main.rs

use windows::{core::*, Win32::Foundation::*, Win32::Graphics::Direct3D::Fxc::*, Win32::Graphics::Direct3D::*, Win32::Graphics::Direct3D12::*, Win32::Graphics::Dxgi::Common::*, Win32::Graphics::Dxgi::*, Win32::System::LibraryLoader::*, Win32::System::Threading::*, Win32::System::WindowsProgramming::*, Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::*};

use std::mem::transmute;

trait DXSample {
    fn new(command_line: &SampleCommandLine) -> Result<Self>
    where
        Self: Sized;

    fn bind_to_window(&mut self, hwnd: &HWND) -> Result<()>;

    fn update(&mut self) {}
    fn render(&mut self) {}
    fn on_key_up(&mut self, _key: u8) {}
    fn on_key_down(&mut self, _key: u8) {}

    fn title(&self) -> String {
        "DXSample".into()
    }

    fn window_size(&self) -> (i32, i32) {
        (640, 480)
    }
}

#[derive(Clone)]
struct SampleCommandLine {
    use_warp_device: bool,
}

fn build_command_line() -> SampleCommandLine {
    let mut use_warp_device = false;

    for arg in std::env::args() {
        if arg.eq_ignore_ascii_case("-warp") || arg.eq_ignore_ascii_case("/warp") {
            use_warp_device = true;
        }
    }

    SampleCommandLine { use_warp_device }
}

fn run_sample<S>() -> Result<()>
where
    S: DXSample,
{
    let instance = unsafe { GetModuleHandleA(None) };
    debug_assert!(!instance.is_invalid());

    let wc = WNDCLASSEXA {
        cbSize: std::mem::size_of::<WNDCLASSEXA>() as u32,
        style: CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW,
        lpfnWndProc: Some(wndproc::<S>),
        hInstance: instance,
        hCursor: unsafe { LoadCursorW(None, IDC_ARROW) },
        lpszClassName: PSTR(b"RustWindowClass\0".as_ptr()),
        ..Default::default()
    };

    let command_line = build_command_line();
    let mut sample = S::new(&command_line)?;

    let size = sample.window_size();

    let atom = unsafe { RegisterClassExA(&wc) };
    debug_assert_ne!(atom, 0);

    let mut window_rect = RECT { left: 0, top: 0, right: size.0, bottom: size.1 };
    unsafe { AdjustWindowRect(&mut window_rect, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, false) };

    let mut title = sample.title();

    if command_line.use_warp_device {
        title.push_str(" (WARP)");
    }

    let hwnd = unsafe {
        CreateWindowExA(
            Default::default(),
            "RustWindowClass",
            title,
            WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
            CW_USEDEFAULT,
            CW_USEDEFAULT,
            window_rect.right - window_rect.left,
            window_rect.bottom - window_rect.top,
            None, // no parent window
            None, // no menus
            instance,
            &mut sample as *mut _ as _,
        )
    };
    debug_assert!(!hwnd.is_invalid());

    sample.bind_to_window(&hwnd)?;

    unsafe { ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOW) };

    loop {
        let mut message = MSG::default();

        if unsafe { PeekMessageA(&mut message, None, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE) }.into() {
            unsafe {
                TranslateMessage(&message);
                DispatchMessageA(&message);
            }

            if message.message == WM_QUIT {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    Ok(())
}

fn sample_wndproc<S: DXSample>(sample: &mut S, message: u32, wparam: WPARAM) -> bool {
    match message {
        WM_KEYDOWN => {
            sample.on_key_down(wparam.0 as u8);
            true
        }
        WM_KEYUP => {
            sample.on_key_up(wparam.0 as u8);
            true
        }
        WM_PAINT => {
            sample.update();
            sample.render();
            true
        }
        _ => false,
    }
}

#[allow(non_snake_case)]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
unsafe fn SetWindowLong(window: HWND, index: WINDOW_LONG_PTR_INDEX, value: isize) -> isize {
    SetWindowLongA(window, index, value as _) as _
}

