *testing.T)",
 		},
@@ -274,8 +277,8 @@ func Test_checkFuzzFunc(t *testing.T) {
 			req := checker.CheckRequest{
 				RepoClient: mockClient,
 			}
-			for l := range tt.langs {
-				got, _, err := checkFuzzFunc(&req, l)
+			for _, l := range tt.langs {
+				got, _, err := checkFuzzFunc(&req, l.Name)
 				if (got != tt.want || err != nil) && !tt.wantErr {
 					t.Errorf("checkFuzzFunc() = %v, want %v for %v", got, tt.want, tt.name)
 				}
diff --git a/clients/githubrepo/client.go b/clients/githubrepo/client.go
index 59d21a0ec4a..d4706ae492e 100644
--- a/clients/githubrepo/client.go
+++ b/clients/githubrepo/client.go
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ func (client *Client) ListStatuses(ref string) ([]clients.Status, error) {
 }
 
 //ListProgrammingLanguages implements RepoClient.ListProgrammingLanguages.
-func (client *Client) ListProgrammingLanguages() (map[clients.Language]int, error) {
+func (client *Client) ListProgrammingLanguages() ([]clients.Language, error) {
 	return client.languages.listProgrammingLanguages()
 }
 
diff --git a/clients/githubrepo/languages.go b/clients/githubrepo/languages.go
index 24793a7c882..28c8e3ebeba 100644
--- a/clients/githubrepo/languages.go
+++ b/clients/githubrepo/languages.go
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ type languagesHandler struct {
 	ctx       context.Context
 	errSetup  error
 	repourl   *repoURL
-	languages map[clients.Language]int
+	languages []clients.Language
 }
 
 func (handler *languagesHandler) init(ctx context.Context, repourl *repoURL) {
@@ -52,21 +52,34 @@ func (handler *languagesHandler) setup() error {
 			handler.errSetup = fmt.Errorf("request for repo languages failed with %w", err)
 			return
 		}
-		handler.languages = map[clients.Language]int{}
-		// The client.repoClient.Do API writes the reponse body to the handler.languages,
+		bodyJSON := map[clients.LanguageName]int{}
+		// The client.repoClient.Do API writes the reponse body to var bodyJSON,
 		// so we can ignore the first returned variable (the entire http response object)
 		// since we only need the response body here.
-		_, err = client.Do(handler.ctx, req, &handler.languages)
+		_, err = client.Do(handler.ctx, req, &bodyJSON)
 		if err != nil {
 			handler.errSetup = fmt.Errorf("response for repo languages failed with %w", err)
 			return
 		}
+		// Parse the raw JSON to an array of languages.
+		for k, v := range bodyJSON {
+			// TODO: once the const defined in clients/languages.go becomes a complete list of langs supported,
+			// add support here so that for not supported langs, it emits an "not-supported" error and break the parse.
+			// Currently, we are parsing all the JSON-returned langs into the result since the const is incomplete.
+			handler.languages = append(handler.languages,
+				clients.Language{
+					Name:     k,
+					NumLines: v,
+				},
+			)
+		}
 		handler.errSetup = nil
 	})
+
 	return handler.errSetup
 }
 
-func (handler *languagesHandler) listProgrammingLanguages() (map[clients.Language]int, error) {
+func (handler *languagesHandler) listProgrammingLanguages() ([]clients.Language, error) {
 	if err := handler.setup(); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error during languagesHandler.setup: %w", err)
 	}
diff --git a/clients/languages.go b/clients/languages.go
index cc41ede9632..417c67084c9 100644
--- a/clients/languages.go
+++ b/clients/languages.go
@@ -14,60 +14,79 @@
 
 package clients
 
-// Language represents a customized string for languages used by clients.
-// A language could be a programming language, or more general,
-// such as Dockerfile, CMake, HTML, YAML, etc.
-type Language string
+// LanguageName is the name of a language, a customized type of string.
+type LanguageName string
 
-// TODO: retrieve all languages supported by GitHub.
+// TODO: retrieve all languages supported by GitHub, or add one manually if needed.
+// Currently, this is still an incomplete list of languages.
 const (
 	// Go: https://go.dev/
-	Go Language = "go"
+	Go LanguageName = "go"
 
 	// Python: https://www.python.org/
-	Python Language = "python"
+	Python LanguageName = "python"
 
 	// JavaScript: https://www.javascript.com/
-	JavaScript Language = "javascript"
+	JavaScript LanguageName = "javascript"
 
