heaps.bib

@string{ASPLOS = "Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems"}
@string{CA = "International Symposium on Computer Architecture"}
@string{CC = "{SIGPLAN} Symposium on Compiler Construction"}
@string{ECOOP = "European Conference on Object Oriented Programming"}
@string{IJCAI = "International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence"}
@string{IWMM = "International Workshop on Memory Management"}
@string{IWOOOS = "International Workshop on Object Orientation in Operating Systems"}
@string{LFP = "{ACM} Symposium on {LISP} and Functional Programming"}
@string{OOPSLA = "Conference on Object Oriented Programming Systems, Languages and Applications"}
@string{PARLE = "Parallel Architectures and Languages Europe"}
@string{SOSP = "Symposium on Operating Systems Principles"}
@string{TLC  = "{LISP} Conference"}

@string{ai = "Artificial Intelligence"}
@string{bstj = "Bell System Technical Journal"}
@string{compj = "Computer Journal"}
@string{clang = "Computer Languages"}
@string{csurv = "Computing Surveys"}
@string{lsc = "Lisp and Symbolic Computation"}
@string{sigarch = "{SIGARCH} Newsletter"}
@string{spe = "Software Practice and Experience"}

@string{BROWN = "Brown University"}
@string{CORNELL = "Cornell University"}
@string{DECSRC = "Digital Equipment Corporation Systems Research Center"}
@string{DECWRL = "Digital Equipment Corporation Western Research Laboratory"}
@string{NYUCOUR = "Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University"}
@string{OGC = "Oregon Graduate Center"}
@string{PRINCETON = "Princeton University"}
@string{RICE = "Rice University"}
@string{SIAM = "Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics"}
@string{UCB = "University of California, Berkeley"}
@string{UCSC = "University of California at Santa Cruz"}

@string{AW = "Addison-Wesley"}
@string{ACM = "{ACM} Press"}
@string{ENH = "Elsevier North-Holland"}
@string{HR = "Harper and Row"}
@string{HRW = "Holt, Reinhart and Winston"}
@string{MK = "Morgan-Kaufman"}
@string{PH = "Prentice-Hall"}
@string{PP = "Pergamon Press"}
@string{SV = "Springer-Verlag"}

@proceedings{IWMM92,
title = IWMM,
booktitle = IWMM,
editor = "Yves Bekkers and Jacques Cohen",
key = "{IWMM}",
year = 1992,
month = sep,
address = "St. Malo, France",
publisher = SV,
series = LNCS,
number = 637
}


@inproceedings{AP:PGCVMS,
author = "S. Abraham and J. Patel",
title = "Parallel Garbage Collection on a Virtual Memory System",
booktitle = "International Conference on Parallel Processing and
Applications",
editor = "E. Chiricozzi and A. D'Amato",
year = 1987,
month = sep,
address = "L'Aquila, Italy",
publisher = ENH,
pages = {243--246}
}

@inproceedings{RMA:DGC,
author = "Saleh E. Abdullahi and Eliot E. Miranda and Graem A. Ringwood",
title = "Distributed Garbage Collection",
crossref = "IWMM92",
key = "",
pages = "43--81"
}

@techreport{Ae:ISWGC,
author="J.P.H. Aerts",
title="Implementing {SASL} without Garbage Collection",
institution="Eindhoven University of Technology",
address = "The Netherlands",
type="EUT Report",
number="81--WSK--05",
year=1981}

@article{AgHH88,
author = "Agarwal, Anant and Mark Horowitz and John Hennessy",
title = "Cache Performance of Operating Systems and Multiprogramming
Workloads",
journal = tocs,
volume =  6,
number = 4,
pages = "393--431",
month = Nov,
year = 1988	}

@article{APW:PCS,
author = "M. Anderson and R. D. Pose and C. S. Wallace",
title = "A Password-Capability System",
journal = compj,
volume = 29,
number = 1,
pages = "1--7",
year = 1986
}

@inproceedings{ALBL91,
author = "Thomas E. Anderson and Henry M. Levy and Brian N. Bershad
and Edward D. Lazowska",
title = "The Interaction of Architecture and Operating Systems
Design",
crossref = "ASPLOS4",
key = "",
pages = "108--120"
}

@mastersthesis{An:PLP,
author = "Andre, David L.",
title = "Paging in {L}isp Programs",
school = "University of Maryland",
address = "College Park, Maryland",
year = 1986	}

@article{Appel:GCCBFTSA,
author = "Appel, Andrew W.",
title = "Garbage Collection Can Be Faster Than Stack Allocation",
journal = IPL,
volume = 25,
number = 4,
month = jun,
year = 1987,
pages = "275--279"	
}

@article{Appel:RTTAN,
title = "Runtime Tags Aren't Necessary",
author = "Andrew W. Appel",
journal = lsc,
year = 1989,
volume = 2,
pages = {153--162}
}

@techreport{Appel:AWL,
AUTHOR = "Andrew W. Appel",
TITLE = "Allocation without Locking",
INSTITUTION = PRINCETON,
NUMBER = "CS-TR-182-88",
YEAR = 1988,
MONTH = sep
}

@techreport{AB:VGC,
AUTHOR = "Andrew W. Appel and Aage Bendiksen",
TITLE = "Vectorized Garbage Collection",
INSTITUTION = PRINCETON,
NUMBER = "CS-TR-169-88",
YEAR = 1988,
MONTH = jul
}

@article{Ap:SGGCFA,
AUTHOR = "Andrew W. Appel",
TITLE = "Simple Generational Garbage Collection and Fast Allocation",
JOURNAL = spe,
VOLUME = 19,
NUMBER = 2,
YEAR = 1989,
MONTH = feb,
PAGES ={171--183}
}

@incollection{Appel:GC,
title = "Garbage Collection",
author = "Andrew W. Appel",
booktitle = "Topics in Advanced Language Implementation",
editor = "Peter Lee",
pages = {89--100},
publisher = "{MIT} Press",
address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts",
year = 1991
}

@inproceedings{AEL:RTCGCSM,
author = "Appel, Andrew W. and John R. Ellis and Kai Li",
title = "Real-time Concurrent Garbage Collection on Stock Multiprocessors",
crossref = "PLDI88",
key = "",
pages = "11--20",
COMMENT = "Not ``real'' real-time, but a very cool algorithm."
}

@techreport{AJ:OCER,
AUTHOR = "Andrew W. Appel and Trevor T. Y. Jim",
TITLE = "Optimizing Closure Environment Representations",
INSTITUTION = PRINCETON,
NUMBER = "CS-TR-168-88",
YEAR = 1988,
MONTH = jul
}

@inproceedings{AM:SMLC,
AUTHOR = "A. W. Appel and D. B. MacQueen",
TITLE = "A Standard {ML} Compiler",
CROSSREF = "FPCA87",
key = "",
PAGES = {301--324}
}

@inproceedings{AL:VMPUP,
title = "Virtual Memory Primitives For User Programs",
author = "Andrew W. Appel and Kai Li",
crossref = "ASPLOS4",
key = "",
pages = "96--107"
}

@article{ArCS84,
author = "Archer, J. E. and R. Conway and F. B. Schneider",
title = "User Recovery and Reversal in Interactive Systems",
journal = toplas,
volume = 6,
number = 1,
month = jan,
year = 1984,
pages = "1--19"
}

@article{Ar:SASimula,
AUTHOR = "Stefan Arnborg",
TITLE = "Storage administration in a virtual memory {SIMULA} system",
JOURNAL = "BIT", VOLUME = 12, YEAR = 1972,
PAGES = {125--141}
}

@article{At:AAPP,
author = "Atkinson, M.P. and P.J. Bailey and K.J. Chisholm and P. W. Cockshott
and R. Morrison",
title = "An Approach to Persistent Programming",
journal = compj,
volume = 26,
number = 4,
month = dec,
year = 1983,
pages = "360--365"
}

@inproceedings{Au:GCDE,
	author = "Augusteijn, Lex",
	title = "Garbage Collection in a Distributed Environment",
	crossref = "PARLE87",
	key = "",
	pages = "75--93"
}

@inproceedings{Aug:ACLML,
AUTHOR = "Lennart Augustsson",
TITLE = "A Compiler for Lazy {ML}",
CROSSREF = "LFP84",
KEY = "",
PAGES = {218--227}
}

@article{Ax:RCCGFP,
title="Reference Counting of Cyclic Graphs for Functional Programs",
author="T.H. Axford",
address="Univ. Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2tt, W Midlands, England",
journal=CompJ,
year=1990,
volume=33,
number=5,
pages="466--470"
}

@article{Ba:TLRD,
author = "Babaoglu, Ozalp and Domenico Ferrari",
title = "Two-Level Replacement Decisions in Paging Stores",
journal = "{IEEE} Transactions on Computers",
VOLUME = "C-32",
NUMBER = 12,
MONTH = dec,
YEAR = 1983,
PAGES = {1151--1159}
}

@article{BS:DR,
author = "Baer, Jean-Loup and Sager, Gary R.",
title = "Dynamic Improvement of Locality in Virtual Memory Systems",
journal = ieeese,
volume =  "SE-2",
number = 1,
month = mar,
pages = {54--62},
year = 1976	}

@article{Bake78,
author = "Baker, Jr., Henry G.",
title = "List Processing in Real Time on a Serial Computer",
journal = cacm,
volume = 21,
number = 4,
month = apr,
year = 1978,
pages = "280--294"
}

