exporter.go

// Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package prometheus // import "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus"

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"sort"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"unicode"
	"unicode/utf8"

	"github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"

	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric/unit"
	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/instrumentation"
	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric"
	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric/metricdata"
	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/resource"
)

const (
	targetInfoMetricName  = "target_info"
	targetInfoDescription = "Target metadata"

	scopeInfoMetricName  = "otel_scope_info"
	scopeInfoDescription = "Instrumentation Scope metadata"
)

var scopeInfoKeys = [2]string{"otel_scope_name", "otel_scope_version"}

// Exporter is a Prometheus Exporter that embeds the OTel metric.Reader
// interface for easy instantiation with a MeterProvider.
type Exporter struct {
	metric.Reader
}

var _ metric.Reader = &Exporter{}

// collector is used to implement prometheus.Collector.
type collector struct {
	reader metric.Reader

	disableTargetInfo    bool
	withoutUnits         bool
	targetInfo           prometheus.Metric
	disableScopeInfo     bool
	createTargetInfoOnce sync.Once
	scopeInfos           map[instrumentation.Scope]prometheus.Metric
	metricFamiliesByName map[string]*dto.MetricFamily
}

// prometheus counters MUST have a _total suffix:
// https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/blob/v1.14.0/specification/metrics/data-model.md#sums-1
const counterSuffix = "_total"

// New returns a Prometheus Exporter.
func New(opts ...Option) (*Exporter, error) {
	cfg := newConfig(opts...)

	// this assumes that the default temporality selector will always return cumulative.
	// we only support cumulative temporality, so building our own reader enforces this.
	// TODO (#3244): Enable some way to configure the reader, but not change temporality.
	reader := metric.NewManualReader(cfg.manualReaderOptions()...)

	collector := &collector{
		reader:               reader,
		disableTargetInfo:    cfg.disableTargetInfo,
		withoutUnits:         cfg.withoutUnits,
		disableScopeInfo:     cfg.disableScopeInfo,
		scopeInfos:           make(map[instrumentation.Scope]prometheus.Metric),
		metricFamiliesByName: make(map[string]*dto.MetricFamily),
	}

	if err := cfg.registerer.Register(collector); err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot register the collector: %w", err)
	}

	e := &Exporter{
		Reader: reader,
	}

	return e, nil
}

// Describe implements prometheus.Collector.
func (c *collector) Describe(ch chan<- *prometheus.Desc) {
	// The Opentelemetry SDK doesn't have information on which will exist when the collector
	// is registered. By returning nothing we are an "unchecked" collector in Prometheus,
	// and assume responsibility for consistency of the metrics produced.
	//
	// See https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/prometheus/client_golang@v1.13.0/prometheus#hdr-Custom_Collectors_and_constant_Metrics
}

// Collect implements prometheus.Collector.
func (c *collector) Collect(ch chan<- prometheus.Metric) {
	metrics, err := c.reader.Collect(context.TODO())
	if err != nil {
		otel.Handle(err)
		if err == metric.ErrReaderNotRegistered {
			return
		}
	}

	c.createTargetInfoOnce.Do(func() {
		// Resource should be immutable, we don't need to compute again
		targetInfo, err := c.createInfoMetric(targetInfoMetricName, targetInfoDescription, metrics.Resource)
		if err != nil {
			// If the target info metric is invalid, disable sending it.
			otel.Handle(err)
			c.disableTargetInfo = true
		}
		c.targetInfo = targetInfo
	})
	if !c.disableTargetInfo {
		ch <- c.targetInfo
	}

	for _, scopeMetrics := range metrics.ScopeMetrics {
		var keys, values [2]string

		if !c.disableScopeInfo {
			scopeInfo, ok := c.scopeInfos[scopeMetrics.Scope]
			if !ok {
				scopeInfo, err = createScopeInfoMetric(scopeMetrics.Scope)
				if err != nil {
					otel.Handle(err)
				}
				c.scopeInfos[scopeMetrics.Scope] = scopeInfo
			}
			ch <- scopeInfo
			keys = scopeInfoKeys
			values = [2]string{scopeMetrics.Scope.Name, scopeMetrics.Scope.Version}
		}

		for _, m := range scopeMetrics.Metrics {
			drop, m, err := c.validateMetrics(m)
			if err != nil {
				fmt.Printf("warning: %v\n", err)
			}
			if drop {
				continue
			}

