{{ header }}
Note
The examples below assume that you're using Jupyter.
This section demonstrates visualization through charting. For information on visualization of tabular data please see the section on Table Visualization.
We use the standard convention for referencing the matplotlib API:
python
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.close("all")
We provide the basics in pandas to easily create decent looking plots. See the ecosystem <ecosystem.visualization> section for visualization libraries that go beyond the basics documented here.
Note
All calls to np.random are seeded with 123456.
We will demonstrate the basics, see the cookbook<cookbook.plotting> for some advanced strategies.
The plot method on Series and DataFrame is just a simple wrapper around plt.plot() <matplotlib.axes.Axes.plot>:
python
np.random.seed(123456)
python
ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000), index=pd.date_range("1/1/2000", periods=1000)) ts = ts.cumsum()
@savefig series_plot_basic.png ts.plot();
If the index consists of dates, it calls gcf().autofmt_xdate() <matplotlib.figure.Figure.autofmt_xdate> to try to format the x-axis nicely as per above.
On DataFrame, ~DataFrame.plot is a convenience to plot all of the columns with labels:
python
plt.close("all") np.random.seed(123456)
python
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 4), index=ts.index, columns=list("ABCD")) df = df.cumsum()
plt.figure(); @savefig frame_plot_basic.png df.plot();
You can plot one column versus another using the x and y keywords in ~DataFrame.plot:
python
plt.close("all") plt.figure() np.random.seed(123456)
python
df3 = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 2), columns=["B", "C"]).cumsum() df3["A"] = pd.Series(list(range(len(df))))
@savefig df_plot_xy.png df3.plot(x="A", y="B");
Note
For more formatting and styling options, see formatting <visualization.formatting> below.
python
plt.close("all")
Plotting methods allow for a handful of plot styles other than the default line plot. These methods can be provided as the kind keyword argument to ~DataFrame.plot, and include:
'bar' <visualization.barplot>or'barh' <visualization.barplot>for bar plots'hist' <visualization.hist>for histogram'box' <visualization.box>for boxplot'kde' <visualization.kde>or'density' <visualization.kde>for density plots'area' <visualization.area_plot>for area plots'scatter' <visualization.scatter>for scatter plots'hexbin' <visualization.hexbin>for hexagonal bin plots'pie' <visualization.pie>for pie plots
For example, a bar plot can be created the following way:
python
plt.figure();
@savefig bar_plot_ex.png df.iloc[5].plot(kind="bar");
You can also create these other plots using the methods DataFrame.plot.<kind> instead of providing the kind keyword argument. This makes it easier to discover plot methods and the specific arguments they use:
In [14]: df = pd.DataFrame()
In [15]: df.plot.<TAB> # noqa: E225, E999 df.plot.area df.plot.barh df.plot.density df.plot.hist df.plot.line df.plot.scatter df.plot.bar df.plot.box df.plot.hexbin df.plot.kde df.plot.pie
In addition to these kind s, there are the DataFrame.hist() <visualization.hist>, and DataFrame.boxplot() <visualization.box> methods, which use a separate interface.
Finally, there are several plotting functions <visualization.tools> in pandas.plotting that take a Series or DataFrame as an argument. These include:
Scatter Matrix <visualization.scatter_matrix>Andrews Curves <visualization.andrews_curves>Parallel Coordinates <visualization.parallel_coordinates>Lag Plot <visualization.lag>Autocorrelation Plot <visualization.autocorrelation>Bootstrap Plot <visualization.bootstrap>RadViz <visualization.radviz>
Plots may also be adorned with errorbars <visualization.errorbars> or tables <visualization.table>.
For labeled, non-time series data, you may wish to produce a bar plot:
python
plt.figure();
@savefig bar_plot_ex.png df.iloc[5].plot.bar(); plt.axhline(0, color="k");
Calling a DataFrame's plot.bar() <DataFrame.plot.bar> method produces a multiple bar plot:
python
plt.close("all") plt.figure() np.random.seed(123456)
python
df2 = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(10, 4), columns=["a", "b", "c", "d"])
@savefig bar_plot_multi_ex.png df2.plot.bar();
To produce a stacked bar plot, pass stacked=True:
python
plt.close("all") plt.figure()
python
@savefig bar_plot_stacked_ex.png df2.plot.bar(stacked=True);
To get horizontal bar plots, use the barh method:
python
plt.close("all") plt.figure()
python
@savefig barh_plot_stacked_ex.png df2.plot.barh(stacked=True);
Histograms can be drawn by using the DataFrame.plot.hist and Series.plot.hist methods.