@techreport{Ba:PBCLCA,
author = "Baker, Jr., Henry G.",
title = "The Paging Behavior of the {Cheney} List Copying Algorithm",
type = "Technical Report",
institution = "University of Rochester Computer Science Department",
year = 1980,
note = "Copies available from the author."
}

@unpublished{Ba90:CONS,
author = "Baker, Jr., Henry G.",
title = "{CONS} Should Not {CONS} its Arguments, or, {A} Lazy Alloc is a Smart Alloc",
year = 1990,
note = "Submitted to {\em Communications of the {ACM}}"
}

@unpublished{Ba90:ERFO,
author = "Baker, Jr., Henry G.",
title = "Equal Rights for Functional Objects",
year = 1990,
note = "Submitted to {\em {ACM} Transactions on Programming Languages
and Systems}"
}

@misc{Ba:Treadmill,
author = "Baker, Jr., Henry G.",
title = "The {Treadmill}: Real-time garbage collection without motion
sickness",
month = oct,
year = 1991,
howpublished = "Position paper for {OOPSLA} '91 Workshop on Garbage Collection
in Object-Oriented Systems.  Summary appears in \cite{WH:GC91}",
note = "Also appears as {\em SIGPLAN Notices 27}(3):66--70, March 1992"
}

@misc{Ba:CCCC,
author = "Baker, Jr., Henry G.",
title = "Cache-Conscious Copying Collection",
howpublished = "Unpublished position paper for {OOPSLA} '91 Workshop
on Garbage Collection in Object-Oriented Systems.  See \cite{WH:GC91}",
note =  "Available via anonymous Internet {FTP} from cs.utexas.edu
(/pub/garbage/GC91/baker.ps)",
month = oct,
year = 1991
}

@incollection{BS:VAXS80,
TITLE = "The Design and Implementation of {VAX}/{S}malltalk-80",
AUTHOR = "Stoney Ballard and Stephen Shirron",
CROSSREF = "ST80:BHWA",
COMMENT = "Use variation of Lieberman-Hewitt collector; use indirection table; don't like reference counting",
PAGES = {127--150}
}

@inproceedings{Balz69,
author = "R. M. Balzer",
title = "{EXDAMS}---Extendable Debugging and Monitoring System",
booktitle = "{AFIPS} Proceedings Spring Joint Computer Conference",
month = may,
year = 1969,
publisher = "{AFIPS} Press",
address = "Arlington, Virginia",
pages = "567--580"
}

@techreport{Barb71,
author = "Barbacci, M.",
title = "A LISP Processor for {C.ai}",
institution = "Carnegie-Mellon University",
address = "Pittsburgh, PA",
type = "Memo",
number = "CMU-CS-71-103",
year = 1971
}

@article{Barth:GCatCT,
AUTHOR = "Jeffrey M. Barth",
TITLE = "Shifting Garbage Collection Overhead to Compile Time",
JOURNAL = cacm, VOLUME = 20, NUMBER = 7, YEAR = 1977, MONTH = jul,
PAGES = {513--518}
}

@techreport{Ba:CGCAR,
author = "Bartlett, Joel F.",
title = "Compacting Garbage Collection With Ambiguous Roots",
type = "Technical Report",
number = "88/2",
institution = DECWRL,
address = "Palo Alto, California",
month = Feb,
COMMENT="Excellent trick here---make newness a page property, not an
  address-range property",
year = 1988	}

@inproceedings{BDK:IIV,
AUTHOR = "Raymond L. Bates and David Dyer and Johannes A. G. M. Koomen",
TITLE = "Implementation of {I}nterlisp on the {VAX}",
CROSSREF = "LFP82",
KEY = "",
PAGES = {81--87}
}

@article{BB:AlgolStat,
AUTHOR = "A. P. Batson and R. E. Brundage",
TITLE = "Segment Sizes and Lifetimes in {ALGOL} 60 Programs",
JOURNAL = cacm,
VOLUME = 20,
NUMBER = 1,
YEAR = 1977,
MONTH = jan,
PAGES = {36--44}
}

@inproceedings{Be:DIDS,
	author = "Bennett, J.K.",
	title = "The Design and Implementation of Distributed
		{Smalltalk}",
	crossref = "OOPSLA87",
	key = "",
	pages = "318--330"
}

@techreport{Berg88,
author = "Bergstein, Steven H.",
title = "Best-Case Caching in a Symbolic Multiprocessor",
institution = MIT # " {EECS} Department",
month = Feb,
year = 1988,
address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts",
type = "Bachelor's thesis"
}

@inproceedings{Be:DGCURC,
	author = "Bevan, David I.",
	title = "Distributed Garbage Collection Using Reference Counting",
	crossref = "PARLE87",
	key = "",
	pages = "176/117--187"
}

@article{Be:ERCSDGCP,
	author = "Bevan, David I.",
	title = "An Efficient Reference Counting Solution to the
		Distributed Garbage Collection Problem",
	journal = "Parallel Computing",
	volume = 9,
	number = 2,
	year = 1989,
	pages = {179--192}
}

@phdthesis{Bishop:phd,
author = "Peter B. Bishop",
title = "Computer Systems with a Very Large Address Space and Garbage Collection",
SCHOOL = MIT # " Laboratory for Computer Science",
note = "Technical report MIT/LCS/TR-178",
YEAR = 1977,
MONTH = MAY
}

@inproceedings{Blau83,
author = "Blau, Ricki",
title = "Paging on an Object-Oriented Personal Computer for {S}malltalk",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMETRICS} Conference on
Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems",
address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
note = "Also available as Technical Report {UCB/CSD}
83/125, University of California at Berkeley, Computer Science
Division ({EECS}), August 1983",
month = aug,
year = 1983
}

@article{Bo:HL,
AUTHOR = "Daniel G. Bobrow",
TITLE = "A Note on Hash Linking",
JOURNAL = cacm, VOLUME = 18, NUMBER = 7, YEAR = 1975, MONTH = jul,
PAGES = {413--415}
}

@article{Bo:MRSURC,
TITLE = "Managing Reentrant Structures Using Reference Counts",
AUTHOR = "Daniel G. Bobrow",
JOURNAL = toplas, VOLUME = 2, NUMBER = 3, MONTH = jul, YEAR = 1980,
PAGES = {269--273},
comment = "\com can handle some special cases of reference counting, but
restricts the programmer to certain stereotyped patterns."
}

@article{BC:CELS,
TITLE = "Compact Encodings of List Structure",
AUTHOR = "Daniel G. Bobrow and Douglas W. Clark",
JOURNAL = toplas, VOLUME = 1, NUMBER = 2, MONTH = oct, YEAR = 1979,
COMMENT = "Good words on {CDR}-coding",
PAGES =  {266--286}
}

@inproceedings{Bo:HOSSCGC,
title = "Hardware and Operating System Support for Conservative Garbage Collection",
author = "Hans-Juergen Boehm",
booktitle = IWMM,
year = 1991,
month = oct,
address = "Palo Alto, California",
pages = {61--67},
publisher = "{IEEE} Press"
}

@misc{BMBC:GC91panel,
author = "Hans-Juergen Boehm and Eliot Moss and Joel Bartlett and David Chase",
title = "Panel Discussion: Conservative vs. Accurate Garbage Collection",
howpublished= "Summary appears in \cite{WH:GC91}",
month = oct,
year = 1991
}

@techreport{BA:IR,
AUTHOR= "Hans-Juergen Boehm and Alan Demers",
TITLE= "Implementing {R}ussell",
INSTITUTION=RICE,
NUMBER="COMP TR85-25",
YEAR=1985
}

@unpublished{BH:SAOCR,
AUTHOR = "Hans Boehm and Lucy Hederman",
TITLE = "Storage Allocation Optimization in a Compiler for {R}ussell",
NOTE = "Submitted for publication",
YEAR = 1988,
MONTH = jul
}

@inproceedings{BDS:MPGC,
AUTHOR = "Hans-J. Boehm and Alan J. Demers and Scott Shenker",
TITLE = "Mostly Parallel Garbage Collection",
CROSSREF = "PLDI91",
KEY = "",
PAGES= {157--164}
}

@incollection{BL:SSAGCA68,
TITLE = "A Scheme of Storage Allocation and Garbage Collection for {ALGOL} 68",
AUTHOR = "P. Branquart and J. Lewi",
CROSSREF = "Peck71",
PAGES = {199--238}
}

@inproceedings{Broo84,
author = "Rodney A. Brooks",
title = "Trading Data Space For Reduced Time and Code Space in Real-Time
Collection on Stock Hardware",
crossref = "LFP84",
key = "",
pages = "108--113"
}

@inproceedings{BGS:S1CL,
AUTHOR = "Rodney A. Brooks and Richard P. Gabriel and Guy L. {Steele Jr.}",
TITLE = "S-1 {C}ommon {LISP} Implementation",
CROSSREF = "LFP82",
KEY = "",
PAGES = {108--113}
}

@inproceedings{BGS:OCfLSL,
AUTHOR = "Rodney A. Brooks and Richard P. Gabriel and Guy L. {Steele Jr.}",
TITLE = "An Optimizing Compiler for Lexically Scoped {LISP}",
YEAR = 1982,
PAGES = {261--275},
BOOKTITLE = CC
}