#[allow(non_snake_case)]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
unsafe fn SetWindowLong(window: HWND, index: WINDOW_LONG_PTR_INDEX, value: isize) -> isize {
    SetWindowLongPtrA(window, index, value)
}

#[allow(non_snake_case)]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
unsafe fn GetWindowLong(window: HWND, index: WINDOW_LONG_PTR_INDEX) -> isize {
    GetWindowLongA(window, index) as _
}

#[allow(non_snake_case)]
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
unsafe fn GetWindowLong(window: HWND, index: WINDOW_LONG_PTR_INDEX) -> isize {
    GetWindowLongPtrA(window, index)
}

extern "system" fn wndproc<S: DXSample>(window: HWND, message: u32, wparam: WPARAM, lparam: LPARAM) -> LRESULT {
    match message {
        WM_CREATE => {
            unsafe {
                let create_struct: &CREATESTRUCTA = transmute(lparam);
                SetWindowLong(window, GWLP_USERDATA, create_struct.lpCreateParams as _);
            }
            LRESULT::default()
        }
        WM_DESTROY => {
            unsafe { PostQuitMessage(0) };
            LRESULT::default()
        }
        _ => {
            let user_data = unsafe { GetWindowLong(window, GWLP_USERDATA) };
            let sample = std::ptr::NonNull::<S>::new(user_data as _);
            let handled = sample.map_or(false, |mut s| sample_wndproc(unsafe { s.as_mut() }, message, wparam));

            if handled {
                LRESULT::default()
            } else {
                unsafe { DefWindowProcA(window, message, wparam, lparam) }
            }
        }
    }
}

fn get_hardware_adapter(factory: &IDXGIFactory4) -> Result<IDXGIAdapter1> {
    for i in 0.. {
        let adapter = unsafe { factory.EnumAdapters1(i)? };

        let desc = unsafe { adapter.GetDesc1()? };

        if (DXGI_ADAPTER_FLAG(desc.Flags) & DXGI_ADAPTER_FLAG_SOFTWARE) != DXGI_ADAPTER_FLAG_NONE {
            // Don't select the Basic Render Driver adapter. If you want a
            // software adapter, pass in "/warp" on the command line.
            continue;
        }

        // Check to see whether the adapter supports Direct3D 12, but don't
        // create the actual device yet.
        if unsafe { D3D12CreateDevice(&adapter, D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0, std::ptr::null_mut::<Option<ID3D12Device>>()) }.is_ok() {
            return Ok(adapter);
        }
    }

    unreachable!()
}

mod d3d12_hello_triangle {
    use super::*;

    const FRAME_COUNT: u32 = 2;

    pub struct Sample {
        dxgi_factory: IDXGIFactory4,
        device: ID3D12Device,
        resources: Option<Resources>,
    }

    struct Resources {
        command_queue: ID3D12CommandQueue,
        swap_chain: IDXGISwapChain3,
        frame_index: u32,
        render_targets: [ID3D12Resource; FRAME_COUNT as usize],
        rtv_heap: ID3D12DescriptorHeap,
        rtv_descriptor_size: usize,
        viewport: D3D12_VIEWPORT,
        scissor_rect: RECT,
        command_allocator: ID3D12CommandAllocator,
        root_signature: ID3D12RootSignature,
        pso: ID3D12PipelineState,
        command_list: ID3D12GraphicsCommandList,

        // we need to keep this around to keep the reference alive, even though
        // nothing reads from it
        #[allow(dead_code)]
        vertex_buffer: ID3D12Resource,

        vbv: D3D12_VERTEX_BUFFER_VIEW,
        fence: ID3D12Fence,
        fence_value: u64,
        fence_event: HANDLE,
    }

    impl DXSample for Sample {
        fn new(command_line: &SampleCommandLine) -> Result<Self> {
            let (dxgi_factory, device) = create_device(command_line)?;

