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<!doctype html>
<html lang=en id=release>
<meta charset=utf-8>
<title>OpenBSD 4.8</title>
<meta name="description" content="OpenBSD 4.8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="openbsd.css">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.openbsd.org/48.html">
<h2 id=OpenBSD>
<a href="index.html">
<i>Open</i><b>BSD</b></a>
4.8
</h2>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="images/ElPuffiachi.jpg">
<img width="227" height="343" src="images/ElPuffiachi.jpg" alt="El Puffiachi"></a>
<td>
Released Nov 1, 2010<br>
Copyright 1997-2010, Theo de Raadt.<br>
<cite class=isbn>ISBN 978-0-9784475-6-4</cite>
<br>
4.8 Song: <a href="lyrics.html#48">"El Puffiachi"</a>
<br>
<br>
<ul>
<li>See the information on <a href="ftp.html">the FTP page</a> for
a list of mirror machines.
<li>Go to the <code class=reldir>pub/OpenBSD/4.8/</code> directory on
one of the mirror sites.
<li>Have a look at <a href="errata48.html">The 4.8 Errata page</a> for a list
of bugs and workarounds.
<li>See a <a href="plus48.html">detailed log of changes</a> between the
4.7 and 4.8 releases.
</ul>
<p>
All applicable copyrights and credits are in the src.tar.gz,
sys.tar.gz, xenocara.tar.gz, ports.tar.gz files, or in the
files fetched via <code>ports.tar.gz</code>.
</table>
<hr>
<section id=new>
<h3>What's New</h3>
<p>
This is a partial list of new features and systems included in OpenBSD 4.8.
For a comprehensive list, see the <a href="plus48.html">changelog</a> leading
to 4.8.
<p>
<ul>
<li>New/extended platforms:
<ul>
<li>i386 and amd64:
<ul>
<li>ACPI-based suspend/resume works on most machines with Intel/ATI video.
Machines using NVidia graphics will not resume the graphics. cardbus(4) and
pcmcia(4) will still have some problems, too.
</ul>
</ul>
<p>
<li>Improved hardware support, including:
<ul>
<li>New <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/acpisony.4">acpisony(4)</a>
driver for Sony ACPI control.
<li>New <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/itherm.4">itherm(4)</a>
driver for Intel 3400 temperature sensor.
<li>New <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/se.4">se(4)</a>
driver for SiS 190 10/100/Gigabit Ethernet devices.
<li>New <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/uguru.4">uguru(4)</a>
driver for ABIT temperature, voltage and fan sensors.
<li>New <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/owctr.4">owctr(4)</a>
driver for 1-Wire counter devices.
<li>New <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pgs&arch=macppc&secktion=4">pgs(4)</a>
driver for Programmers Switch found on some macppc machines.
<li>Support for 82576 fiber and 82577/82578 (PCH) based devices
has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/em.4">em(4)</a>.
<li>Support for 24-bit encodings and USB 2.0 playback
has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/uaudio.4">uaudio(4)</a>.
<li>Support for Winbond/Nuvoton W83627DHG-P
has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/wbsio.4">wbsio(4)</a>.
<li>Support for RTL8168E
has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/re.4">re(4)</a>.
<li>Support for 800x480
has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/udl.4">udl(4)</a>.
<li>Support for M-audio Audiophile 192k
has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/envy.4">envy(4)</a>.
<li>Support for Intel Core i3/i5 internal graphics (Ironlake)
has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/inteldrm.4">inteldrm(4)</a>
and <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/agp.4">agp(4)</a>.
<li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-4.7/ss.4">ss(4)</a> and
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-4.7/usscanner.4">usscanner(4)</a>
drivers have been removed.
<li>Improved robustness of several SCSI/SAS/RAID HBA drivers, including
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mpi.4">mpi(4)</a>,
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mpii.4">mpii(4)</a> and
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ciss.4">ciss(4)</a>.
</ul>
<p>
<li>New tools:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/iked.8">iked(8)</a>,
an Internet Key Exchange version 2 (IKEv2) daemon.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ldapd.8">ldapd(8)</a>,
a Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) daemon.
</ul>
<p>
<li>Filesystem midlayer improvements:
<ul>
<li>fix internal locking in (still experimental!) NTFS.