@inproceedings{BGS:LiLHPP,
AUTHOR = "Rodney A. Brooks and Richard P. Gabriel and Guy L. {Steele Jr.}",
TITLE = "{LISP}-in-{LISP}: High Performance and Portability",
CROSSREF = "IJCAI83", VOLUME = 2, PAGES = {845--849}
}

@phdthesis{Br:thesis,
TITLE = "Recursive Structures in Computer Systems",
AUTHOR = "D. R. Brownbridge",
SCHOOL = "University of Newcastle upon Tyne",
ADDRESS = "United Kingdom",
YEAR = 1984,
month = sep
}

@inproceedings{Bro:CRC,
AUTHOR = "D. R. Brownbridge",
TITLE = "Cyclic Reference Counting for Combinator Machines",
CROSSREF = "FPCA85",
key = "",
PAGES = {273--288},
comments={\com
Presents an interesting, but incorrect algorithm
(see [Salkild, 1987]), for cyclic reference counting
based on the notion of strong and weak (cycle-closing) pointers.}
}

@inproceedings{BJLM:ODCLFS,
AUTHOR = "Michael Burrows and Charles Jerian and Butler Lampson and Timothy Mann",
TITLE = "On-line data compression in a log-structured file system",
CROSSREF = "ASPLOS5",
key = "",
pages = "2--9"
}

@inproceedings{Card:CFL,
AUTHOR = "Luca Cardelli",
TITLE = "Compiling a Functional Language",
CROSSREF = "LFP84",
KEY = "",
PAGES = {208--217}
}

@inproceedings{CG:CCCC,
author = "Vincent Cate and Thomas Gross",
title = "Combining the Concepts of Compression and Caching for a
Two-Level File System",
crossref = "ASPLOS4",
key = "",
pages = {200--209}
}

@incollection{Ca:OO1,
author = "R. G. G. Cattell",
title = "An Engineering Database Benchmark",
booktitle = "The Benchmark Handbook for Database and Transaction Processing Systems",
editor = "Jim Gray",
publisher = MK,
year = 1991,
pages = {247--281}
}

@inproceedings{CaWB86,
author = "Caudill, Patrick J. and Allen Wirfs-Brock",
title = "A Third-Generation {S}malltalk-80 Implementation",
crossref = "OOPSLA86",
key = "",
pages = "119--130"
}

@misc{Caud88,
author = "Patrick J. Caudill",
note = "personal communication"
}

@article{CFKA90,
author = "Chaiken, David and Craig Fields and Kiyoshi Kurihara and Anant
Agarwal",
title = "Directory-Based Cache Coherence in Large-Scale Multiprocessors",
journal = "{IEEE} Computer",
volume = 23,
number =  6,
month = jun,
year = 1990,
pages = "49--58"
}

@phdthesis{Chambers:phd,
title = "The Design and Implementation of the SELF Compiler, an Optimizing Compiler for an Object-Oriented Programming Language",
author = "Craig Chambers",
school = "Stanford University",
addres = "Palo Alto, California",
year = 1992,
month = mar
}

@InProceedings{ChambersU89,
  author = 	 "Craig Chambers and David Ungar",
  title = 	 "Customization:  Optimizing Compiler Technology for
                  {Self}, a Dynamically-Typed Object-Oriented Language",
  crossref =     "PLDI89",
  pages =	 "146--160",
}

@inproceedings{ChKa89,
author = "Ellis E. Chang and Randy H. Katz",
title = "Exploiting Inheritance and Structure Semantics for
Effective Clustering and Buffering in an Object-Oriented {DBMS}",
booktitle = "Proceedings of {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference
on Management of Data",
note = {Snowbird, Utah},
month = jun,
year = 1989,
pages = {348--357}
}

@phdthesis{Chase:phd,
AUTHOR="David Chase",
TITLE="Garbage Collection and Other Optimizations",
YEAR=1987, MONTH=aug,
SCHOOL=RICE,
ADDRESS = "Houston, Texas"
}

@inproceedings{Chase:SCSAO,
AUTHOR = "David Chase",
TITLE = "Safety Considerations for Storage Allocation Optimizations",
CROSSREF = "PLDI88",
KEY = "",
PAGES= {1--10}
}

@inproceedings{CLLB:LSO,
author = "Jeffrey S. Chase and Henry M. Levy and Edward D. Lazowska and Miche
Baker-Harvey",
title = "Lightweight Shared Objects in a 64-bit Operating System",
crossref = "OOPSLA92",
key = "",
pages = "397--413"
}

@techreport{CLBL:HTU64AS,
author = "Jeffrey S. Chase and Henry M. Levy and Miche Baker-Harvey
and Edward D. Lazowska",
title = "How to Use a 64-bit Virtual Address Space",
institution = "University of Washington",
address = "Seattle, Washington",
number = "92-03-02",
year = 1992,
month = feb
}

@article{Ch:NLCA,
AUTHOR = "C. J. Cheney",
TITLE = "A Nonrecursive List Compacting Algorithm",
JOURNAL = cacm, VOLUME = 13, NUMBER = 11, YEAR = 1970, MONTH = nov,
PAGES = {677--678}
}

@article{Ch:RCGC,
AUTHOR = "Thomas W. Christopher",
TITLE = "Reference Count Garbage Collection",
JOURNAL = spe, VOLUME = 14, NUMBER = 6, PAGES = {503--507},
MONTH = jun, YEAR = 1984,
comments={ \com
A heap management scheme for languages (such as Fortran) which do not have
this facility buit in.
Does not rely on the existance of {\it roots} in the graph.
His complex algorithm actually contains a cyclic reference count algorithm.}
}

@article{Cl:MDLSUL,
AUTHOR = "Douglas W. Clark",
TITLE = "Measurements of Dynamic List Structure Use in {L}isp",
JOURNAL = ieeese, VOLUME = 5, NUMBER = 1, MONTH = jan, YEAR = 1979,
PAGES = {51--59}
}
@article{CG:ESLS,
AUTHOR = "Douglas W. Clark and C. Cordell Green",
TITLE = "An Empirical Study of List Structure in {LISP}",
JOURNAL = cacm, VOLUME = 20, NUMBER = 2, YEAR = 1977, MONTH = feb,
PAGES = {78--87},
COMMENT = "Great paper; evidence pro CDR-coding, con fancy CONS"
}

@inproceedings{ClHO88,
author = "Clinger, Will and Anne Hartheimer and Erik Ost",
title = "Implementation Strategies for Continuations",
crossref = "LFP88",
key = "",
pages = "124--131"
}

@article{CACB84,
author = "Cockshott,  W. and M.  Atkinson and K. Chisholm and P. Bailey
and R. Morrison",
title = "Persistent Object Management System",
journal = spe,
volume = 14,
number = 1,
month = jan,
year = 1984,
pages = "49--71"
}

@article{Co:GCLDS,
TITLE = "Garbage Collection of Linked Data Structures",
AUTHOR = "Jacques Cohen",
JOURNAL = csurv, VOLUME = 13, NUMBER = 3, YEAR = 1981, MONTH = sep,
PAGES = {341--367}
}

@article{CN:CCAGC,
TITLE = "Comparison of Compacting Algorithms for Garbage Collection",
AUTHOR = "Jacques Cohen and Alexandru Nicolau",
JOURNAL = toplas, VOLUME = 5, NUMBER = 4, MONTH = oct, YEAR = 1983,
PAGES = {532--553}
}

@article{Co:RC,
AUTHOR = "George E. Collins",
TITLE = "A Method for Overlapping and Erasure of Lists",
JOURNAL = cacm,
YEAR = 1960,
VOLUME = 2,
NUMBER = 12,
month = dec,
COMMENT = "The original? reference counting paper.",
PAGES = {655--657}
}

@inproceedings {Co:ERWGCM,
	author = "Corporaal, H. and T. Veldman and A. J. van de Goor",
	title = "An Efficient, Reference Weightbased Garbage
		Collection Method for Distributed Systems",
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	publisher = "{IEEE}"
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@article{Cour88,
author = "Courts, Robert",
title = "Improving Locality of Reference in a Garbage-Collecting Memory
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pages = "1128--1138"
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@article{Cr:GCASMP,
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@inproceedings{Da:IERTLGC,
title = "Improved Effectiveness from a Real-Time {LISP} Garbage Collector",
author = "Jeffrey L. Dawson",
crossref = "LFP82",
key = "",
pages = {159--167}
}


@inproceedings{De:Grasshopper,
author = "Alan Dearle and Rex di Bona and James Farrow and Frans Henskens and Anders Lindstrom and John Rosenberg and Francis Vaughan",
title = "Grasshopper---A Persistent Operating System for Conventional Hardware",
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pages = {81--85}
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@inproceedings{DRHV:EOSSPOS,
author = "Alan Dearle and others",
title = "An Examination of Operating System Support for Persistent Object Systems",
booktitle = "25th Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences",
year = 1992,
volume = 1,
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@techreport{Deb:EGCGM,
AUTHOR = "Ashoke Deb",
TITLE = "An efficient garbage collector for graph machines",
INSTITUTION = OGC,
YEAR = 1984,
NUMBER = "CS/E-84-003"
}