python
- df4 = pd.DataFrame(
- {
"a": np.random.randn(1000) + 1, "b": np.random.randn(1000), "c": np.random.randn(1000) - 1,
}, columns=["a", "b", "c"],
)
plt.figure();
@savefig hist_new.png df4.plot.hist(alpha=0.5);
python
plt.close("all")
A histogram can be stacked using stacked=True. Bin size can be changed using the bins keyword.
python
plt.figure();
@savefig hist_new_stacked.png df4.plot.hist(stacked=True, bins=20);
python
plt.close("all")
You can pass other keywords supported by matplotlib hist. For example, horizontal and cumulative histograms can be drawn by orientation='horizontal' and cumulative=True.
python
plt.figure();
@savefig hist_new_kwargs.png df4["a"].plot.hist(orientation="horizontal", cumulative=True);
python
plt.close("all")
See the hist <matplotlib.axes.Axes.hist> method and the matplotlib hist documentation for more.
The existing interface DataFrame.hist to plot histogram still can be used.
python
plt.figure();
@savefig hist_plot_ex.png df["A"].diff().hist();
python
plt.close("all")
DataFrame.hist plots the histograms of the columns on multiple subplots:
python
plt.figure();
@savefig frame_hist_ex.png df.diff().hist(color="k", alpha=0.5, bins=50);
The by keyword can be specified to plot grouped histograms:
python
plt.close("all") plt.figure() np.random.seed(123456)
python
data = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000))
@savefig grouped_hist.png data.hist(by=np.random.randint(0, 4, 1000), figsize=(6, 4));
python
plt.close("all") np.random.seed(123456)
In addition, the by keyword can also be specified in DataFrame.plot.hist.
1.4.0
python
- data = pd.DataFrame(
- {
"a": np.random.choice(["x", "y", "z"], 1000), "b": np.random.choice(["e", "f", "g"], 1000), "c": np.random.randn(1000), "d": np.random.randn(1000) - 1,
},
)
@savefig grouped_hist_by.png data.plot.hist(by=["a", "b"], figsize=(10, 5));
python
plt.close("all")
Boxplot can be drawn calling Series.plot.box and DataFrame.plot.box, or DataFrame.boxplot to visualize the distribution of values within each column.
For instance, here is a boxplot representing five trials of 10 observations of a uniform random variable on [0,1).
python
plt.close("all") np.random.seed(123456)
python
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(10, 5), columns=["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"])
@savefig box_plot_new.png df.plot.box();
Boxplot can be colorized by passing color keyword. You can pass a dict whose keys are boxes, whiskers, medians and caps. If some keys are missing in the dict, default colors are used for the corresponding artists. Also, boxplot has sym keyword to specify fliers style.
When you pass other type of arguments via color keyword, it will be directly passed to matplotlib for all the boxes, whiskers, medians and caps colorization.
The colors are applied to every boxes to be drawn. If you want more complicated colorization, you can get each drawn artists by passing return_type <visualization.box.return>.
python
- color = {
"boxes": "DarkGreen", "whiskers": "DarkOrange", "medians": "DarkBlue", "caps": "Gray",
}
@savefig box_new_colorize.png df.plot.box(color=color, sym="r+");
python
plt.close("all")
Also, you can pass other keywords supported by matplotlib boxplot. For example, horizontal and custom-positioned boxplot can be drawn by vert=False and positions keywords.
python
@savefig box_new_kwargs.png df.plot.box(vert=False, positions=[1, 4, 5, 6, 8]);
See the boxplot <matplotlib.axes.Axes.boxplot> method and the matplotlib boxplot documentation for more.
The existing interface DataFrame.boxplot to plot boxplot still can be used.