			switch v := m.Data.(type) {
			case metricdata.Histogram:
				addHistogramMetric(ch, v, m, keys, values, c.getName(m))
			case metricdata.Sum[int64]:
				addSumMetric(ch, v, m, keys, values, c.getName(m))
			case metricdata.Sum[float64]:
				addSumMetric(ch, v, m, keys, values, c.getName(m))
			case metricdata.Gauge[int64]:
				addGaugeMetric(ch, v, m, keys, values, c.getName(m))
			case metricdata.Gauge[float64]:
				addGaugeMetric(ch, v, m, keys, values, c.getName(m))
			}
		}
	}
}

func addHistogramMetric(ch chan<- prometheus.Metric, histogram metricdata.Histogram, m metricdata.Metrics, ks, vs [2]string, name string) {
	// TODO(https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-go/issues/3163): support exemplars
	for _, dp := range histogram.DataPoints {
		keys, values := getAttrs(dp.Attributes, ks, vs)

		desc := prometheus.NewDesc(name, m.Description, keys, nil)
		buckets := make(map[float64]uint64, len(dp.Bounds))

		cumulativeCount := uint64(0)
		for i, bound := range dp.Bounds {
			cumulativeCount += dp.BucketCounts[i]
			buckets[bound] = cumulativeCount
		}
		m, err := prometheus.NewConstHistogram(desc, dp.Count, dp.Sum, buckets, values...)
		if err != nil {
			otel.Handle(err)
			continue
		}
		ch <- m
	}
}

func addSumMetric[N int64 | float64](ch chan<- prometheus.Metric, sum metricdata.Sum[N], m metricdata.Metrics, ks, vs [2]string, name string) {
	valueType := prometheus.CounterValue
	if !sum.IsMonotonic {
		valueType = prometheus.GaugeValue
	}
	if sum.IsMonotonic {
		// Add _total suffix for counters
		name += counterSuffix
	}
	for _, dp := range sum.DataPoints {
		keys, values := getAttrs(dp.Attributes, ks, vs)

		desc := prometheus.NewDesc(name, m.Description, keys, nil)
		m, err := prometheus.NewConstMetric(desc, valueType, float64(dp.Value), values...)
		if err != nil {
			otel.Handle(err)
			continue
		}
		ch <- m
	}
}

func addGaugeMetric[N int64 | float64](ch chan<- prometheus.Metric, gauge metricdata.Gauge[N], m metricdata.Metrics, ks, vs [2]string, name string) {
	for _, dp := range gauge.DataPoints {
		keys, values := getAttrs(dp.Attributes, ks, vs)

		desc := prometheus.NewDesc(name, m.Description, keys, nil)
		m, err := prometheus.NewConstMetric(desc, prometheus.GaugeValue, float64(dp.Value), values...)
		if err != nil {
			otel.Handle(err)
			continue
		}
		ch <- m
	}
}

// getAttrs parses the attribute.Set to two lists of matching Prometheus-style
// keys and values. It sanitizes invalid characters and handles duplicate keys
// (due to sanitization) by sorting and concatenating the values following the spec.
func getAttrs(attrs attribute.Set, ks, vs [2]string) ([]string, []string) {
	keysMap := make(map[string][]string)
	itr := attrs.Iter()
	for itr.Next() {
		kv := itr.Attribute()
		key := strings.Map(sanitizeRune, string(kv.Key))
		if _, ok := keysMap[key]; !ok {
			keysMap[key] = []string{kv.Value.Emit()}
		} else {
			// if the sanitized key is a duplicate, append to the list of keys
			keysMap[key] = append(keysMap[key], kv.Value.Emit())
		}
	}

	keys := make([]string, 0, attrs.Len())
	values := make([]string, 0, attrs.Len())
	for key, vals := range keysMap {
		keys = append(keys, key)
		sort.Slice(vals, func(i, j int) bool {
			return i < j
		})
		values = append(values, strings.Join(vals, ";"))
	}

	if ks[0] != "" {
		keys = append(keys, ks[:]...)
		values = append(values, vs[:]...)
	}
	return keys, values
}

func (c *collector) createInfoMetric(name, description string, res *resource.Resource) (prometheus.Metric, error) {
	keys, values := getAttrs(*res.Set(), [2]string{}, [2]string{})
	desc := prometheus.NewDesc(name, description, keys, nil)
	return prometheus.NewConstMetric(desc, prometheus.GaugeValue, float64(1), values...)
}

func createScopeInfoMetric(scope instrumentation.Scope) (prometheus.Metric, error) {
	keys := scopeInfoKeys[:]
	desc := prometheus.NewDesc(scopeInfoMetricName, scopeInfoDescription, keys, nil)
	return prometheus.NewConstMetric(desc, prometheus.GaugeValue, float64(1), scope.Name, scope.Version)
}

func sanitizeRune(r rune) rune {
	if unicode.IsLetter(r) || unicode.IsDigit(r) || r == ':' || r == '_' {
		return r
	}
	return '_'
}

var unitSuffixes = map[unit.Unit]string{
	unit.Dimensionless: "_ratio",
	unit.Bytes:         "_bytes",
	unit.Milliseconds:  "_milliseconds",
}