</ul>
<p>
<li>OpenBGPD, OpenOSPFD and other routing daemon improvements:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bgpd.8">bgpd(8)</a> control sockets are now specified in the config file. This removes the -s and -r arguments to bgpd.
<li>Extended the BGP MPLS VPN support to allow Layer-3 MPLS VPNs to be
terminated on OpenBSD with the help of
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mpe.4">mpe(4)</a>,
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ldpd.8">ldpd(8)</a>, and
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bgpd.8">bgpd(8)</a>.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bgpd.8">bgpd(8)</a>
supports multiple FIBs and it is possible to assign them to RIBs for
redistribution.
<li>bgpd now supports to use neighbor-as in AS filter statements and added
two new filters – max-as-seq and max-as-len – to limit the length of
a sequence of a single AS or the total length of an AS path.
<li>Added softreconfig support in bgpd for peers changing the RIB.
<li>Fixed multiprotocol MRT dumps and added 4-byte AS-Number support in
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bgpd.8">bgpd(8)</a>.
<li>Added support for ping6 and traceroute6 in
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bgplg.8">bgplg(8)</a>
and
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bgplgsh.8">bgplgsh(8)</a>
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ospfd.8">ospfd(8)</a>
has better LSA pruning and config reload support.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ospf6d.8">ospf6d(8)</a>
now supports LSAs larger than the link MTU, has improved interoperability
with other OSPFv3 implementations, can redistribute the default route,
and will correctly handle IPv6 prefixes advertised by neighbours on
the same link but not configured on the router itself.
<li>Various improvements in
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ldpd.8">ldpd(8)</a>
including correct penultimate hop popping, better session handling,
and a improved config file parser.
</ul>
<p>
<li>Generic network stack improvements:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ifconfig.8">ifconfig(8)</a> and
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/route.8">route(8)</a>
get better Multiprotocol Label Switching support.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/traceroute.8">traceroute(8)</a>
now supports extended ICMP headers which allows printing of MPLS
labels.
<li>Support for RFC 4941 privacy extensions for stateless address
autoconfiguration has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/inet6.4">inet6(4)</a> and can be enabled via
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ifconfig.8">ifconfig(8)</a>.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ifconfig.8">ifconfig(8)</a>
now supports random selection of MAC addresses.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tcpdump.8">tcpdump(8)</a>
now decodes Multicast Listener Discovery version 2 and
Internet Key Exchange version 2 traffic.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/enc.4">enc(4)</a> and
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ipsec.4">ipsec(4)</a> are now
aware of routing domains.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dhcpd.8">dhcpd(8)</a> and
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dhclient.8">dhclient(8)</a> and
are now capable of running in different routing domains.
<li>Added MPLS support and a simple keepalive mechanism to
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/gre.4">gre(4)</a>.
<li>Added MPLS support to
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/gif.4">gif(4)</a>.
<li>Support for 802.1ad-style QinQ nested VLANs with the addition of
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/svlan.4">svlan(4)</a> (service VLAN) interfaces.
<li>Added a RTM_DESYNC routing message as indicator that route messages
got dropped because of insufficient buffer space.
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ospfd.8">ospfd(8)</a>
uses this message to keep the internal view of the routing table in sync.
</ul>
<p>
<li>SCSI improvements:
<ul>
<li>better <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/cd.4">cd(4)</a> detaching.
<li>better <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/st.4">st(4)</a> sense data and buf handling.
<li>eliminate excessive delays when starting DVD playing.
<li>ask only for minimal (i.e. 18 bytes) sense data, fixing usb devices.
<li>migrate to using bufq.
<li>always try READ CAPACITY 16 on devices claiming to be SCSI-3.
<li>many performance and reliability improvements as a result of new SCSI midlayer:
<ul>
<li>introduce round-robin scheduling of resources for outstanding device commands to prevent a single device from monopolising the bus.
<li>significant reduction in memory consumption used for tracking devices attached to buses.
<li>eliminate many unnecessary splbio/splx calls in SCSI drivers.
<li>eliminate many use after free's exposed by new SCSI midlayer.
<li>eliminate scsi_scsi_cmd(), simplifying calling inside SCSI midlayer.
<li>eliminate struct scsi_device.