python
plt.close("all") np.random.seed(123456)
python
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(10, 5)) plt.figure();
@savefig box_plot_ex.png bp = df.boxplot()
You can create a stratified boxplot using the by keyword argument to create groupings. For instance,
python
plt.close("all") np.random.seed(123456)
python
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(10, 2), columns=["Col1", "Col2"]) df["X"] = pd.Series(["A", "A", "A", "A", "A", "B", "B", "B", "B", "B"])
plt.figure();
@savefig box_plot_ex2.png bp = df.boxplot(by="X")
You can also pass a subset of columns to plot, as well as group by multiple columns:
python
plt.close("all") np.random.seed(123456)
python
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(10, 3), columns=["Col1", "Col2", "Col3"]) df["X"] = pd.Series(["A", "A", "A", "A", "A", "B", "B", "B", "B", "B"]) df["Y"] = pd.Series(["A", "B", "A", "B", "A", "B", "A", "B", "A", "B"])
plt.figure();
@savefig box_plot_ex3.png bp = df.boxplot(column=["Col1", "Col2"], by=["X", "Y"])
python
plt.close("all")
You could also create groupings with DataFrame.plot.box, for instance:
1.4.0
python
plt.close("all") np.random.seed(123456)
python
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(10, 3), columns=["Col1", "Col2", "Col3"]) df["X"] = pd.Series(["A", "A", "A", "A", "A", "B", "B", "B", "B", "B"])
plt.figure();
@savefig box_plot_ex4.png bp = df.plot.box(column=["Col1", "Col2"], by="X")
python
plt.close("all")
In boxplot, the return type can be controlled by the return_type, keyword. The valid choices are {"axes", "dict", "both", None}. Faceting, created by DataFrame.boxplot with the by keyword, will affect the output type as well:
return_type |
Faceted | Output type |
|---|---|---|
None |
No | axes |
None |
Yes | 2-D ndarray of axes |
'axes' |
No | axes |
'axes' |
Yes | Series of axes |
'dict' |
No | dict of artists |
'dict' |
Yes | Series of dicts of artists |
'both' |
No | namedtuple |
'both' |
Yes | Series of namedtuples |
Groupby.boxplot always returns a Series of return_type.
python
np.random.seed(1234) df_box = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(50, 2)) df_box["g"] = np.random.choice(["A", "B"], size=50) df_box.loc[df_box["g"] == "B", 1] += 3
@savefig boxplot_groupby.png bp = df_box.boxplot(by="g")
python
plt.close("all")
The subplots above are split by the numeric columns first, then the value of the g column. Below the subplots are first split by the value of g, then by the numeric columns.
python
@savefig groupby_boxplot_vis.png bp = df_box.groupby("g").boxplot()
python
plt.close("all")
You can create area plots with Series.plot.area and DataFrame.plot.area. Area plots are stacked by default. To produce stacked area plot, each column must be either all positive or all negative values.
When input data contains NaN, it will be automatically filled by 0. If you want to drop or fill by different values, use dataframe.dropna or dataframe.fillna before calling plot.
python
np.random.seed(123456) plt.figure()
python
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(10, 4), columns=["a", "b", "c", "d"])
@savefig area_plot_stacked.png df.plot.area();
To produce an unstacked plot, pass stacked=False. Alpha value is set to 0.5 unless otherwise specified:
python
plt.close("all") plt.figure()
python
@savefig area_plot_unstacked.png df.plot.area(stacked=False);
Scatter plot can be drawn by using the DataFrame.plot.scatter method. Scatter plot requires numeric columns for the x and y axes. These can be specified by the x and y keywords.
python
np.random.seed(123456) plt.close("all") plt.figure()
python
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(50, 4), columns=["a", "b", "c", "d"]) df["species"] = pd.Categorical( ["setosa"] * 20 + ["versicolor"] * 20 + ["virginica"] * 10 )
@savefig scatter_plot.png df.plot.scatter(x="a", y="b");
To plot multiple column groups in a single axes, repeat plot method specifying target ax. It is recommended to specify color and label keywords to distinguish each groups.
python
ax = df.plot.scatter(x="a", y="b", color="DarkBlue", label="Group 1") @savefig scatter_plot_repeated.png df.plot.scatter(x="c", y="d", color="DarkGreen", label="Group 2", ax=ax);
python
plt.close("all")
The keyword c may be given as the name of a column to provide colors for each point:
python
@savefig scatter_plot_colored.png df.plot.scatter(x="a", y="b", c="c", s=50);
python
plt.close("all")
If a categorical column is passed to c, then a discrete colorbar will be produced:
1.3.0
python
@savefig scatter_plot_categorical.png df.plot.scatter(x="a", y="b", c="species", cmap="viridis", s=50);
python
plt.close("all")
You can pass other keywords supported by matplotlib scatter <matplotlib.axes.Axes.scatter>. The example below shows a bubble chart using a column of the DataFrame as the bubble size.
python
@savefig scatter_plot_bubble.png df.plot.scatter(x="a", y="b", s=df["c"] * 200);
python
plt.close("all")
See the scatter <matplotlib.axes.Axes.scatter> method and the matplotlib scatter documentation for more.
You can create hexagonal bin plots with DataFrame.plot.hexbin. Hexbin plots can be a useful alternative to scatter plots if your data are too dense to plot each point individually.
python
plt.figure() np.random.seed(123456)
python
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 2), columns=["a", "b"]) df["b"] = df["b"] + np.arange(1000)
@savefig hexbin_plot.png df.plot.hexbin(x="a", y="b", gridsize=25);
A useful keyword argument is gridsize; it controls the number of hexagons in the x-direction, and defaults to 100. A larger gridsize means more, smaller bins.