// getName returns the sanitized name, including unit suffix.
func (c *collector) getName(m metricdata.Metrics) string {
	name := sanitizeName(m.Name)
	if c.withoutUnits {
		return name
	}
	if suffix, ok := unitSuffixes[m.Unit]; ok {
		name += suffix
	}
	return name
}

func sanitizeName(n string) string {
	// This algorithm is based on strings.Map from Go 1.19.
	const replacement = '_'

	valid := func(i int, r rune) bool {
		// Taken from
		// https://github.com/prometheus/common/blob/dfbc25bd00225c70aca0d94c3c4bb7744f28ace0/model/metric.go#L92-L102
		if (r >= 'a' && r <= 'z') || (r >= 'A' && r <= 'Z') || r == '_' || r == ':' || (r >= '0' && r <= '9' && i > 0) {
			return true
		}
		return false
	}

	// This output buffer b is initialized on demand, the first time a
	// character needs to be replaced.
	var b strings.Builder
	for i, c := range n {
		if valid(i, c) {
			continue
		}

		if i == 0 && c >= '0' && c <= '9' {
			// Prefix leading number with replacement character.
			b.Grow(len(n) + 1)
			_ = b.WriteByte(byte(replacement))
			break
		}
		b.Grow(len(n))
		_, _ = b.WriteString(n[:i])
		_ = b.WriteByte(byte(replacement))
		width := utf8.RuneLen(c)
		n = n[i+width:]
		break
	}

	// Fast path for unchanged input.
	if b.Cap() == 0 { // b.Grow was not called above.
		return n
	}

	for _, c := range n {
		// Due to inlining, it is more performant to invoke WriteByte rather then
		// WriteRune.
		if valid(1, c) { // We are guaranteed to not be at the start.
			_ = b.WriteByte(byte(c))
		} else {
			_ = b.WriteByte(byte(replacement))
		}
	}

	return b.String()
}

func (c *collector) validateMetrics(m metricdata.Metrics) (bool, metricdata.Metrics, error) {
	// get the name of metric name
	name := c.getName(m)
	switch m.Data.(type) {
	case metricdata.Sum[int64]:
		sum := m.Data.(metricdata.Sum[int64])
		if sum.IsMonotonic {
			name += counterSuffix
		}
	case metricdata.Sum[float64]:
		sum := m.Data.(metricdata.Sum[int64])
		if sum.IsMonotonic {
			name += counterSuffix
		}
	}

	metricFamily := &dto.MetricFamily{
		Name: proto.String(name),
		Help: proto.String(m.Description),
	}
	switch m.Data.(type) {
	case metricdata.Sum[int64]:
		sum := m.Data.(metricdata.Sum[int64])
		metricFamily.Type = dto.MetricType_COUNTER.Enum()
		if !sum.IsMonotonic {
			metricFamily.Type = dto.MetricType_GAUGE.Enum()
		}
	case metricdata.Sum[float64]:
		sum := m.Data.(metricdata.Sum[float64])
		metricFamily.Type = dto.MetricType_COUNTER.Enum()
		if !sum.IsMonotonic {
			metricFamily.Type = dto.MetricType_GAUGE.Enum()
		}
	case metricdata.Gauge[int64]:
		metricFamily.Type = dto.MetricType_GAUGE.Enum()
	case metricdata.Gauge[float64]:
		metricFamily.Type = dto.MetricType_GAUGE.Enum()
	case metricdata.Histogram:
		metricFamily.Type = dto.MetricType_HISTOGRAM.Enum()
	}

	collision := validateCollision(metricFamily, c.metricFamiliesByName)
	switch collision {
	case noCollision:
		c.metricFamiliesByName[name] = metricFamily
		return false, m, nil
	case typeCollision:
		return true, m, fmt.Errorf("type collision")
	case helpCollision:
		emf := c.metricFamiliesByName[name]
		m.Description = emf.GetHelp()
		return false, m, fmt.Errorf("help collision")
	}

	return false, m, nil
}

type collisionType int

const (
	noCollision   collisionType = 0
	typeCollision collisionType = 1
	helpCollision collisionType = 2
)

func validateCollision(mf *dto.MetricFamily, mfs map[string]*dto.MetricFamily) collisionType {
	emf, exist := mfs[mf.GetName()]
	if !exist {
		return noCollision
	}

	if emf.GetType() != mf.GetType() {
		return typeCollision
	}

	if emf.GetHelp() != mf.GetHelp() {
		return helpCollision
	}

	return noCollision
}