            Ok(Sample { dxgi_factory, device, resources: None })
        }

        fn bind_to_window(&mut self, hwnd: &HWND) -> Result<()> {
            let command_queue: ID3D12CommandQueue = unsafe { self.device.CreateCommandQueue(&D3D12_COMMAND_QUEUE_DESC { Type: D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_TYPE_DIRECT, ..Default::default() })? };

            let (width, height) = self.window_size();

            let swap_chain_desc = DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC1 {
                BufferCount: FRAME_COUNT,
                Width: width as u32,
                Height: height as u32,
                Format: DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
                BufferUsage: DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT,
                SwapEffect: DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_FLIP_DISCARD,
                SampleDesc: DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC { Count: 1, ..Default::default() },
                ..Default::default()
            };

            let swap_chain: IDXGISwapChain3 = unsafe { self.dxgi_factory.CreateSwapChainForHwnd(&command_queue, hwnd, &swap_chain_desc, std::ptr::null(), None)? }.cast()?;

            // This sample does not support fullscreen transitions
            unsafe {
                self.dxgi_factory.MakeWindowAssociation(hwnd, DXGI_MWA_NO_ALT_ENTER)?;
            }

            let frame_index = unsafe { swap_chain.GetCurrentBackBufferIndex() };

            let rtv_heap: ID3D12DescriptorHeap = unsafe { self.device.CreateDescriptorHeap(&D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_DESC { NumDescriptors: FRAME_COUNT, Type: D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_RTV, ..Default::default() }) }?;

            let rtv_descriptor_size = unsafe { self.device.GetDescriptorHandleIncrementSize(D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_RTV) } as usize;
            let rtv_handle = unsafe { rtv_heap.GetCPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart() };

            let render_targets: [ID3D12Resource; FRAME_COUNT as usize] = array_init::try_array_init(|i: usize| -> Result<ID3D12Resource> {
                let render_target: ID3D12Resource = unsafe { swap_chain.GetBuffer(i as u32) }?;
                unsafe { self.device.CreateRenderTargetView(&render_target, std::ptr::null_mut(), &D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE { ptr: rtv_handle.ptr + i * rtv_descriptor_size }) };
                Ok(render_target)
            })?;

            let viewport = D3D12_VIEWPORT { TopLeftX: 0.0, TopLeftY: 0.0, Width: width as f32, Height: height as f32, MinDepth: D3D12_MIN_DEPTH, MaxDepth: D3D12_MAX_DEPTH };

            let scissor_rect = RECT { left: 0, top: 0, right: width, bottom: height };

            let command_allocator = unsafe { self.device.CreateCommandAllocator(D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_TYPE_DIRECT) }?;

            let root_signature = create_root_signature(&self.device)?;
            let pso = create_pipeline_state(&self.device, &root_signature)?;

            let command_list: ID3D12GraphicsCommandList = unsafe { self.device.CreateCommandList(0, D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_TYPE_DIRECT, &command_allocator, &pso) }?;
            unsafe {
                command_list.Close()?;
            };

            let aspect_ratio = width as f32 / height as f32;

            let (vertex_buffer, vbv) = create_vertex_buffer(&self.device, aspect_ratio)?;

            let fence = unsafe { self.device.CreateFence(0, D3D12_FENCE_FLAG_NONE) }?;

            let fence_value = 1;

            let fence_event = unsafe { CreateEventA(std::ptr::null_mut(), false, false, None) };

            self.resources = Some(Resources {
                command_queue,
                swap_chain,
                frame_index,
                render_targets,
                rtv_heap,
                rtv_descriptor_size,
                viewport,
                scissor_rect,
                command_allocator,
                root_signature,
                pso,
                command_list,
                vertex_buffer,
                vbv,
                fence,
                fence_value,
                fence_event,
            });

            Ok(())
        }

        fn title(&self) -> String {
            "D3D12 Hello Triangle".into()
        }

        fn window_size(&self) -> (i32, i32) {
            (1280, 720)
        }

        fn render(&mut self) {
            if let Some(resources) = &mut self.resources {
                populate_command_list(resources).unwrap();

                // Execute the command list.
                let command_list = ID3D12CommandList::from(&resources.command_list);
                unsafe { resources.command_queue.ExecuteCommandLists(1, &Some(command_list)) };