<li>eliminate many uninitialized data references and invalid scsi_done() calls exposed by new SCSI midlayer.
<li>eliminate use of EAGAIN.
<li>eliminate almost all uses of NO_CCB and XS_NO_CCB.
</ul>
</ul>
<p>
<li>Assorted improvements:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mbtowc.3">mbtowc(3)</a> multi-byte/wide-character conversion functions
have been added to the C library, and
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/setlocale.3">setlocale(3)</a>
now supports the en_US.UTF-8 locale.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/posix_madvise.2">posix_madvise(2)</a>,
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/posix_memalign.3">posix_memalign(3)</a>,
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/strndup.3">strndup(3)</a>, and
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/strnlen.3">strnlen(3)</a>
have been added to the C library.
<li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/event.3">event(3)</a> library
was updated to version 1.4.14b.
<li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pthreads.3">pthreads(3)</a> library
now implements the <code>pthread_rwlock_timed{rd,wr}lock</code> interfaces.
<li>AES-NI support has been integrated into the OpenSSL
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/crypto.3">crypto(3)</a> library.
<li>MIDI control in non-server mode was added to
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/aucat.1">aucat(1)</a>,
including seeking within .wav files
<li>A new record-what-you-hear feature was added to
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/aucat.1">aucat(1)</a>.
<li>The minimum extra latency of the
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/aucat.1">aucat(1)</a>
server was lowered to a single block, improving
usability of low-latency programs without stability compromise.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/disklabel.8">disklabel(8)</a>
now supports unique disk identifiers.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ftp.1">ftp(1)</a>
now handles redirection to relative URLs in the Location: header
of HTTP responses.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/lint.1">lint(1)</a>
now recognizes the C99 data types _Bool and _Complex
and some related gcc extensions.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/make.1">make(1)</a>
now allows variables in SysV modifiers,
and implements the :QL (quote list) modifier.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/man.1">man(1)</a> now allows to combine the -s option with -m or -M.
<li>Improved directory editing in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mg.1">mg(1)</a>.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/newfs.8">newfs(8)</a> has been tweaked to better support large file systems.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/od.1">od(1)</a>
now supports the POSIX -A option to select an input address base.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sendbug.1">sendbug(1)</a>
now includes the output of <code>usbdevs -v</code> into the template.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/smtpd.8">smtpd(8)</a>
now supports the SIZE and ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES extensions
and the "plain" backend for maps, and performance was improved when handling large amounts of mail.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/snmpd.8">snmpd(8)</a>
now supports the IP-FORWARD-MIB.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/wsconsctl.8">wsconsctl(8)</a> now handles more than one keyboard, mouse and display.
<li>Many memory leaks have been fixed in various userland utilities.
<li><a href="amd64.html">amd64</a>,
<a href="i386.html">i386</a>,
<a href="hppa.html">hppa</a>,
<a href="sparc64.html">sparc64</a>,
<a href="socppc.html">socppc</a> and
<a href="macppc.html">macppc</a>
platforms were switched over to gcc4.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/newfs.8">newfs(8)</a> now makes FFS2 the default for partitions larger than INT_MAX blocks.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dhcpd.8">dhcpd(8)</a> now includes the server id in NAK messages, as required by some
relays.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/disklabel.8">disklabel(8)</a> now aligns the start and end of FFS partitions on bsize boundaries where it can, to improve performance on 4096-byte block devices.
<li>by default, read and write caching is now turned on for non-USB scsi disks.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/getdirentries.2">getdirentries(2)</a> now checks to ensure that it doesn't wrap or truncate directory information on architectures where LONG is a different size from LONG LONG.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/disklabel.8">disklabel(8)</a> now ensures correct physical bounds and disk size are used when building a disklabel from saved ascii disklabel.
<li>it is again possible to build a bsd.rd that has DDB.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pms.4">pms(4)</a> now works much better with various trackpads and over suspend/resume cycles.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/fdisk.8">fdisk(8)</a> now aligns the OpenBSD partition on a power of 2 block boundary to improve performance on 4096-byte block devices.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/nfsd.8">nfsd(8)</a> now logs start up errors to the system log as well as the console.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/nfsd.8">nfsd(8)</a> now errors out if given an invalid number of servers to run.