@inproceedings{DWH:CGCGC,
author = "Demers, Alan and Mark Weiser and Barry Hayes and Daniel Bobrow
and Scott Shenker",
title = "Combining Generational and Conservative Garbage Collection:
Framework and Implementations",
crossref = "POPL90",
key = "",
pages =  "261--269"
}


@article{De:MSGCDA,
	author = "Derbyshire, Margaret H.",
	title = "Mark Scan Garbage Collection on a Distributed Architecture",
	journal = "Lisp and Symbolic Computation",
	year = 1990,
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	pages = "135--170"
}

@inproceedings{De:GCRTCL,
title = "Garbage Collection and Runtime Typing as a {C}++ Library",
author = "David L. Detlefs",
  crossref =     "USENIXCxx92",
  pages = "37--56",
key = ""
}

@techreport{De:CGCC,
title = "Concurrent garbage collection for {C}++",
author = "David L. Detlefs",
institution = "Carnegie-Mellon University",
number = "CMU-CS-90-119",
year = 1990,
month = may
}

@phdthesis{De:phdthesis,
author = "David L. Detlefs",
title = "Concurrent, Atomic Garbage Collection",
school = "Dept. of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University",
year = 1991,
month = nov,
address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania",
note = "Technical report CMU-CS-90-177"
}

@techreport{DeTr90,
author = "John DeTreville",
title = "Experience with Concurrent Garbage Collectors for {M}odula-2+",
institution = DECSRC,
address = "Palo Alto, California",
number = 64,
month = Aug, year = 1990
}

@techreport{De:HeapUsage,
author = "John DeTreville",
title = "Heap Usage in the {Topaz} Environment",
institution = DECSRC,
address = "Palo Alto, California",
number = 63,
month = Aug, year = 1990
}

@article{DeBo76,
author = "Deutsch, L. Peter and Daniel G. Bobrow",
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number = 9,
month = Sep,
year = 1976,
COMMENT = "Transaction-based reference counting; interesting blend of marking and ref-counting collection",
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@inproceedings{DeSc84,
author = "Deutsch, Peter L. and A.M. Schiffman",
title = "Efficient Implementation of the {S}malltalk-80 System",
crossref = "POPL84",
key = "",
pages = "297--302"
}

@phdthesis{Dickman:phd,
AUTHOR = "Peter Dickman",
TITLE = "Distributed Object Management in a Non-Small Graph of Autonomous Networks With Few Failures",
SCHOOL = "University of Cambridge",
ADDRESS = "United Kingdom",
MONTH = sep,
YEAR = 1991
}

@unpublished{Di:OWRC,
	author = "Dickman, Peter",
	title = "Optimising Weighted Reference Counts for Scalable
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	note = "Submitted for {HICSS} 26",
	month = jun,
	year =  1992
}

@article{DL:OTFGC,
AUTHOR = "Edsger W. Dijkstra and Leslie Lamport and A. J. Martin and C. S. Scholten and E. F. M. Steffens",
TITLE = "On-the-Fly Garbage Collection: An Exercise in Cooperation",
JOURNAL = cacm, VOLUME = 21, NUMBER = 11, YEAR = 1978, MONTH = nov,
COMMENT = "much overlooked algorithm, presented as more of a concurrency exercise than a garbage collector",
PAGES = {966--975}
}

@inproceedings{DMH:CSGC,
author = "Amer Diwan and Eliot Moss and Richard Hudson",
title = "Compiler Support for Garbage Collection in a Statically-Typed Language",
crossref = "PLDI92",
key = "",
pages = {273--282}
}


@inproceedings{EL:DGC,
	author = "Eckart, J.D. and R.J. LeBlanc",
	title = "Distributed Garbage Collection",
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}


@techreport{Edelson:DSRiC,
AUTHOR="Daniel Ross Edelson",
TITLE="Dynamic Storage Reclamation in {C++}",
INSTITUTION=UCSC,
NUMBER="UCSC-CRL-90-19",
YEAR=1990,
MONTH=jun
}

@inproceedings{Ed:SP,
author = "Daniel Ross Edelson",
title = "Smart Pointers: They're Smart, But They're Not Pointers",
  crossref =     "USENIXCxx92",
pages = "1--19",
note = "Technical Report UCSC-CRL-92-27, University of California at
Santa Cruz, Baskin Center for Computer Engineering and Information
Sciences, June 1992"
}

@misc{EHH:GCOODPE,
	author = "El-Habbash, A. and C. Horn and M. Harris",
	title = "Garbage Collection in an Object Oriented,
		Distributed, Persistent Environment",
	howpublished = "Unpublished position paper for {OOPSLA/ECOOP} '90
		Workshop on Garbage Collection in Object-Oriented Systems.
		See \cite{JJ:GCOOS}",
	month = oct,
	year = 1990
}

@article{ES:OLEDP,
TITLE = "An On-Line Edge-Deletion Problem",
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PAGES = {1--4}
}

@inproceedings{FP:DBRC,
AUTHOR = "Matthew Farrens and Arvin Park",
TITLE = "Dynamic Base Register Caching:  A Technique for Reducing Address Bus Width",
BOOKTITLE = "Proceedings of the  18th Annual " # CA,
MONTH = May,
YEAR = 1991,
NOTE = "Toronto, Canada",
PAGES = "128--137"
}

@inproceedings{FeMi90,
author = "Feeley, Marc and James S. Miller",
title = "A Parallel Virtual Machine for Efficient {S}cheme Compilation",
crossref = "LFP90",
key = "",
pages = "119--130"
}

@inproceedings{Fe:Igor,
title = "{IGOR}: A System For Program Debugging Via Reversible Execution",
author = "Stuart I. Feldman and Channing B. Brown",
crossref = "PDD88",
key = "",
pages = "112--123"
}

@article{FY:LGCVMCS,
AUTHOR = "Robert R. Fenichel and Jerome C. Yochelson",
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author = "Friedman, D. P. and C. T. Haynes and Kohlbecker, E.",
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month = Oct,
year = 1991 }

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@inproceedings{G:GRC,
AUTHOR = "Benjamin Goldberg",
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@inproceedings{Go:TFGC,
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@mastersthesis{Gr:MPADC,
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@techreport{Hanson:FADMBOL,
AUTHOR = "David R. Hanson",
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YEAR = 1988,
MONTH = nov
}

@inproceedings{HaFW84,
author = "Haynes, C. T. and Friedman, D. P. and Wand, M.",
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@inproceedings{Ha:KOO,
author = "Barry Hayes",
title = "Using Key Object Opportunism to Collect Old Objects",
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@mastersthesis{He:mthesis,
TITLE = "Compile time Garbage Collection",
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YEAR = 1988
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@phdthesis{Hendren:phd,
AUTHOR="Laurie J. Hendren",
TITLE="Parallelizing Programs with Recursive Data Structures",
YEAR=1990, MONTH=apr,
COMMENT = "Not about memory allocation per se, but the analysis is
  useful for that application",
SCHOOL=CORNELL,
ADDRESS = "Ithaca, New York"
}

@article{HC:PAOFGC,
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@article{Hill88,
author = "Hill, Mark D.",
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@article{HiSm89,
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pages = "1612--1629"
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@inproceedings{UCH:DOCDD,
author = {Urs H\"{o}lzle and Craig Chambers and David Ungar},
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crossref = "PLDI92",
key = "",
pages = {32--43}
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@InProceedings{HMS:CPEWBI,
author = "Antony L. Hosking and J. Eliot B. Moss and Darko Stefanovi{\'c}",
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pages = "92--109"
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@inproceedings{HB:AUPFPS,
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@inproceedings{Hudak:SMRCA,
AUTHOR = "Paul Hudak",
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@phdthesis{Hudak:phd,
	author = "Hudak, P.",
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@techreport{Hu:DGM,
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	key = "",
	pages = "168 -- 178"
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@inproceedings{HK:CBC,
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key = ""
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@inproceedings{HM:ICMO,
author =  "Richard L. Hudson and J. Eliot B. Moss",
title =  "Incremental collection of mature objects",
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@techreport{Hu:RCCSVM,
author="R. John M. Hughes",
title="Reference Counting with Circular Structures in Virtual Memory
Applicative Systems",
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type="Departmental Research Report",
year=1982
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@inproceedings{Hug:DGC,
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author = "Ichisuki, Yuuji and Akinori Yonezawa",
title = "Distributed Garbage Collection Using Group Reference Counting",
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note = "Available by anonymous Internet {FTP} from ftp.diku.dk
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month = oct,
year = 1990
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@article{ISY:AFPDRGC,
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@inproceedings{Jo:CFRB,
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@article{Jo:RLRTGC,
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@inproceedings{JJ:GCOOS,
author = "Niels Christian Juul and Eric Jul",
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author = "Niels Christian Juul and Eric Jul",
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key = "",
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@techreport{JL:CWRCWD,
author="Richard E. Jones and Rafael D. Lins",
title="Cyclic Weighted Reference Counting without Delay",
institution="University of Kent, Canterbury",
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number="28--92",
month=Dec,
year=1992,
comments={\com Improves on [Lins and Jones, 1991] by allowing processors to
continue to perform useful work in all circumstances.}
}