By default, a histogram of the counts around each (x, y) point is computed. You can specify alternative aggregations by passing values to the C and reduce_C_function arguments. C specifies the value at each (x, y) point and reduce_C_function is a function of one argument that reduces all the values in a bin to a single number (e.g. mean, max, sum, std). In this example the positions are given by columns a and b, while the value is given by column z. The bins are aggregated with NumPy's max function.
python
plt.close("all") plt.figure() np.random.seed(123456)
python
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 2), columns=["a", "b"]) df["b"] = df["b"] + np.arange(1000) df["z"] = np.random.uniform(0, 3, 1000)
@savefig hexbin_plot_agg.png df.plot.hexbin(x="a", y="b", C="z", reduce_C_function=np.max, gridsize=25);
python
plt.close("all")
See the hexbin <matplotlib.axes.Axes.hexbin> method and the matplotlib hexbin documentation for more.
You can create a pie plot with DataFrame.plot.pie or Series.plot.pie. If your data includes any NaN, they will be automatically filled with 0. A ValueError will be raised if there are any negative values in your data.
python
np.random.seed(123456) plt.figure()
python
series = pd.Series(3 * np.random.rand(4), index=["a", "b", "c", "d"], name="series")
@savefig series_pie_plot.png series.plot.pie(figsize=(6, 6));
python
plt.close("all")
For pie plots it's best to use square figures, i.e. a figure aspect ratio 1. You can create the figure with equal width and height, or force the aspect ratio to be equal after plotting by calling ax.set_aspect('equal') on the returned axes object.
Note that pie plot with DataFrame requires that you either specify a target column by the y argument or subplots=True. When y is specified, pie plot of selected column will be drawn. If subplots=True is specified, pie plots for each column are drawn as subplots. A legend will be drawn in each pie plots by default; specify legend=False to hide it.
python
np.random.seed(123456) plt.figure()
python
- df = pd.DataFrame(
3 * np.random.rand(4, 2), index=["a", "b", "c", "d"], columns=["x", "y"]
)
@savefig df_pie_plot.png df.plot.pie(subplots=True, figsize=(8, 4));
python
plt.close("all")
You can use the labels and colors keywords to specify the labels and colors of each wedge.
Warning
Most pandas plots use the label and color arguments (note the lack of "s" on those). To be consistent with matplotlib.pyplot.pie you must use labels and colors.
If you want to hide wedge labels, specify labels=None. If fontsize is specified, the value will be applied to wedge labels. Also, other keywords supported by matplotlib.pyplot.pie can be used.
python
plt.figure()
python
@savefig series_pie_plot_options.png series.plot.pie( labels=["AA", "BB", "CC", "DD"], colors=["r", "g", "b", "c"], autopct="%.2f", fontsize=20, figsize=(6, 6), );
If you pass values whose sum total is less than 1.0 they will be rescaled so that they sum to 1.
python
plt.close("all") plt.figure()
python
series = pd.Series([0.1] * 4, index=["a", "b", "c", "d"], name="series2")
@savefig series_pie_plot_semi.png series.plot.pie(figsize=(6, 6));
See the matplotlib pie documentation for more.
python
plt.close("all")
pandas tries to be pragmatic about plotting DataFrames or Series that contain missing data. Missing values are dropped, left out, or filled depending on the plot type.
| Plot Type | NaN Handling |
|---|---|
| Line | Leave gaps at NaNs |
| Line (stacked) | Fill 0's |
| Bar | Fill 0's |
| Scatter | Drop NaNs |
| Histogram | Drop NaNs (column-wise) |
| Box | Drop NaNs (column-wise) |
| Area | Fill 0's |
| KDE | Drop NaNs (column-wise) |
| Hexbin | Drop NaNs |
| Pie | Fill 0's |
If any of these defaults are not what you want, or if you want to be explicit about how missing values are handled, consider using ~pandas.DataFrame.fillna or ~pandas.DataFrame.dropna before plotting.
These functions can be imported from pandas.plotting and take a Series or DataFrame as an argument.