</ul>
<p>
<li>Install/Upgrade process changes:
<ul>
<li>If the system time is off by more than 120 seconds, ask if the user
wants to set it accordingly.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/disklabel.8">disklabel(8)</a>
now allows to customize auto allocated labels using the -R option.
<li>Default network install method changed from FTP to HTTP.
<li>Automatically set
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pkg.conf.5">/etc/pkg.conf</a>
'installfrom' entry to the public mirror used while installing or upgrading.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sysmerge.8">sysmerge(8)</a> now automatically installs missing users and groups.
<li>Eliminate more excessively chatty remarks during install.
<li>Handle disk UID partitions better.
</ul>
<p>
<li>OpenSSH 5.6:
<ul>
<li>New features:
<ul>
<li>Added a <em>ControlPersist</em> option to
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5">ssh_config(5)</a>.
<li>Hostbased authentication may now use certificate host keys.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1">ssh-keygen(1)</a>
now supports signing certificate using a CA key that has been stored
in a PKCS#11 token.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>
will now log the hostname and address that we connected to at
LogLevel=verbose after authentication is successful to mitigate
"phishing" attacks.
<li>Expand %h to the hostname in ssh_config Hostname options.
<li>Allow <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1">ssh-keygen(1)</a>
to import and export of PEM and PKCS#8 keys.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8">sshd(8)</a>
will now queue debug messages for bad ownership or permissions on
the user's keyfiles encountered during authentication.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>
connection multiplexing now supports remote forwarding with
dynamic port allocation and can report the allocated port back to
the user.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8">sshd(8)</a>
now supports indirection in matching of principal names listed in
certificates.
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8">sshd(8)</a>
now has a new <em>AuthorizedPrincipalsFile</em> option.
<li>Additional <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5">sshd_config(5)</a>
options are now valid inside Match blocks:
<ul>
<li><em>AuthorizedKeysFile</em>
<li><em>AuthorizedPrincipalsFile</em>
<li><em>HostbasedUsesNameFromPacketOnly</em>
<li><em>PermitTunnel</em>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>The following significant bugs have been fixed in this release:
<ul>
<li>The PKCS#11 code now retries a lookup for a private key if there is
no matching key with <em>CKA_SIGN</em> attribute enabled (bz#1736).
<li>Unbreak strdelim() skipping past quoted strings.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1">sftp(1)</a>:
fix swapped args in upload_dir_internal() (bz#1797).
<li>Fix a longstanding problem where if you suspend
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/scp.1">scp(1)</a>
at the password/passphrase prompt the terminal mode is not restored.
<li>Fix a PKCS#11 crash on some smartcards by validating the length
returned for C_GetAttributValue (bz#1773).
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1">sftp(1)</a>:
fix ls in working directories that contain globbing
characters in their pathnames (bz#1655).
<li>Print warning for missing home directory when
<em>ChrootDirectory=none.</em> (bz#1564).
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1">sftp(1)</a>:
fix a memory leak in do_realpath() error path (bz#1771).
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1">ssh-keygen(1)</a>:
Standardise error messages when attempting to open
private key files to include "progname: filename: error reason" (bz#1783).
<li>Replace verbose and overflow-prone Linebuf code with
read_keyfile_line() (bz#1565).
<li>Include the user name on "subsystem request for ..." log messages.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>
and
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8">sshd(8)</a>:
remove hardcoded limit of 100 permitopen clauses and port forwards
per direction (bz#1327).
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8">sshd(8)</a>:
ignore stderr output from subsystems to avoid hangs if a subsystem
or shell initialisation writes to stderr (bz#1750).
<li>Skip the initial check for access with an empty password when
<em>PermitEmptyPasswords=no</em> (bz#1638).
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8">sshd(8)</a>:
fix logspam when key options (from="..." especially) deny
non-matching keys (bz#1765).
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1">ssh-keygen(1)</a>:
display a more helpful error message when $HOME is
inaccessible while trying to create .ssh directory (bz#1740).
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>:
fix hang when terminating a mux slave using ~ (bz#1758).
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1">ssh-keygen(1)</a>:
refuse to generate keys longer than
<em>OPENSSL_[RD]SA_MAX_MODULUS_BITS</em> (bz#1516).