@inproceedings{JM:CTCGSA,
AUTHOR = "Simon B. Jones and Daniel Le Metayer",
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YEAR=1989
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@inproceedings{Joup90,
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pages = "364--373"
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@misc{Kaeh86,
author = "Kaehler, T."
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@mastersthesis{Katz86,
author = "M. J. Katz",
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school = MIT,
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year = 1986
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@unpublished{Kels90,
author = "Kelsey, Richard",
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@inproceedings{KJLH89,
author = "Kessler, Richard and Richard Jooss and Alvin Lebeck and Mark D.
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@inproceedings{KSDV:CCSMPOS,
title = "Cache Coherence and Storage Management in a Persistent Object System",
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@inproceedings{Ko:AIGC,
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@techreport{KLCE:PLB,
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INSTITUTION = "Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington",
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@article{KLS:CPCGR,
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@techreport{KSA:GCDSMS,
author = "Kordale, Rammohan and John Shilling and Mustaque Ahamad",
title = "Garbage Collection in Distributed Shared Memory Systems",
institution = "Georgia Institute of Technology",
number = "GIT-CC-92/45",
year = 1992
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@inproceedings{KKRHP:Orbit,
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booktitle = CC,
month = jun,
year = 1986,
note = "Published as {\em ACM SIGPLAN Notices 21}(7), July 1986",
address = "Palo Alto, California",
pages =  "219--233"
}

@phdthesis{Kranz:phd,
author = "David A. Kranz",
title = "{ORBIT}:  An Optimizing Compiler For {S}cheme",
school = "Yale University",
address = "New Haven, Connecticut",
year = 1988,
month = feb
}

@inproceedings{KrHM89,
author = "Kranz, David A. and Robert H. Halstead and Eric Mohr",
title = "{M}ul-{T}: A High-Performance Parallel {L}isp",
crossref = "PLDI89",
key = "",
pages = "81--90"
}

@book{ST80:BHWA,
TITLE = "Smalltalk-80: Bits of History, Words of Advice",
EDITOR = "Glenn Krasner",
PUBLISHER = AW,
YEAR = 1983
}

@article{KuRo81,
author = "Kung, H. T. and Robinson, J. T.",
title = "On Optimistic Methods for Concurrency Control",
journal = "{ACM} Transactions on Database Systems",
volume = 6,
number = 2,
month = jun,
year = 1981
}

@inproceedings{KS:EPGCS,
author = "H.T. Kung and S.W. Song",
title = "An Efficient Parallel Garbage Collection System and its Correctness Proof",
booktitle = "{IEEE} Symposum on Foundations of Computer Science",
year = 1977,
month = oct,
address = "Providence, Rhode Island",
pages = {120--131}
}


@inproceedings{Lam:CPOBA,
author = "Monica S. Lam and others",
title = "The Cache Performance and Optimizations of Blocked Algorithms",
crossref = "ASPLOS4",
key = "",
pages = "63--74"
}

@article{LLOW:OS,
author = "Charles Lamb and Gordon Landis and Jack Orenstein and Dan Weinreb",
title = "The {ObjectStore} Database System",
journal = cacm,
year = 1991,
volume = 34,
number = 10,
month = oct,
pages = {50--63}
}

@inproceedings{LD:IICGC,
author =  "Bernard Lang and Francis Dupont",
title =  "Incremental Incrementally Compacting Garbage Collection",
crossref = "SIIT87",
key = "",
pages =  "253--263"
}

@inproceedings{LQP:GCTW,
author =  "Bernard Lang and Christian Queinnec and Jos\'e Piquer",
title =  "Garbage Collecting the World",
booktitle =  "{ACM} Symposium on Principles of Programming",
year = 1992,
pages = "39--50",
address = "Albuquerque, New Mexico",
month = jan,
ecritsdIcsla = 6,
abstract = "Distributed symbolic computations involve the existence of
{\em remote references} allowing an object, local to a processor, to
designate another object located on another processor. To reclaim
inaccessible objects is the non trivial task of a distributed Garbage
Collector (GC).  We present in this paper a new distributed GC algorithm
which
\begin{localenumerate}
\item is fault-tolerant,
\item is largely independent of how a processor garbage collects its
      own data space,
\item does not need centralized control nor global stop-the-world
      synchronization,
\item allows for multiple concurrent active GCs,
\item does not require to migrate objects from processor to processor and
\item eventually reclaims all inaccessible objects including
      distributed cycles.
\end{localenumerate}
\par
These results are mainly obtained through the concept of a {\em group}
of processors (or processes).
 Processors of a same group cooperate together to a GC inside this group;
this GC is conservative with respect to the outside of the group.
 A processor contributes to the global GC of all groups to which it
belongs. Garbage collection on small groups reclaims quickly locally
distributed garbage clusters, while garbage collection on large groups
ultimately reclaims widely distributed garbage clusters, albeit more
slowly.
 Groups can be reorganized dynamically, in particular to tolerate
failures of some member processors.
 These properties make the algorithm usable on very large and evolving
networks of processors.
 Other than distributed symbolic computations, possible applications
include for example distributed file or database systems."
}


@article{Lars77,
author = "R. G. Larson",
title = "Minimizing Garbage Collection as a Function of Region Size",
journal = "{SIAM} Journal on Computing",
volume = 6,
number = 4,
month = dec,
year = 1977,
pages = "663--667"
}

@techreport{Lee:msthesis,
author = "Lee, Elgin Hoe-Sing",
title = "Object Storage and Inheritance for {SELF}, a Prototype-Based Object-Oriented Programming Language",
institution = "Stanford University",
address = "Palo Alto, California",
month = dec,
year = 1988,
type = "Engineer's thesis"
}

@inproceedings{Leem85,
author = "G. B. Leeman",
title = "Building Undo/Redo Operations into the {C} Language",
booktitle = "15th Annual International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing",
publisher = "{IEEE} Computer Society Press",
year = 1985,
pages = "410--415"
}

@article{Leem86,
author = "G. B. Leeman",
title = "A Formal Approach to Undo Operations in Programming
Languages",
journal = toplas,
volume = 8,
number = 1,
month = jan,
year = 1986,
pages = "50--87"
}

@inproceedings{LM:PDRC,
author = "Lermen C.W. and D. Maurer",
title = "A Protocol for Distributed Reference Counting",
booktitle = "Functional Programming and Computer Architecture",
year = 1986,
pages = {343--350}
}

@book{Le:CBCS,
AUTHOR = "Henry M. Levy",
TITLE = "Capability-Based Computer Systems",
PUBLISHER = "Digital Press",
ADDRESS = "Bedford, Massachusetts",
YEAR = 1984
}

@inproceedings{LB:IMTGC,
title = "Incremental Multi-Threaded Garbage Collection on Virtually
Shared Memory Architectures",
author = "Le Sergent, Thierry and Bernard Berthomieu",
crossref = "IWMM92",
key = "",
pages = {179--199}
}

@inproceedings{Le:EDGCA,
author = "Lester, David",
title = "An Efficient Distributed Garbage Collection Algorithm",
crossref = "PARLE89",
key = "",
page = "207--223"
}


@phdthesis{Li:phd,
title = "Shared Virtual Memory on Loosely-Coupled Processors",
author = "Kai Li",
school = "Yale University",
address = "New Haven, Connecticut",
year = 1986
}

@article{LiHe83,
author = "Lieberman, Henry and Carl Hewitt",
title = "A Real-Time Garbage Collector Based on the Lifetimes of Objects",
journal = CACM,
volume = 26,
number = 6,
month = jun,
year = 1983,
pages = "419--429"
}

@inproceedings{LL:GCDH,
AUTHOR = "Ladin, Rivka and Liskov, Barbara",
TITLE = "Garbage Collection of a Distributed Heap",
BOOKTITLE = "Principles of Distributed Computing",
YEAR = 1992,
PAGES = {708--715}
}

@inproceedings{LL:HADSFTDGC,
author = "Liskov, Barbara and Ladin, Rivka",
title = "Highly-available distributed services and fault- tolerant distributed garbage collection",
booktitle = "Fifth {ACM} Symposium on the Principles of Distributed Computing",
pages = {29--39},
year = 1989
}

@inproceedings{KlLe91,
author = "Klaiber, Alexander C. and Henry M. Levy",
title = "An Architecture for Software-Controlled Data Prefetching",
booktitle = "18th Annual " # CA,
publisher = ACM,
year = 1991,
month = may,
pages = "43--53",
address = "Toronto, Ontario"
}

@techreport{Li:CRCLMS,
author="Rafael D. Lins",
title="Cyclic Reference Counting with Lazy Mark-Scan",
institution="University of Kent, Canterbury",
address = "United Kingdom",
number=75,
month= jun,
note="To appear in {\em Information Processing Letters}",
year=1990,
comments={\com Optimises [Martinez {\em et al}, 1990].
Author claims improvements make this efficient.}
}

@techreport{LV:CSACRC,
author="Rafael D. Lins and M\'{a}rcio A. Vasques",
title="A Comparative Study of Algorithms for Cyclic Reference Counting",
institution="University of Kent, Canterbury",
address = "United Kingdom",
number=92,
month=aug,
note="Submitted to {\em Software Practice and Experience}",
year=1991,
comments={\com Compares the performance of [Martinez {\em et al}, 1990] and
several control strategies of [Lins, 1990].
Also extends [Glaser and Thompson, 1987] to work with cyclic structures.}
}