 	// C++: https://cplusplus.com/
-	Cpp Language = "c++"
+	Cpp LanguageName = "c++"
 
 	// C: https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/
-	C Language = "c"
+	C LanguageName = "c"
 
 	// TypeScript: https://www.typescriptlang.org/
-	TypeScript Language = "typescript"
+	TypeScript LanguageName = "typescript"
 
 	// Java: https://www.java.com/en/
-	Java Language = "java"
+	Java LanguageName = "java"
 
 	// C#: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/
-	CSharp Language = "c#"
+	CSharp LanguageName = "c#"
 
 	// Ruby: https://www.ruby-lang.org/
-	Ruby Language = "ruby"
+	Ruby LanguageName = "ruby"
 
 	// PHP: https://www.php.net/
-	PHP Language = "php"
+	PHP LanguageName = "php"
 
 	// Starlark: https://github.com/bazelbuild/starlark
-	StarLark Language = "starlark"
+	StarLark LanguageName = "starlark"
 
 	// Scala: https://www.scala-lang.org/
-	Scala Language = "scala"
+	Scala LanguageName = "scala"
 
 	// Kotlin: https://kotlinlang.org/
-	Kotlin Language = "kotlin"
+	Kotlin LanguageName = "kotlin"
 
 	// Swift: https://github.com/apple/swift
-	Swift Language = "swift"
+	Swift LanguageName = "swift"
 
 	// Rust: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust
-	Rust Language = "rust"
+	Rust LanguageName = "rust"
+
+	// CMake: https://cmake.org/
+	CMake LanguageName = "cmake"
 
-	// Other indicates other programming languages not listed by the GitHub API.
-	Other Language = "other"
+	// Dockerfile: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/
+	Dockerfile LanguageName = "dockerfile"
 
-	// Add more programming languages here if needed, please use lower cases.
+	// Other indicates other languages not listed by the GitHub API.
+	Other LanguageName = "other"
+
+	// Add more languages here if needed,
+	// please use lowercases for the LanguageName value.
 )
+
+// Language represents a customized struct for languages used by clients.
+// A language could be a programming language, or more general,
+// such as Dockerfile, CMake, HTML, YAML, etc.
+type Language struct {
+	// Name is the name of this language.
+	Name LanguageName
+
+	// NumLines is the total number of code lines of this language in the repo.
+	NumLines int
+
+	// TODO: add more properties for Language.
+}
diff --git a/clients/localdir/client.go b/clients/localdir/client.go
index 7a97df61614..7b58ea8d6fd 100644
--- a/clients/localdir/client.go
+++ b/clients/localdir/client.go
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ func (client *localDirClient) Close() error {
 
 // ListProgrammingLanguages implements RepoClient.ListProgrammingLanguages.
 // TODO: add ListProgrammingLanguages support for local directories
-func (client *localDirClient) ListProgrammingLanguages() (map[clients.Language]int, error) {
+func (client *localDirClient) ListProgrammingLanguages() ([]clients.Language, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("ListProgrammingLanguages: %w", clients.ErrUnsupportedFeature)
 }
 
diff --git a/clients/mockclients/repo_client.go b/clients/mockclients/repo_client.go
index 4036d136d72..2591cf34b47 100644
--- a/clients/mockclients/repo_client.go
+++ b/clients/mockclients/repo_client.go
@@ -272,10 +272,10 @@ func (mr *MockRepoClientMockRecorder) ListWebhooks() *gomock.Call {
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "ListWebhooks", reflect.TypeOf((*MockRepoClient)(nil).ListWebhooks))
 }
 
-func (m *MockRepoClient) ListProgrammingLanguages() (map[clients.Language]int, error) {
+func (m *MockRepoClient) ListProgrammingLanguages() ([]clients.Language, error) {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "ListProgrammingLanguages")
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(map[clients.Language]int)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].([]clients.Language)
 	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
 	return ret0, ret1
 }
diff --git a/clients/repo_client.go b/clients/repo_client.go
index 739330dcf7a..7f6476fb1ca 100644
--- a/clients/repo_client.go
+++ b/clients/repo_client.go
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ type RepoClient interface {
 	ListCheckRunsForRef(ref string) ([]CheckRun, error)
 	ListStatuses(ref string) ([]Status, error)
 	ListWebhooks() ([]Webhook, error)
-	ListProgrammingLanguages() (map[Language]int, error)
+	ListProgrammingLanguages() ([]Language, error)
 	Search(request SearchRequest) (SearchResponse, error)
 	Close() error
 }