<li>Suppress spurious tty warning when using -O and stdin is not a tty
(bz#1746).
<li>Kill channel when pty allocation requests fail (bz#1698).
</ul>
</ul>
<p>
<li>Mandoc 1.10.5:
<ul>
<li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mandoc.1">mandoc(1)</a>
utility is now used to build all manuals in the base system
and in Xenocara from
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mdoc.7">mdoc(7)</a> and
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/man.7">man(7)</a>
sources.
<li>New integrated roff preprocessor with minimal support for conditional
requests, nested roff requests, string definitions, roff registers,
also parsing and ignoring macro definitions.
<li>Improved support for manual pages generated by
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pod2man.1">pod2man(1)</a>.
<li>Many parser improvements, in particular
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mdoc.7">mdoc(7)</a>
support for word keeps, synopsis mode in arbitrary sections,
graceful handling of badly nested blocks, and improved parsing
of column displays.
<li>New PostScript and PDF output frontends.
<li>Many ASCII and HTML output formatting improvements, for example
proper synopsis indentation and improved end-of-sentence detection.
<li>Considerably improved syntax checking and error reporting.
</ul>
<p>
<li>Over 6,400 ports, major robustness and speed improvements in package tools.
<li>Many pre-built packages for each architecture:
<ul style="column-count: 4">
<li>i386: 6218
<li>sparc64: 5950
<li>alpha: 5827
<li>sh: 1100
<li>amd64: 6166
<li>powerpc: 5996
<li>sparc: 4130
<li>arm: 5628
<li>hppa: 5632
<li>vax: 1528
<li>mips64: 3632
<li>mips64el: 4486
</ul>
Some highlights:
<ul>
<li>Gnome 2.30.2.
<li>KDE 3.5.10.
<li>Xfce 4.6.2.
<li>MySQL 5.1.48.
<li>PostgreSQL 8.4.4.
<li>Postfix 2.7.1.
<li>OpenLDAP 2.3.43.
<li>Mozilla Firefox 3.6.8 and 3.5.11.
<li>Mozilla Thunderbird 3.1.1.
<li>OpenOffice.org 3.2.1.
<li>Emacs 21.4 and 22.3
<li>Vim 7.2.444.
<li>PHP 5.2.13.
<li>Python 2.4.6, 2.5.4 and 2.6.5.
<li>Ruby 1.8.6.369.
<li>Mono 2.6.4.
</ul>
<p>
<li>As usual, steady improvements in manual pages and other documentation.
<p>
<li>The system includes the following major components from outside suppliers:
<ul>
<li>Xenocara (based on X.Org 7.5 with xserver 1.8 + patches,
freetype 2.3.12,
fontconfig 2.8.0, Mesa 7.8.2, xterm 258 and more)
<li>Gcc 2.95.3 (+ patches), 3.3.5 (+ patches) and 4.2.1 (+patches)
<li>Perl 5.10.1 (+ patches)
<li>Our improved and secured version of Apache 1.3, with SSL/TLS
and DSO support
<li>OpenSSL 0.9.8k (+ patches)
<li>Groff 1.15
<li>Sendmail 8.14.3, with libmilter
<li>Bind 9.4.2-P2 (+ patches)
<li>Lynx 2.8.6rel.5 with HTTPS and IPv6 support (+ patches)
<li>Sudo 1.7.2
<li>Ncurses 5.7
<li>Latest KAME IPv6
<li>Heimdal 0.7.2 (+ patches)
<li>Arla 0.35.7
<li>Binutils 2.15 (+ patches)
<li>Gdb 6.3 (+ patches)
</ul>
</ul>
</section>
<hr>
<section id=install>
<h3>How to install</h3>
<p>
Following this are the instructions which you would have on a piece of
paper if you had purchased a CDROM set instead of doing an alternate
form of install. The instructions for doing an FTP (or other style
of) install are very similar; the CDROM instructions are left intact
so that you can see how much easier it would have been if you had
purchased a CDROM instead.