                // Present the frame.
                unsafe { resources.swap_chain.Present(1, 0) }.ok().unwrap();

                wait_for_previous_frame(resources);
            }
        }
    }

    fn populate_command_list(resources: &Resources) -> Result<()> {
        // Command list allocators can only be reset when the associated
        // command lists have finished execution on the GPU; apps should use
        // fences to determine GPU execution progress.
        unsafe {
            resources.command_allocator.Reset()?;
        }

        let command_list = &resources.command_list;

        // However, when ExecuteCommandList() is called on a particular
        // command list, that command list can then be reset at any time and
        // must be before re-recording.
        unsafe {
            command_list.Reset(&resources.command_allocator, &resources.pso)?;
        }

        // Set necessary state.
        unsafe {
            command_list.SetGraphicsRootSignature(&resources.root_signature);
            command_list.RSSetViewports(1, &resources.viewport);
            command_list.RSSetScissorRects(1, &resources.scissor_rect);
        }

        // Indicate that the back buffer will be used as a render target.
        let barrier = transition_barrier(&resources.render_targets[resources.frame_index as usize], D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_PRESENT, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RENDER_TARGET);
        unsafe { command_list.ResourceBarrier(1, &barrier) };

        let rtv_handle = D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE { ptr: unsafe { resources.rtv_heap.GetCPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart() }.ptr + resources.frame_index as usize * resources.rtv_descriptor_size };

        unsafe { command_list.OMSetRenderTargets(1, &rtv_handle, false, std::ptr::null()) };

        // Record commands.
        unsafe {
            command_list.ClearRenderTargetView(rtv_handle, [0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.0].as_ptr(), 0, std::ptr::null());
            command_list.IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST);
            command_list.IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, &resources.vbv);
            command_list.DrawInstanced(3, 1, 0, 0);

            // Indicate that the back buffer will now be used to present.
            command_list.ResourceBarrier(1, &transition_barrier(&resources.render_targets[resources.frame_index as usize], D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RENDER_TARGET, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_PRESENT));
        }

        unsafe { command_list.Close() }
    }

    fn transition_barrier(resource: &ID3D12Resource, state_before: D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES, state_after: D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES) -> D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER {
        D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER {
            Type: D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_TYPE_TRANSITION,
            Flags: D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_FLAG_NONE,
            Anonymous: D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_0 {
                Transition: std::mem::ManuallyDrop::new(D3D12_RESOURCE_TRANSITION_BARRIER { pResource: Some(resource.clone()), StateBefore: state_before, StateAfter: state_after, Subresource: D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_ALL_SUBRESOURCES }),
            },
        }
    }

    fn create_device(command_line: &SampleCommandLine) -> Result<(IDXGIFactory4, ID3D12Device)> {
        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
            unsafe {
                let mut debug: Option<ID3D12Debug> = None;
                if let Some(debug) = D3D12GetDebugInterface(&mut debug).ok().and(debug) {
                    debug.EnableDebugLayer();
                }
            }
        }

        let dxgi_factory_flags = if cfg!(debug_assertions) { DXGI_CREATE_FACTORY_DEBUG } else { 0 };

        let dxgi_factory: IDXGIFactory4 = unsafe { CreateDXGIFactory2(dxgi_factory_flags) }?;

        let adapter = if command_line.use_warp_device { unsafe { dxgi_factory.EnumWarpAdapter() } } else { get_hardware_adapter(&dxgi_factory) }?;

        let mut device: Option<ID3D12Device> = None;
        unsafe { D3D12CreateDevice(adapter, D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0, &mut device) }?;
        Ok((dxgi_factory, device.unwrap()))
    }

    fn create_root_signature(device: &ID3D12Device) -> Result<ID3D12RootSignature> {
        let desc = D3D12_ROOT_SIGNATURE_DESC { Flags: D3D12_ROOT_SIGNATURE_FLAG_ALLOW_INPUT_ASSEMBLER_INPUT_LAYOUT, ..Default::default() };

        let mut signature = None;

        let signature = unsafe { D3D12SerializeRootSignature(&desc, D3D_ROOT_SIGNATURE_VERSION_1, &mut signature, std::ptr::null_mut()) }.map(|()| signature.unwrap())?;