You can create a scatter plot matrix using the scatter_matrix method in pandas.plotting:
python
np.random.seed(123456)
python
from pandas.plotting import scatter_matrix
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 4), columns=["a", "b", "c", "d"])
@savefig scatter_matrix_kde.png scatter_matrix(df, alpha=0.2, figsize=(6, 6), diagonal="kde");
python
plt.close("all")
You can create density plots using the Series.plot.kde and DataFrame.plot.kde methods.
python
plt.figure() np.random.seed(123456)
python
ser = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000))
@savefig kde_plot.png ser.plot.kde();
python
plt.close("all")
Andrews curves allow one to plot multivariate data as a large number of curves that are created using the attributes of samples as coefficients for Fourier series, see the Wikipedia entry for more information. By coloring these curves differently for each class it is possible to visualize data clustering. Curves belonging to samples of the same class will usually be closer together and form larger structures.
Note: The "Iris" dataset is available here.
python
from pandas.plotting import andrews_curves
data = pd.read_csv("data/iris.data")
plt.figure();
@savefig andrews_curves.png andrews_curves(data, "Name");
Parallel coordinates is a plotting technique for plotting multivariate data, see the Wikipedia entry for an introduction. Parallel coordinates allows one to see clusters in data and to estimate other statistics visually. Using parallel coordinates points are represented as connected line segments. Each vertical line represents one attribute. One set of connected line segments represents one data point. Points that tend to cluster will appear closer together.
python
from pandas.plotting import parallel_coordinates
data = pd.read_csv("data/iris.data")
plt.figure();
@savefig parallel_coordinates.png parallel_coordinates(data, "Name");
python
plt.close("all")
Lag plots are used to check if a data set or time series is random. Random data should not exhibit any structure in the lag plot. Non-random structure implies that the underlying data are not random. The lag argument may be passed, and when lag=1 the plot is essentially data[:-1] vs. data[1:].
python
np.random.seed(123456)
python
from pandas.plotting import lag_plot
plt.figure();
spacing = np.linspace(-99 * np.pi, 99 * np.pi, num=1000) data = pd.Series(0.1 * np.random.rand(1000) + 0.9 * np.sin(spacing))
@savefig lag_plot.png lag_plot(data);
python
plt.close("all")
Autocorrelation plots are often used for checking randomness in time series. This is done by computing autocorrelations for data values at varying time lags. If time series is random, such autocorrelations should be near zero for any and all time-lag separations. If time series is non-random then one or more of the autocorrelations will be significantly non-zero. The horizontal lines displayed in the plot correspond to 95% and 99% confidence bands. The dashed line is 99% confidence band. See the Wikipedia entry for more about autocorrelation plots.
python
np.random.seed(123456)
python
from pandas.plotting import autocorrelation_plot
plt.figure();
spacing = np.linspace(-9 * np.pi, 9 * np.pi, num=1000) data = pd.Series(0.7 * np.random.rand(1000) + 0.3 * np.sin(spacing))
@savefig autocorrelation_plot.png autocorrelation_plot(data);
python
plt.close("all")
Bootstrap plots are used to visually assess the uncertainty of a statistic, such as mean, median, midrange, etc. A random subset of a specified size is selected from a data set, the statistic in question is computed for this subset and the process is repeated a specified number of times. Resulting plots and histograms are what constitutes the bootstrap plot.
python
np.random.seed(123456)
python
from pandas.plotting import bootstrap_plot
data = pd.Series(np.random.rand(1000))
@savefig bootstrap_plot.png bootstrap_plot(data, size=50, samples=500, color="grey");
python
plt.close("all")
RadViz is a way of visualizing multi-variate data. It is based on a simple spring tension minimization algorithm. Basically you set up a bunch of points in a plane. In our case they are equally spaced on a unit circle. Each point represents a single attribute. You then pretend that each sample in the data set is attached to each of these points by a spring, the stiffness of which is proportional to the numerical value of that attribute (they are normalized to unit interval). The point in the plane, where our sample settles to (where the forces acting on our sample are at an equilibrium) is where a dot representing our sample will be drawn. Depending on which class that sample belongs it will be colored differently. See the R package Radviz for more information.
Note: The "Iris" dataset is available here.
python
from pandas.plotting import radviz
data = pd.read_csv("data/iris.data")
plt.figure();
@savefig radviz.png radviz(data, "Name");
python
plt.close("all")
From version 1.5 and up, matplotlib offers a range of pre-configured plotting styles. Setting the style can be used to easily give plots the general look that you want. Setting the style is as easy as calling matplotlib.style.use(my_plot_style) before creating your plot. For example you could write matplotlib.style.use('ggplot') for ggplot-style plots.
You can see the various available style names at matplotlib.style.available and it's very easy to try them out.