<p>
<hr>
Please refer to the following files on the three CDROMs or FTP mirror for
extensive details on how to install OpenBSD 4.8 on your machine:
<p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/i386/INSTALL.i386">
.../OpenBSD/4.8/i386/INSTALL.i386 (on CD1)</a>
<p>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/amd64/INSTALL.amd64">
.../OpenBSD/4.8/amd64/INSTALL.amd64 (on CD2)</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/macppc/INSTALL.macppc">
.../OpenBSD/4.8/macppc/INSTALL.macppc (on CD2)</a>
<p>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/sparc64/INSTALL.sparc64">
.../OpenBSD/4.8/sparc64/INSTALL.sparc64 (on CD3)</a>
<p>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/alpha/INSTALL.alpha">
.../OpenBSD/4.8/alpha/INSTALL.alpha</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/armish/INSTALL.armish">
.../OpenBSD/4.8/armish/INSTALL.armish</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/hp300/INSTALL.hp300">
.../OpenBSD/4.8/hp300/INSTALL.hp300</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/hppa/INSTALL.hppa">
.../OpenBSD/4.8/hppa/INSTALL.hppa</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/landisk/INSTALL.landisk">
.../OpenBSD/4.8/landisk/INSTALL.landisk</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/loongson/INSTALL.loongson">
.../OpenBSD/4.8/loongson/INSTALL.loongson</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/mvme68k/INSTALL.mvme68k">
.../OpenBSD/4.8/mvme68k/INSTALL.mvme68k</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/mvme88k/INSTALL.mvme88k">
.../OpenBSD/4.8/mvme88k/INSTALL.mvme88k</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/sgi/INSTALL.sgi">
.../OpenBSD/4.8/sgi/INSTALL.sgi</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/socppc/INSTALL.socppc">
.../OpenBSD/4.8/socppc/INSTALL.socppc</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/sparc/INSTALL.sparc">
.../OpenBSD/4.8/sparc/INSTALL.sparc</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/vax/INSTALL.vax">
.../OpenBSD/4.8/vax/INSTALL.vax</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/zaurus/INSTALL.zaurus">
.../OpenBSD/4.8/zaurus/INSTALL.zaurus</a>
</ul>
</section>
<hr>
<section id=quickinstall>
<p>
Quick installer information for people familiar with OpenBSD, and the
use of the "disklabel -E" command. If you are at all confused when
installing OpenBSD, read the relevant INSTALL.* file as listed above!
<h3>OpenBSD/i386:</h3>
<p>
Play with your BIOS options to enable booting from a CD. The OpenBSD/i386
release is on CD1. If your BIOS does not support booting from CD, you will need
to create a boot floppy to install from. To create a boot floppy write
<i>CD1:4.8/i386/floppy48.fs</i> to a floppy and boot via the floppy drive.
<p>
Use <i>CD1:4.8/i386/floppyB48.fs</i> instead for greater SCSI controller
support, or <i>CD1:4.8/i386/floppyC48.fs</i> for better laptop support.
<p>
If you can't boot from a CD or a floppy disk,
you can install across the network using PXE as described in
the included INSTALL.i386 document.
<p>
If you are planning on dual booting OpenBSD with another OS, you will need to
read INSTALL.i386.
<p>
To make a boot floppy under MS-DOS, use the "rawrite" utility located
at <i>CD1:4.8/tools/rawrite.exe</i>. To make the boot floppy under a Unix OS,
use the
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dd.1">dd(1)</a>
utility. The following is an example usage of
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dd.1">dd(1)</a>,
where the device could be "floppy", "rfd0c", or
"rfd0a".
<blockquote><pre>
# <kbd>dd if=<file> of=/dev/<device> bs=32k</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
Make sure you use properly formatted perfect floppies with NO BAD BLOCKS or
your install will most likely fail. For more information on creating a boot
floppy and installing OpenBSD/i386 please refer to
<a href="faq/faq4.html#MkFlop">this page</a>.
<h3>OpenBSD/amd64:</h3>
<p>
The 4.8 release of OpenBSD/amd64 is located on CD2.
Boot from the CD to begin the install - you may need to adjust
your BIOS options first.
If you can't boot from the CD, you can create a boot floppy to install from.
To do this, write <i>CD2:4.8/amd64/floppy48.fs</i> to a floppy, then
boot from the floppy drive.
<p>
If you can't boot from a CD or a floppy disk,
you can install across the network using PXE as described in the included
INSTALL.amd64 document.