        unsafe { device.CreateRootSignature(0, signature.GetBufferPointer(), signature.GetBufferSize()) }
    }

    fn create_pipeline_state(device: &ID3D12Device, root_signature: &ID3D12RootSignature) -> Result<ID3D12PipelineState> {
        let compile_flags = if cfg!(debug_assertions) { D3DCOMPILE_DEBUG | D3DCOMPILE_SKIP_OPTIMIZATION } else { 0 };

        let exe_path = std::env::current_exe().ok().unwrap();
        let asset_path = exe_path.parent().unwrap();
        let shaders_hlsl_path = asset_path.join("shaders.hlsl");
        let shaders_hlsl = shaders_hlsl_path.to_str().unwrap();

        let mut vertex_shader = None;
        let vertex_shader = unsafe { D3DCompileFromFile(shaders_hlsl, std::ptr::null_mut(), None, "VSMain", "vs_5_0", compile_flags, 0, &mut vertex_shader, std::ptr::null_mut()) }.map(|()| vertex_shader.unwrap())?;

        let mut pixel_shader = None;
        let pixel_shader = unsafe { D3DCompileFromFile(shaders_hlsl, std::ptr::null_mut(), None, "PSMain", "ps_5_0", compile_flags, 0, &mut pixel_shader, std::ptr::null_mut()) }.map(|()| pixel_shader.unwrap())?;

        let mut input_element_descs: [D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC; 2] = [
            D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC {
                SemanticName: PSTR(b"POSITION\0".as_ptr()),
                SemanticIndex: 0,
                Format: DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT,
                InputSlot: 0,
                AlignedByteOffset: 0,
                InputSlotClass: D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_VERTEX_DATA,
                InstanceDataStepRate: 0,
            },
            D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC {
                SemanticName: PSTR(b"COLOR\0".as_ptr()),
                SemanticIndex: 0,
                Format: DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT,
                InputSlot: 0,
                AlignedByteOffset: 12,
                InputSlotClass: D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_VERTEX_DATA,
                InstanceDataStepRate: 0,
            },
        ];

        let mut desc = D3D12_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_STATE_DESC {
            InputLayout: D3D12_INPUT_LAYOUT_DESC { pInputElementDescs: input_element_descs.as_mut_ptr(), NumElements: input_element_descs.len() as u32 },
            pRootSignature: Some(root_signature.clone()), // << https://github.com/microsoft/windows-rs/discussions/623
            VS: D3D12_SHADER_BYTECODE { pShaderBytecode: unsafe { vertex_shader.GetBufferPointer() }, BytecodeLength: unsafe { vertex_shader.GetBufferSize() } },
            PS: D3D12_SHADER_BYTECODE { pShaderBytecode: unsafe { pixel_shader.GetBufferPointer() }, BytecodeLength: unsafe { pixel_shader.GetBufferSize() } },
            RasterizerState: D3D12_RASTERIZER_DESC { FillMode: D3D12_FILL_MODE_SOLID, CullMode: D3D12_CULL_MODE_NONE, ..Default::default() },
            BlendState: D3D12_BLEND_DESC {
                AlphaToCoverageEnable: false.into(),
                IndependentBlendEnable: false.into(),
                RenderTarget: [
                    D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC {
                        BlendEnable: false.into(),
                        LogicOpEnable: false.into(),
                        SrcBlend: D3D12_BLEND_ONE,
                        DestBlend: D3D12_BLEND_ZERO,
                        BlendOp: D3D12_BLEND_OP_ADD,
                        SrcBlendAlpha: D3D12_BLEND_ONE,
                        DestBlendAlpha: D3D12_BLEND_ZERO,
                        BlendOpAlpha: D3D12_BLEND_OP_ADD,
                        LogicOp: D3D12_LOGIC_OP_NOOP,
                        RenderTargetWriteMask: D3D12_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_ALL.0 as u8,
                    },
                    D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC::default(),
                    D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC::default(),
                    D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC::default(),
                    D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC::default(),
                    D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC::default(),
                    D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC::default(),
                    D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC::default(),
                ],
            },
            DepthStencilState: D3D12_DEPTH_STENCIL_DESC::default(),
            SampleMask: u32::max_value(),
            PrimitiveTopologyType: D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TYPE_TRIANGLE,
            NumRenderTargets: 1,
            SampleDesc: DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC { Count: 1, ..Default::default() },
            ..Default::default()
        };
        desc.RTVFormats[0] = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;