Most plotting methods have a set of keyword arguments that control the layout and formatting of the returned plot:
python
plt.figure(); @savefig series_plot_basic2.png ts.plot(style="k--", label="Series");
python
plt.close("all")
For each kind of plot (e.g. line, bar, scatter) any additional arguments keywords are passed along to the corresponding matplotlib function (ax.plot() <matplotlib.axes.Axes.plot>, ax.bar() <matplotlib.axes.Axes.bar>, ax.scatter() <matplotlib.axes.Axes.scatter>). These can be used to control additional styling, beyond what pandas provides.
You may set the legend argument to False to hide the legend, which is shown by default.
python
np.random.seed(123456)
python
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 4), index=ts.index, columns=list("ABCD")) df = df.cumsum()
@savefig frame_plot_basic_noleg.png df.plot(legend=False);
python
plt.close("all")
1.1.0
You may set the xlabel and ylabel arguments to give the plot custom labels for x and y axis. By default, pandas will pick up index name as xlabel, while leaving it empty for ylabel.
python
plt.figure();
python
df.plot();
@savefig plot_xlabel_ylabel.png df.plot(xlabel="new x", ylabel="new y");
python
plt.close("all")
You may pass logy to get a log-scale Y axis.
python
plt.figure() np.random.seed(123456)
python
ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000), index=pd.date_range("1/1/2000", periods=1000)) ts = np.exp(ts.cumsum())
@savefig series_plot_logy.png ts.plot(logy=True);
python
plt.close("all")
See also the logx and loglog keyword arguments.
To plot data on a secondary y-axis, use the secondary_y keyword:
python
plt.figure()
python
df["A"].plot();
@savefig series_plot_secondary_y.png df["B"].plot(secondary_y=True, style="g");
python
plt.close("all")
To plot some columns in a DataFrame, give the column names to the secondary_y keyword:
python
plt.figure(); ax = df.plot(secondary_y=["A", "B"]) ax.set_ylabel("CD scale"); @savefig frame_plot_secondary_y.png ax.right_ax.set_ylabel("AB scale");
python
plt.close("all")
Note that the columns plotted on the secondary y-axis is automatically marked with "(right)" in the legend. To turn off the automatic marking, use the mark_right=False keyword:
python
plt.figure();
@savefig frame_plot_secondary_y_no_right.png df.plot(secondary_y=["A", "B"], mark_right=False);
python
plt.close("all")
1.0.0
pandas provides custom formatters for timeseries plots. These change the formatting of the axis labels for dates and times. By default, the custom formatters are applied only to plots created by pandas with DataFrame.plot or Series.plot. To have them apply to all plots, including those made by matplotlib, set the option pd.options.plotting.matplotlib.register_converters = True or use pandas.plotting.register_matplotlib_converters.
pandas includes automatic tick resolution adjustment for regular frequency time-series data. For limited cases where pandas cannot infer the frequency information (e.g., in an externally created twinx), you can choose to suppress this behavior for alignment purposes.
Here is the default behavior, notice how the x-axis tick labeling is performed:
python
plt.figure();
@savefig ser_plot_suppress.png df["A"].plot();
python
plt.close("all")
Using the x_compat parameter, you can suppress this behavior:
python
plt.figure();
@savefig ser_plot_suppress_parm.png df["A"].plot(x_compat=True);
python
plt.close("all")
If you have more than one plot that needs to be suppressed, the use method in pandas.plotting.plot_params can be used in a with statement:
python
plt.figure();
@savefig ser_plot_suppress_context.png with pd.plotting.plot_params.use("x_compat", True): df["A"].plot(color="r") df["B"].plot(color="g") df["C"].plot(color="b")
python
plt.close("all")
TimedeltaIndex now uses the native matplotlib tick locator methods, it is useful to call the automatic date tick adjustment from matplotlib for figures whose ticklabels overlap.
See the autofmt_xdate <matplotlib.figure.autofmt_xdate> method and the matplotlib documentation for more.
Each Series in a DataFrame can be plotted on a different axis with the subplots keyword:
python
@savefig frame_plot_subplots.png df.plot(subplots=True, figsize=(6, 6));
python
plt.close("all")
The layout of subplots can be specified by the layout keyword. It can accept (rows, columns). The layout keyword can be used in hist and boxplot also. If the input is invalid, a ValueError will be raised.
The number of axes which can be contained by rows x columns specified by layout must be larger than the number of required subplots. If layout can contain more axes than required, blank axes are not drawn. Similar to a NumPy array's reshape method, you can use -1 for one dimension to automatically calculate the number of rows or columns needed, given the other.
python
@savefig frame_plot_subplots_layout.png df.plot(subplots=True, layout=(2, 3), figsize=(6, 6), sharex=False);
python
plt.close("all")
The above example is identical to using:
python
df.plot(subplots=True, layout=(2, -1), figsize=(6, 6), sharex=False);
python
plt.close("all")
The required number of columns (3) is inferred from the number of series to plot and the given number of rows (2).