@article{Li:SMAPCRC,
author="Rafael D. Lins",
title="A Shared Memory Architecture for Parallel Cyclic Reference
Counting",
journal="Microprocessing and Microprogramming",
volume=34,
pages="31--35",
publisher="North-Holland",
month=Sep,
year=1991,
comments={\com Describes a shared memory architecture based on
reference counting algorithms described in [Martines {\et al}, 1990] and
[Lins, 1990]}
}

@techreport{LJ:CWRC,
author="Rafael D. Lins and Richard E. Jones",
title="Cyclic Weighted Reference Counting",
institution="University of Kent, Canterbury",
address = "United Kingdom",
number=95,
month=Dec,
year=1991,
comments={\com Allows weighted reference counting
[Bevan, 1987; Watson and Watson, 1987] to work with cyclic structures.
Based on algorithms described in [Martines {\et al}, 1990] and [Lins, 1990]}
}

@article{Li:MSMAPCRC,
author="Rafael D. Lins",
title="A Multi-processor Shared Memory Architecture for Parallel
Cyclic Reference Counting",
journal="Microprocessing and Microprogramming",
volume=35,
pages="563--568",
publisher="North-Holland",
month=Sep,
year=1992,
comments={\com Generalises the architecture presented in [Lins, 1991a].}
}

@mastersthesis{Ma:DGCCSTS,
author = "U. Maheshwari",
title = "Distributed Garbage Collection in a Client-Server Transaction System",
school = MIT # " {EECS} Department",
year = 1992
}

@inproceedings{MG:EOSSOOE,
title = "Extending the Operating System to Support an Object-Oriented Environment",
author = "Jose Alves Marques and Paulo Guedes",
crossref = "OOPSLA89",
key = "",
pages = {113--122}
}


@inproceedings{MRV:CGCDOS,
author = "Mancini, Luigi V. and Vittoria Rotella and Simonetta Venosa",
title = "Copying Garbage Collection for  Distributed Object Stores",
booktitle = "10th Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems",
address = "Pisa, Italy",
month = sep,
year = 1991
}

@article{MS:FTRC,
author = "Mancini, Luigi and S. K. Shrinivastava",
title = "Fault-tolerant Reference Counting for Garbage Colection in Distributed Systems",
journal = compj,
volume = 34,
number = 6,
month = dec,
year = 1991,
pages = {503--513}
}

@incollection{MA:A68GC,
TITLE = "An {ALGOL} 68 Garbage Collector",
AUTHOR = "S. Marshall",
CROSSREF = "Peck71",
KEY = "",
PAGES = {239--243}
}

@article{Ma:EGCA,
AUTHOR = "Johannes J. Martin",
TITLE = "An Efficient Garbage Compaction Algorithm",
JOURNAL = cacm, VOLUME = 25, NUMBER = 8, MONTH = aug, YEAR = 1982,
PAGES = {571--581}
}

@article{MWL:CRCLMS,
author="A.D. Martinez and R. Wachenchauzer and Rafael D. Lins",
title="Cyclic Reference Counting with Local Mark-Scan",
journal=IPL,
volume=34,
pages="31--35",
year=1990,
comments={\com
Presents a general garbage collection algorithm based on
reference counting, which deals with cyclic data structures, and proves its
correctness. Very inefficient.}
}

@article{Mc:cycles,
author = "J. Harold McBeth",
title = "On the reference counter method",
journal = CACM,
volume = 6,
number =9,
month = Sep,
year = 1963,
pages = {575}
}

@article{McC:RFSECM,
author = "John McCarthy",
title = "Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and their Computation
by Machine",
journal = cacm,
year = 1960,
month = apr,
volume = 3,
number = 4,
pages = {184--195}
}

@inproceedings{MiCh88,
author = "Miller, B. P. and Choi, J. D.",
title = "A Mechanism For Efficient Debugging of Parallel Systems",
crossref = "PLDI88",
key = "",
pages = "135--144"
}

@techreport{Mi:CopyingGC,
author = "Marvin Minsky",
title = "A {LISP} Garbage Collector Algorithm Using Serial Secondary Storage",
year = 1963,
type = "A.I Memo",
number = 58,
institution = MIT # " Project {MAC}",
address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts"
}

@inproceedings{MiBK86,
author = "Mittal, S. and Bobrow, Daniel and Kahn, K.",
title = "Virtual Copies: At the Boundary Between Classes and
Instances",
crossref = "OOPSLA86",
key = "",
pges = "159--166"
}

@inproceedings{MoBo91,
author = "Mogul, Jeffrey C. and Anita Borg",
title = "The Effect of Context Switches on Cache Performance",
crossref = "ASPLOS4",
key = "",
pages = "75--84"
}

@phdthesis{Mo:phd,
author = "K. A. Mohammed-Ali",
title = "Object-Oriented Storage Management and Garbage Collection in
Distributed Processing Systems",
school = "Royal Institute of Technology, Dept. of Computer Systems",
address = "Stockholm, Sweden",
year = 1984
}

@article{Mohe88,
author = "Thomas G. Moher",
title = "{PROVIDE}:  A Process Visualization and Debugging
Environment",
journal = ieeese,
volume = 14,
number = 6,
month = jun,
year = 1988,
pages = "849--857"
}

@article{MW:OHLDT,
author = "Thomas G. Moher and Paul R. Wilson",
title = "Offsetting Human Limitations with Debugging Technology",
journal = "{IEEE} Software",
volume = 8,
number = 3,
month = may,
year = 1991,
pages = {11--13},
annote = "Guest editors' introduction to issue on debugging"
}

@inproceedings{Mo:GCLLS,
author = "Moon, David",
title = "Garbage Collection in a Large {L}isp System",
crossref = "LFP84",
key = "",
pages = "235--246"
}

@inproceedings{Mo:AS3600,
AUTHOR = "David A. Moon",
TITLE = "Architecture of the {S}ymbolics 3600",
BOOKTITLE = "The 12th Annual " # CA,
address = "Boston, Massachusetts",
month = jun,
YEAR = 1985, PAGES = {76--83}
}

@article{Mo:TSEGCA,
AUTHOR="F. Lockwood Morris",
TITLE="A Time- and Space-Efficient Garbage Compaction Algorithm",
JOURNAL=cacm, VOLUME=21, NUMBER = 8, YEAR=1978, MONTH=aug, PAGES={662--665}
}

@inproceedings{Mo:Mneme,
author = "Moss, J. Eliot B.",
title = "Addressing Large Distributed Collections of Persistent
Objects:  The {M}neme Project's Approach",
booktitle = "Second International Workshop on Database Programming
Languages",
pages = "269--285",
month = jun,
year = 1989,
address = "Glenedon Beach, Oregon",
note = "Also available as Technical Report 89-68,
University of Massachusetts Dept. of Computer and Information
Science, Amherst, Massachusetts, 1989"
}

@techreport{Mo:Swizzle,
author = "Moss, J. Eliot B.",
title = "Working With Objects: To Swizzle or Not to Swizzle?",
type = "Technical Report",
number = "90--38",
institution = "University of Massachusetts",
address = "Amherst, Massachusetts",
month = may,
year = 1990
}

@inproceedings{Mo:LFGC,
author = "J. Eliot B. Moss",
title = "Lock-Free garbage collection for Multiprocessors",
booktitle = "Parallel Algorithms and Architectures",
month = jul,
year = 1991
}


@techreport{Moyer91,
author = "Moyer, Steven A.",
title = "Performance of the i{PSC}/860 Node Architecture",
institution = "University of Virginia, Institute for Parallel Computing, Engineering, and Applied Science",
number = "IPC-TR-91-007",
month = may,
year = 1991
}

@inproceedings{MJ:BTO,
AUTHOR = "Steven S. Muchnick and Neil D. Jones",
TITLE = "Binding Time Optimizations in Programming Languages: {S}ome Thoughts toward the Design of an Ideal Language",
PAGES = {77--91},
CROSSREF = "POPL76",
key = ""
}

@inproceedings{Mu:ALDMAS,
AUTHOR = "Thomas P. Murtagh",
TITLE = "A Less Dynamic Memory Allocation Scheme for {ALGOL}-like Languages",
PAGES = {283--289},
CROSSREF = "POPL84",
key = "",
COMMENT = "Uses call graph to allocate activation records many at once; reduce cost of procedure call"
}

@phdthesis{Mycroft:thesis,
AUTHOR = "Alan Mycroft",
TITLE = "Abstract Interpretation and Optimising Transformations for Applicative Programs",
YEAR = 1981,
SCHOOL = "University of Edinburgh",
ADDRESS = "United Kingdom"
}

@inproceedings{NMK:LSSDSLE,
AUTHOR = "Sanjai Narain and David McArthur and Philip Klahr",
TITLE = "Large-Scale System Development in Several {LISP} Environments",
CROSSREF = "IJCAI83", VOLUME = 2, PAGES = {859--861}
}

@article{NSW:PPGA,
author = "I. A. Newman and R. P. Stallard and M. C. Woodward",
title = "Performance of parallel garbage collection algorithms",
journal = "Computer Studies",
volume = 166,
year = 1982,
month = sep
}

@article{NSW:HMPGCA,
author = "I. A. Newman and R. P. Stallard and M. C. Woodward",
title = "A Hybrid Multiple Processor Garbage Collection Algorithm",
journal = compj,
volume = 30,
number = 2,
year = 1987,
month = apr
}