<p>
If you are planning to dual boot OpenBSD with another OS, you will need to
read INSTALL.amd64.
<h3>OpenBSD/macppc:</h3>
<p>
Put CD2 in your CDROM drive and poweron your machine while holding down the
<i>C</i> key until the display turns on and shows <i>OpenBSD/macppc boot</i>.
<p>
Alternatively, at the Open Firmware prompt, enter <i>boot cd:,ofwboot
/4.8/macppc/bsd.rd</i>
<h3>OpenBSD/sparc64:</h3>
<p>
Put CD3 in your CDROM drive and type <i>boot cdrom</i>.
<p>
If this doesn't work, or if you don't have a CDROM drive, you can write
<i>CD3:4.8/sparc64/floppy48.fs</i> or <i>CD3:4.8/sparc64/floppyB48.fs</i>
(depending on your machine) to a floppy and boot it with <i>boot
floppy</i>. Refer to INSTALL.sparc64 for details.
<p>
Make sure you use a properly formatted floppy with NO BAD BLOCKS or your install
will most likely fail.
<p>
You can also write <i>CD3:4.8/sparc64/miniroot48.fs</i> to the swap partition on
the disk and boot with <i>boot disk:b</i>.
<p>
If nothing works, you can boot over the network as described in INSTALL.sparc64.
<h3>OpenBSD/alpha:</h3>
<p>
Write <i>4.8/alpha/floppy48.fs</i> or
<i>4.8/alpha/floppyB48.fs</i> (depending on your machine) to a diskette and
enter <i>boot dva0</i>. Refer to INSTALL.alpha for more details.
<p>
Make sure you use a properly formatted floppy with NO BAD BLOCKS or your install
will most likely fail.
<h3>OpenBSD/armish:</h3>
<p>
After connecting a serial port, Thecus can boot directly from the network
either tftp or http. Configure the network using fconfig, reset,
then load bsd.rd, see INSTALL.armish for specific details.
IOData HDL-G can only boot from an EXT-2 partition. Boot into linux
and copy 'boot' and bsd.rd into the first partition on wd0 (hda1)
then load and run bsd.rd, preserving the wd0i (hda1) ext2fs partition.
More details are available in INSTALL.armish.
<h3>OpenBSD/hp300:</h3>
<p>
Boot over the network by following the instructions in INSTALL.hp300.
<h3>OpenBSD/hppa:</h3>
<p>
Boot over the network by following the instructions in INSTALL.hppa or the
<a href="hppa.html#install">hppa platform page</a>.
<h3>OpenBSD/landisk:</h3>
<p>
Write <i>miniroot48.fs</i> to the start of the CF
or disk, and boot normally.
<h3>OpenBSD/loongson:</h3>
<p>
Write <i>miniroot48.fs</i> to a USB stick and boot bsd.rd from it
or boot bsd.rd via tftp.
Refer to the instructions in INSTALL.loongson for more details.
<h3>OpenBSD/mvme68k:</h3>
<p>
You can create a bootable installation tape or boot over the network.<br>
The network boot requires a MVME68K BUG version that supports the <i>NIOT</i>
and <i>NBO</i> debugger commands. Follow the instructions in INSTALL.mvme68k
for more details.
<h3>OpenBSD/mvme88k:</h3>
<p>
You can create a bootable installation tape or boot over the network.<br>
The network boot requires a MVME88K BUG version that supports the <i>NIOT</i>
and <i>NBO</i> debugger commands. Follow the instructions in INSTALL.mvme88k
for more details.
<h3>OpenBSD/sgi:</h3>
<p>
To install on an O2, burn cd48.iso on a CD-R, put it in the CD drive of your
machine and select <i>Install System Software</i> from the System Maintenance
menu.
<p>
On other systems, or if your machine doesn't have a CD drive, you can
setup a DHCP/tftp network server, and boot using "bootp()/bsd.rd.IP##" using
the kernel matching your system type.
Refer to the instructions in INSTALL.sgi for more details.
<h3>OpenBSD/socppc:</h3>
<p>
After connecting a serial port, boot over the network via DHCP/tftp.
Refer to the instructions in INSTALL.socppc for more details.