You can pass multiple axes created beforehand as list-like via ax keyword. This allows more complicated layouts. The passed axes must be the same number as the subplots being drawn.
When multiple axes are passed via the ax keyword, layout, sharex and sharey keywords don't affect to the output. You should explicitly pass sharex=False and sharey=False, otherwise you will see a warning.
python
fig, axes = plt.subplots(4, 4, figsize=(9, 9)) plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.5, hspace=0.5) target1 = [axes[0][0], axes[1][1], axes[2][2], axes[3][3]] target2 = [axes[3][0], axes[2][1], axes[1][2], axes[0][3]]
df.plot(subplots=True, ax=target1, legend=False, sharex=False, sharey=False); @savefig frame_plot_subplots_multi_ax.png (-df).plot(subplots=True, ax=target2, legend=False, sharex=False, sharey=False);
python
plt.close("all")
Another option is passing an ax argument to Series.plot to plot on a particular axis:
python
np.random.seed(123456) ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000), index=pd.date_range("1/1/2000", periods=1000)) ts = ts.cumsum()
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 4), index=ts.index, columns=list("ABCD")) df = df.cumsum()
python
plt.close("all")
python
fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=2, ncols=2) plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.2, hspace=0.5) df["A"].plot(ax=axes[0, 0]); axes[0, 0].set_title("A"); df["B"].plot(ax=axes[0, 1]); axes[0, 1].set_title("B"); df["C"].plot(ax=axes[1, 0]); axes[1, 0].set_title("C"); df["D"].plot(ax=axes[1, 1]); @savefig series_plot_multi.png axes[1, 1].set_title("D");
python
plt.close("all")
Plotting with error bars is supported in DataFrame.plot and Series.plot.
Horizontal and vertical error bars can be supplied to the xerr and yerr keyword arguments to ~DataFrame.plot(). The error values can be specified using a variety of formats:
- As a
DataFrameordictof errors with column names matching thecolumnsattribute of the plottingDataFrameor matching thenameattribute of theSeries. - As a
strindicating which of the columns of plottingDataFramecontain the error values. - As raw values (
list,tuple, ornp.ndarray). Must be the same length as the plottingDataFrame/Series.
Here is an example of one way to easily plot group means with standard deviations from the raw data.
python
# Generate the data ix3 = pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays( [ ["a", "a", "a", "a", "a", "b", "b", "b", "b", "b"], ["foo", "foo", "foo", "bar", "bar", "foo", "foo", "bar", "bar", "bar"], ], names=["letter", "word"], )
- df3 = pd.DataFrame(
- {
"data1": [9, 3, 2, 4, 3, 2, 4, 6, 3, 2], "data2": [9, 6, 5, 7, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 1],
}, index=ix3,
)
# Group by index labels and take the means and standard deviations # for each group gp3 = df3.groupby(level=("letter", "word")) means = gp3.mean() errors = gp3.std() means errors
# Plot fig, ax = plt.subplots() @savefig errorbar_example.png means.plot.bar(yerr=errors, ax=ax, capsize=4, rot=0);
python
plt.close("all")
Asymmetrical error bars are also supported, however raw error values must be provided in this case. For a N length Series, a 2xN array should be provided indicating lower and upper (or left and right) errors. For a MxN DataFrame, asymmetrical errors should be in a Mx2xN array.
Here is an example of one way to plot the min/max range using asymmetrical error bars.
python
mins = gp3.min() maxs = gp3.max()
# errors should be positive, and defined in the order of lower, upper errors = [[means[c] - mins[c], maxs[c] - means[c]] for c in df3.columns]
# Plot fig, ax = plt.subplots() @savefig errorbar_asymmetrical_example.png means.plot.bar(yerr=errors, ax=ax, capsize=4, rot=0);
python
plt.close("all")
Plotting with matplotlib table is now supported in DataFrame.plot and Series.plot with a table keyword. The table keyword can accept bool, DataFrame or Series. The simple way to draw a table is to specify table=True. Data will be transposed to meet matplotlib's default layout.
python
np.random.seed(123456)
python
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(7, 6.5)) df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(5, 3), columns=["a", "b", "c"]) ax.xaxis.tick_top() # Display x-axis ticks on top.