@mastersthesis{No:SRSAMS,
author = "A. K. Nori",
title = "A Storage Reclamation Scheme for Applicative Multiprocessor Systems",
school = "University of Utah",
year = 1979,
month = dec
}

@article{Nie:DMACS,
AUTHOR = "Norman R. Nielsen",
TITLE = "Dynamic Memory Allocation in Computer Simulation",
JOURNAL = cacm,
YEAR = 1977,
VOLUME = 20,
NUMBER = 11,
MONTH = nov,
PAGES = {864--873}
}

@phdthesis{Neirynck:phd,
AUTHOR = "Anne Neirynck",
TITLE="Static Analysis of Aliasing and Side Effects in Higher-Order
  Languages",
SCHOOL=CORNELL,
ADDRESS = "Ithaca, New York",
YEAR=1988, MONTH=jan
}

@inproceedings{NPD:CASS,
AUTHOR="Anne Neirynck and Prakash Panangaden and Alan J. Demers",
TITLE = "Computation of Aliases and Support Sets",
CROSSREF="POPL87",
key = "",
PAGES= {274--283}
}

@inproceedings{NOPH:RBICC,
title = "Replication-based Incremental Copying Collection",
author = "Scott Nettles and James O'Toole and David Pierce and Nicholas Haines",
crossref="IWMM92",
key = "",
pages = {357--364}
}

@article{Ni:GCSLDSRT,
AUTHOR = "Nilsen, Kelvin",
TITLE = "Garbage Collection of Strings and Linked Data Structures in Real Time",
JOURNAL = spe,
VOLUME = 18,
NUMBER = 7,
YEAR = 1988,
MONTH = jul,
PAGES = {613--640}
}

@techreport{NS:HARTGC,
author = "Kelvin Nilsen and William J. Schmidt",
title = "A High-Level Overview of Hardware Assisted Real-Time Garbage Collection",
institution = "Dept. of Computer Science, Iowa State University",
address = "Ames, Iowa",
year = 1990,
number = "TR 90-18a"
}

@incollection{NR:CGCSH,
AUTHOR = "S. C. North and J. H. Reppy",
TITLE = "Concurrent Garbage Collection on Stock Hardware",
CROSSREF = "FPCA87",
KEY = "",
PAGES = {113--133}
}

@techreport{Nuth87,
author = "Nuth, Peter R.",
title = "Communication Patterns in a Symbolic Multiprocessor",
type = "Technical Report",
number = "MIT/LCS/TR-395",
institution = "Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for
Computer Science",
address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts",
month = Jun,
year = 1987
}

@inproceedings{Ou:WAOSGF,
author="John Ousterhout",
title="Why Aren't Operating Systems Getting Faster as Fast as Hardware?",
booktitle="Summer 1990 {USENIX} Conference",
organization = "{USENIX} Association",
month=jun,
year=1990,
address="Anaheim, California",
publisher="{IEEE} Press",
pages={247--256}
}

@inproceedings{Ow:MWSGC,
AUTHOR="Susan Owicki",
TITLE="Making the world safe for garbage collection",
CROSSREF="POPL81",
key = "",
PAGES={77--86}
}

@inproceedings{PaLi88,
author = "Pan, Douglas Z. and Linton, Mark",
title = "Supporting Reverse Execution of Parallel Programs",
crossref = "PDD88",
key = "",
pages = "112--123"
}

@article{Parnas:modules,
TITLE="On the Criteria to be used in decomposing systems into modules",
AUTHOR="D. L. Parnas",
JOURNAL=cacm,
YEAR=1972,MONTH=dec,NUMBER=12,VOLUME=15,PAGES={1053--1058}
}

@techreport{Pat:SOAR,
AUTHOR="David A. Patterson",
TITLE="Smalltalk on a {RISC}: Architectural Investigations",
INSTITUTION="Computer Science Division, University of California at Berkeley",
NUMBER="CS292R",
YEAR=1983,
MONTH=apr
}

@techreport{PeSo89,
author = "Peng, C.-J. and Gurindar S. Sohi",
title = "Cache Memory Design Considerations to Support Languages With
Dynamic Heap Allocation",
type = "Technical Report",
number = 860,
institution = {Computer Sciences Dept. University of Wisconsin},
address = "Madison, Wisconsin",
month = Jul,
year = 1989
}

@techreport{PVEP:CRCAP,
author="E. J. H. Pepels and M. C. J. D. {van Eekelen} and M. J. Plasmeijer",
title="A Cyclic Reference Counting Algorithm and its Proof",
institution="Computing Science Department",
address="University of Nijmegen",
year="1988",
type="Technical report",
number="88--10",
comments={\com A correct and terminating version of the algorithm in
[Brownbridge, 1985] and its proof. Based on [Salkild, 1987].
Complexity is at least exponential.}
}

@inproceedings{PS:EFTGC,
author = "David Plainfosse and Marc Shapiro",
title = "Experience with Fault Tolerant garbage collection in a Distributed {L}isp System",
crossref = "IWMM92",
key = "",
pages = "116--133"
}

@inproceedings{PoPr83,
author = "Powell, M. L. and Presotto, D. L.",
title = "Publishing: A Reliable Broadcast Communication Mechanism",
crossref = "SOSP83",
key = "",
pages = "100--109"
}

@inproceedings{PrHH88,
author = "Przybylski, Stephen and Mark Horowitz and John Hennessy",
title = "Performance Tradeoffs in Cache Design",
booktitle = "15th Annual " # CA,
address = "Honolulu, Hawaii",
month = jun,
year = 1988,
pages = "290--298"
}

@inproceedings{Przy90,
author = "Przybylski, Stephen",
title = "The Performance Impact of Block Sizes and Fetch Strategies",
crossref = "CA90",
key = "",
pages = "160--169"
}


@inproceedings{QPQ:MDS,
author =       "Christian Queinnec and Barbara Beaudoing and
Jean-Pierre Queille",
title =        "{M}ark {DURING} {S}weep rather than {M}ark {THEN} {S}weep",
crossref =    "PARLE89",
key = "",
ecritsdIcsla = 1,
abstract = "Garbage Collection frees the programmer from the burden of
explicitly deallocating unused data. This facility induces a considerable
overhead but also causes some delays that may affect real-time
applications.  Guaranteed throughput (with at most short and
predictable delays) is needed in many applications such as plane or
plant control and requires at least a worst case analysis to identify
the performances of the whole system.  Traditional GC are made of two
phases~: the marker which identifies all useful data, followed by the
sweeper which reclaims all useless data.  On-the-fly GC schemes were
introduced to permit an application and a collector to run
concurrently. That concurrency may lessen the GC penalty incurred by
the application.
\par
We present here a new algorithm where the application,
the marker and the sweeper are concurrent. The benefit is to tightly
adjust collection rate to application consumption and have an allocation
time bounded by a small constant. Moreover our algorithm does not waste memory
and appears to be well suited for embedded systems.
\par
This ``mark {\sc during} sweep'' algorithm is completely presented.  An
interesting single-processor and incremental realisation is also
analysed and followed by  some implementation variations."
}


@article{Ra:DTD,
author = "S. P. Rana",
title = "A Distributed Solution to the Distributed Termination Problem",
journal = IPL,
volume = 17,
pages = {43--46},
year = 1983,
month = jul
}

@article{Rand75,
author = "Randell, Brian",
title = "System Structure For Software Fault Tolerance",
journal = ieeese,
volume = "SE-1",
number = 2,
pages = "220--232",
month = jun,
year = 1975
}

@inproceedings{Rash87,
author = "Rashid, R. and Tevanian, A. and Young, M. and others",
title = "Machine-Independent Virtual Memory Management For Paged
Uniprocessor and Multiprocessor Architectures",
crossref = "ASPLOS2",
key = "",
pages = "31--39"
}

@techreport{ReCl86,
author = "Rees, Jonathan and William Clinger",
title = "The Revised$^3$ Report on the Algorithmic Language {Scheme}",
type = "AI Memo",
number = "848a",
institution = MIT,
address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts",
month = sep,
year = 1986
}

@inproceedings{RoDe90,
author = "Robertson, J. and M. Devarakonda",
title = "Data Cache Management Using Frequency-Based Replacement",
booktitle = "{SIGMETRICS}",
year = 1990
}

@inproceedings{Ro:ASPO,
AUTHOR = "John Rosenberg",
TITLE = "Architectural Support for Persistent Objects",
PAGES = "48--60",
crossref = "IWOOOS91",
key = ""
}

@inproceedings{RHBM:SPS,
title = "Stability in a Persistent Store Based on a Large Virtual Memory",
author = "John Rosenberg and F. A. Henskens and A. L. Brown and R. Morrison and D. Munro",
year = 1990,
booktitle = "Security and Persistence:  Proceedings of the
International Workshop on Computer Architectures to Support Security
and Persistence of Information",
editors = "John Rosenberg and J. Leslie Keedy",
address = "Bremen, West Germany",
publisher = SV # " and the British Computer Society",
pages = {229--245}
}

@inproceedings{RK:OMAMA,
author = "John Rosenberg and J. Leslie Keedy",
title = "Object Management and Addressing in the {MONADS} Architecture",
booktitle = "Second International Workshop on Persistent Object Systems",
address = "Appin, Scotland",
year = 1987
}

@inproceedings{RO:LFS,
author = "Mendel Rosenblum and John K. Ousterhout",
title = "The Design and Implementation of a Log-Structured File System",
crossref = "SOSP91",
key = "",
pages = {1--15}
}