        unsafe { device.CreateGraphicsPipelineState(&desc) }
    }

    fn create_vertex_buffer(device: &ID3D12Device, aspect_ratio: f32) -> Result<(ID3D12Resource, D3D12_VERTEX_BUFFER_VIEW)> {
        let vertices = [Vertex { position: [0.0, 0.25 * aspect_ratio, 0.0], color: [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0] }, Vertex { position: [0.25, -0.25 * aspect_ratio, 0.0], color: [0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0] }, Vertex { position: [-0.25, -0.25 * aspect_ratio, 0.0], color: [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0] }];

        // Note: using upload heaps to transfer static data like vert buffers is
        // not recommended. Every time the GPU needs it, the upload heap will be
        // marshalled over. Please read up on Default Heap usage. An upload heap
        // is used here for code simplicity and because there are very few verts
        // to actually transfer.
        let mut vertex_buffer: Option<ID3D12Resource> = None;
        unsafe {
            device.CreateCommittedResource(
                &D3D12_HEAP_PROPERTIES { Type: D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_UPLOAD, ..Default::default() },
                D3D12_HEAP_FLAG_NONE,
                &D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC {
                    Dimension: D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_BUFFER,
                    Width: std::mem::size_of_val(&vertices) as u64,
                    Height: 1,
                    DepthOrArraySize: 1,
                    MipLevels: 1,
                    SampleDesc: DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC { Count: 1, Quality: 0 },
                    Layout: D3D12_TEXTURE_LAYOUT_ROW_MAJOR,
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_GENERIC_READ,
                std::ptr::null(),
                &mut vertex_buffer,
            )?
        };
        let vertex_buffer = vertex_buffer.unwrap();

        // Copy the triangle data to the vertex buffer.
        unsafe {
            let mut data = std::ptr::null_mut();
            vertex_buffer.Map(0, std::ptr::null(), &mut data)?;
            std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(vertices.as_ptr(), data as *mut Vertex, std::mem::size_of_val(&vertices));
            vertex_buffer.Unmap(0, std::ptr::null());
        }

        let vbv = D3D12_VERTEX_BUFFER_VIEW {
            BufferLocation: unsafe { vertex_buffer.GetGPUVirtualAddress() },
            StrideInBytes: std::mem::size_of::<Vertex>() as u32,
            SizeInBytes: std::mem::size_of_val(&vertices) as u32,
        };

        Ok((vertex_buffer, vbv))
    }

    #[repr(C)]
    struct Vertex {
        position: [f32; 3],
        color: [f32; 4],
    }

    fn wait_for_previous_frame(resources: &mut Resources) {
        // WAITING FOR THE FRAME TO COMPLETE BEFORE CONTINUING IS NOT BEST
        // PRACTICE. This is code implemented as such for simplicity. The
        // D3D12HelloFrameBuffering sample illustrates how to use fences for
        // efficient resource usage and to maximize GPU utilization.

        // Signal and increment the fence value.
        let fence = resources.fence_value;

        unsafe { resources.command_queue.Signal(&resources.fence, fence) }.ok().unwrap();

        resources.fence_value += 1;

        // Wait until the previous frame is finished.
        if unsafe { resources.fence.GetCompletedValue() } < fence {
            unsafe { resources.fence.SetEventOnCompletion(fence, resources.fence_event) }.ok().unwrap();

            unsafe { WaitForSingleObject(resources.fence_event, INFINITE) };
        }

        resources.frame_index = unsafe { resources.swap_chain.GetCurrentBackBufferIndex() };
    }
}

fn main() -> Result<()> {
    run_sample::<d3d12_hello_triangle::Sample>()?;

    Ok(())
}