@savefig line_plot_table_true.png df.plot(table=True, ax=ax);
python
plt.close("all")
Also, you can pass a different DataFrame or Series to the table keyword. The data will be drawn as displayed in print method (not transposed automatically). If required, it should be transposed manually as seen in the example below.
python
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(7, 6.75)) ax.xaxis.tick_top() # Display x-axis ticks on top.
@savefig line_plot_table_data.png df.plot(table=np.round(df.T, 2), ax=ax);
python
plt.close("all")
There also exists a helper function pandas.plotting.table, which creates a table from DataFrame or Series, and adds it to an matplotlib.Axes instance. This function can accept keywords which the matplotlib table has.
python
from pandas.plotting import table
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)
table(ax, np.round(df.describe(), 2), loc="upper right", colWidths=[0.2, 0.2, 0.2]);
@savefig line_plot_table_describe.png df.plot(ax=ax, ylim=(0, 2), legend=None);
python
plt.close("all")
Note: You can get table instances on the axes using axes.tables property for further decorations. See the matplotlib table documentation for more.
A potential issue when plotting a large number of columns is that it can be difficult to distinguish some series due to repetition in the default colors. To remedy this, DataFrame plotting supports the use of the colormap argument, which accepts either a Matplotlib colormap or a string that is a name of a colormap registered with Matplotlib. A visualization of the default matplotlib colormaps is available here.
As matplotlib does not directly support colormaps for line-based plots, the colors are selected based on an even spacing determined by the number of columns in the DataFrame. There is no consideration made for background color, so some colormaps will produce lines that are not easily visible.
To use the cubehelix colormap, we can pass colormap='cubehelix'.
python
np.random.seed(123456)
python
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 10), index=ts.index) df = df.cumsum()
plt.figure();
@savefig cubehelix.png df.plot(colormap="cubehelix");
python
plt.close("all")
Alternatively, we can pass the colormap itself:
python
from matplotlib import cm
plt.figure();
@savefig cubehelix_cm.png df.plot(colormap=cm.cubehelix);
python
plt.close("all")
Colormaps can also be used other plot types, like bar charts:
python
np.random.seed(123456)
python
dd = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 10)).applymap(abs) dd = dd.cumsum()
plt.figure();
@savefig greens.png dd.plot.bar(colormap="Greens");
python
plt.close("all")
Parallel coordinates charts:
python
plt.figure();
@savefig parallel_gist_rainbow.png parallel_coordinates(data, "Name", colormap="gist_rainbow");
python
plt.close("all")
Andrews curves charts:
python
plt.figure();
@savefig andrews_curve_winter.png andrews_curves(data, "Name", colormap="winter");
python
plt.close("all")
In some situations it may still be preferable or necessary to prepare plots directly with matplotlib, for instance when a certain type of plot or customization is not (yet) supported by pandas. Series and DataFrame objects behave like arrays and can therefore be passed directly to matplotlib functions without explicit casts.
pandas also automatically registers formatters and locators that recognize date indices, thereby extending date and time support to practically all plot types available in matplotlib. Although this formatting does not provide the same level of refinement you would get when plotting via pandas, it can be faster when plotting a large number of points.
python
np.random.seed(123456)
python
- price = pd.Series(
np.random.randn(150).cumsum(), index=pd.date_range("2000-1-1", periods=150, freq="B"),
) ma = price.rolling(20).mean() mstd = price.rolling(20).std()
plt.figure();
plt.plot(price.index, price, "k"); plt.plot(ma.index, ma, "b"); @savefig bollinger.png plt.fill_between(mstd.index, ma - 2 * mstd, ma + 2 * mstd, color="b", alpha=0.2);
python
plt.close("all")
Starting in version 0.25, pandas can be extended with third-party plotting backends. The main idea is letting users select a plotting backend different than the provided one based on Matplotlib.
This can be done by passing 'backend.module' as the argument backend in plot function. For example:
>>> Series([1, 2, 3]).plot(backend="backend.module")Alternatively, you can also set this option globally, do you don't need to specify the keyword in each plot call. For example:
>>> pd.set_option("plotting.backend", "backend.module")
>>> pd.Series([1, 2, 3]).plot()Or:
>>> pd.options.plotting.backend = "backend.module"
>>> pd.Series([1, 2, 3]).plot()This would be more or less equivalent to:
>>> import backend.module
>>> backend.module.plot(pd.Series([1, 2, 3]))The backend module can then use other visualization tools (Bokeh, Altair, hvplot,...) to generate the plots. Some libraries implementing a backend for pandas are listed on the ecosystem ecosystem.visualization page.
Developers guide can be found at https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/dev/development/extending.html#plotting-backends