<h3>OpenBSD/sparc:</h3>
<p>
Boot from one of the provided install ISO images, using one of the two
commands listed below, depending on the version of your ROM.
<blockquote><pre>
ok <kbd>boot cdrom 4.8/sparc/bsd.rd</kbd>
or
> <kbd>b sd(0,6,0)4.8/sparc/bsd.rd</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
If your SPARC system does not have a CD drive, you can alternatively boot from floppy.
To do so you need to write <i>floppy48.fs</i> to a floppy.
For more information see <a href="faq/faq4.html#MkFlop">this page</a>.
To boot from the floppy use one of the two commands listed below,
depending on the version of your ROM.
<blockquote><pre>
ok <kbd>boot floppy</kbd>
or
> <kbd>b fd()</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
Make sure you use a properly formatted floppy with NO BAD BLOCKS or your install
will most likely fail.
<p>
If your SPARC system doesn't have a floppy drive nor a CD drive, you can either
setup a bootable tape, or install via network, as told in the
INSTALL.sparc file.
<h3>OpenBSD/vax:</h3>
<p>
Boot over the network via mopbooting as described in INSTALL.vax.
<h3>OpenBSD/zaurus:</h3>
<p>
Using the Linux built-in graphical ipkg installer, install the
openbsd48_arm.ipk package. Reboot, then run it. Read INSTALL.zaurus
for a few important details.
</section>
<hr>
<section id=sourcecode>
<h3>Notes about the source code</h3>
<p>
<code>src.tar.gz</code> contains a source archive starting at <code>/usr/src</code>.
This file contains everything you need except for the kernel sources, which are
in a separate archive. To extract:
<blockquote><pre>
# <kbd>mkdir -p /usr/src</kbd>
# <kbd>cd /usr/src</kbd>
# <kbd>tar xvfz /tmp/src.tar.gz</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
<code>sys.tar.gz</code> contains a source archive starting at <code>/usr/src/sys</code>.
This file contains all the kernel sources you need to rebuild kernels.
To extract:
<blockquote><pre>
# <kbd>mkdir -p /usr/src/sys</kbd>
# <kbd>cd /usr/src</kbd>
# <kbd>tar xvfz /tmp/sys.tar.gz</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
Both of these trees are a regular CVS checkout. Using these trees it
is possible to get a head-start on using the anoncvs servers as
described <a href="anoncvs.html">here</a>.
Using these files
results in a much faster initial CVS update than you could expect from
a fresh checkout of the full OpenBSD source tree.
</section>
<hr>
<section id=upgrade>
<h3>How to upgrade</h3>
<p>
If you already have an OpenBSD 4.7 system, and do not want to reinstall,
upgrade instructions and advice can be found in the
<a href="faq/upgrade48.html">Upgrade Guide</a>.
</section>
<hr>
<section id=ports>
<h3>Ports Tree</h3>
<p>
A ports tree archive is also provided. To extract:
<blockquote><pre>
# <kbd>cd /usr</kbd>
# <kbd>tar xvfz /tmp/ports.tar.gz</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
The <i>ports/</i> subdirectory is a checkout of the OpenBSD ports tree. Go
read the <a href="faq/ports/index.html">ports</a> page
if you know nothing about ports
at this point. This text is not a manual of how to use ports.
Rather, it is a set of notes meant to kickstart the user on the
OpenBSD ports system.
<p>
The <i>ports/</i> directory represents a CVS (see the manpage for
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/cvs.1">cvs(1)</a> if
you aren't familiar with CVS) checkout of our ports. As with our complete
source tree, our ports tree is available via anoncvs. So, in
order to keep current with it, you must make the <i>ports/</i> tree
available on a read-write medium and update the tree with a command
like:
<blockquote><pre>
# <kbd>cd [portsdir]/; cvs -d anoncvs@server.openbsd.org:/cvs update -Pd -rOPENBSD_4_8</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
[Of course, you must replace the local directory and server name here
with the location of your ports collection and a nearby anoncvs
server.]
<p>
Note that most ports are available as packages on our mirrors. Updated
packages for the 4.8 release will be made available if problems arise.
<p>
If you're interested in seeing a port added, would like to help out, or just
would like to know more, the mailing list
<a href="mail.html">ports@openbsd.org</a> is a good place to know.
</section>