@techreport{Ro:CedarGC,
AUTHOR = "Paul Rovner",
TITLE = "On Adding Garbage Collection and Runtime Types to a Strongly-Typed, Statically Checked, Concurrent Language",
INSTITUTION = PARC,
YEAR = 1985,
type = "Technical Report",
address = "Palo Alto, California",
month = jul,
NUMBER = "CSL-84-7"
}

@techreport{Ro:Modula,
AUTHOR = "Paul Rovner and Roy Levin and John Wick",
TITLE = "On Extending {M}odula-2 For Building Large, Integrated Systems",
INSTITUTION = DECSRC,
address = "Palo Alto, California",
YEAR = 1985,
NUMBER = 3
}

@inproceedings{Ru:DCGC,
author = "Martin Rudalics",
title = "Distributed Copying Garbage Collection",
crossref = "LFP86",
key = "",
pages = {364--372}
}

@phdthesis{Ruggieri:phd,
AUTHOR = "Christina Ruggieri",
TITLE = "Dynamic Memory Allocation Techniques Based on the Lifetimes of Objects",
SCHOOL = "Purdue University",
ADDRESS = "West Lafayette, Indiana",
YEAR = 1987, MONTH = aug
}

@inproceedings{RM:LADAO,
AUTHOR = "Christina Ruggieri and Thomas P. Murtagh",
TITLE = "Lifetime Analysis of Dynamically Allocated Objects",
CROSSREF = "POPL88",
key = "",
PAGES={285--293}
}

@inproceedings{SB:IDS,
author = "M. Schelvis and E. Bledoeg",
title = "The Implementation of Distributed Smalltalk",
booktitle = ECOOP,
editor = "S. Gjessing and K. Nygaard",
year = 1988,
month = aug,
address = "Oslo, Norway",
publisher = SV,
series = LNCS,
number = 322
}

@inproceedings{Sc:IDTP,
author = "M. Schelvis",
title = "Incremental Distribution of Timestamp Packets: a New Approach
to Distributed Garbage Collection",
crossref = "OOPSLA89",
key = "",
pages = {37--48}
}

@mastersthesis{Sa:IATRCA,
author = "Jon D. Salkild",
title = "Implementation and Analysis of Two Reference Counting Algorithms",
school = "University College",
address = "London, United Kingdom",
year=1987,
comments = {\com Proves the incorrectness of the algorithm in
[Brownbridge, 1985] and suggests a way of fixing it.
Unfortunately his algorithm is non-terminating in pathological cases.}
}

@phdthesis{Schmidt:phd,
author = "William J. Schmidt",
title = "Issues in the Design and Implementation of a Real-Time
Garbage Collection Architecture",
year = 1992,
school = "Iowa State University",
address = "Ames, Iowa",
note = "Technical report ISUTR 92-25"
}

@techreport{SETL131,
AUTHOR="Jacob T. Schwartz",
TITLE="More on Copy Optimization of {SETL} Programs",
NUMBER=131,
TYPE="{SETL} Newsletter",
INSTITUTION=NYUCOUR,
YEAR=1974,
MONTH=jun
}

@inproceedings{Sh:FTS,
title = "A Fault-tolerant, Scalable, Low-overhead Distributed Garbage Detection Protocol",
author = "Marc Shapiro",
booktitle = "Tenth Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems",
address = "Pisa, Italy",
year = 1991,
month = sep,
publisher = "{IEEE} Computer Society Press"
}


@inproceedings{SKW:TPS,
AUTHOR = "Singhal, Vivek and Sheetal V. Kakkad and Paul R. Wilson",
TITLE = "{T}exas: an Efficient, Portable Persistent Store",
crossref = "POS5",
key = ""
}


@article{Sch:OVHLL1,
AUTHOR = "Jacob T. Schwartz",
TITLE = "Optimization of Very High Level Languages---{I}.  {V}alue Transmission and its Corollaries",
JOURNAL = "Journal of Computer Languages",
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VOLUME = 1,
PAGES = {161--194}
}

@article{Sch:OVHLL2,
AUTHOR = "Jacob T. Schwartz",
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YEAR = 1975,
VOLUME = 1,
PAGES = {197--218}
}

@techreport{SETL176,
AUTHOR="Jacob T. Schwartz",
TITLE="A coarser, but simpler and considerably more efficient copy optimization technique",
NUMBER=176,
TYPE="{SETL} Newsletter",
INSTITUTION=NYUCOUR,
YEAR=1976,
MONTH=aug
}

@inproceedings{S:VSUDOAP,
AUTHOR = "Jerald Schwarz",
TITLE = "Verifying the Safe Use of Destructive Operations in Applicative Programs",
YEAR = 1978,
BOOKTITLE = "Program Transformations--Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Programming",
PAGES = {395--411}
}

@inproceedings{SS:PGGC,
author = "Ravi Sharma and Mary Lou Soffa",
title = "Parallel Generational Garbage Collection",
crossref = "OOPSLA91",
key = "",
pages = {16--32}
}



@inproceedings{SM:TCEMEA,
author = "Smith, J. M. and Maguire, Jr., Gerald Q.",
title = "Transparent Concurrent Execution of Mutually Exclusive
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booktitle = "Ninth International Conference on Distributed Computer
Systems",
month = jun,
year = 1989,
address = "Also available as Technical Report
CUCS-387-88, Columbia University, New York, New York"
}

@inproceedings{SW:MAOSH,
author = "Walter R. Smith and Robert V. Welland",
title = "A Model for Address-Oriented Software and Hardware",
booktitle = "25th Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences",
month = Jan,
year = 1991
}

@techreport{Soba88,
author = "Patrick G. Sobalvarro",
title = "A Lifetime-Based Garbage Collector for {LISP} Systems on
General-Purpose Computers",
type = "{B.S.} thesis",
institution = MIT # " {EECS} Department",
address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts",
year = 1988
}

@inproceedings{St:SM,
author = "Mark E. Staknis",
title = "Sheaved Memory: Architectural Support for State Saving and
Restoration in Paged Systems",
crossref = "ASPLOS3",
key = "",
pages = "96--102"
}

@techreport{Stam82,
author = "Stamos, James William",
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type = "Technical Report",
number = "SCG-82-2",
month = May,
year = 1982
}

@article{Stam84,
author = "Stamos, James William",
title = "Static Grouping of Small Objects to Enhance Performance of a
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journal = "{ACM} Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems",
volume = 2,
number = 2,
month = May,
year = 1984,
pages = "155--180"
}

@techreport{Stam86,
author = "James William Stamos",
title = "Programmer-Invoked Local Garbage Collection: A Design",
type = "Technical Report",
number = "unpublished draft",
institution = MIT,
year = 1986
}

@article{SPUR86,
author = "Hill, Mark and Susan Eggers and James Larus and George Taylor and others",
title = "{SPUR}: A {VLSI} Multiprocessor Workstation",
journal = "{IEEE} Computer",
volume = 19,
number = 11,
month = nov,
year = 1986,
pages = "8--22"
}

@techreport{St:RACFS,
AUTHOR = "Guy L. {Steele Jr.}",
TITLE="{RABBIT}: A Compiler for {SCHEME}",
INSTITUTION= MIT,
YEAR=1978,
MONTH=may
}

@article{St:MCGC,
author = "Guy L. {Steele Jr.}",
title = "Multiprocessing Compactifying Garbage Collection",
journal = cacm,
year = 1975,
month = sep,
volume = 18,
number = 9,
pages = {495--508}
}

@techreport{StSu75,
author = "{Steele Jr}, Guy L. and Gerald J. Sussman",
title = "{S}cheme: An Interpreter For the Extended Lambda Calculus",
type = "AI Memo",
number = 349,
institution = MIT # " Artificial Intelligence Laboratory",
address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts",
year = 1975
}

@phdthesis{Stee87,
author = "Steenkiste, Peter",
title = "Lisp on a Reduced-Instruction-Set Processor:  Characterization and
Optimization",
school = "Stanford University",
address = "Palo Alto, California",
note = "Technical Report CSL-TR-87-324, Stanford University Computer System Laboratory",
month = mar,
year = 	1987
}

@inproceedings{SH:TTCIL,
author = "Peter Steenkiste and John Hennessy",
title = "Tags and Type Checking in Lisp",
crossref = "ASPLOS2",
key = "",
pages = "50--59"
}

@inproceedings{Stoye:SPMRCR,
AUTHOR = "W. R. Stoye and T. J. W. Clarke and A. C. Norman",
TITLE = "Some Practical Methods for Rapid Combinator Reduction",
CROSSREF = "LFP84",
KEY = "",
PAGES = {159--166},
COMMENT = "Useful tricks in a ``by the book'' combinator reduction machine"
}

@article{StYe85,
author = "Strom, Robert E. and Yemini, Shaula",
title = "Optimistic Recovery in Distributed Systems",
journal = tocs,
volume = 3,
number = 3,
month = aug,
year = 1985,
pages = "204--226",
}

@techreport{StYB88,
author = "Strom, R. E. and Yemini, S. and Bacon, D.",
title = "A Recoverable Object Store",
type = "Technical Report",
institution = "{IBM} T. J. Watson Research Center",
year = 1988,
note = "Submitted for publication"
}

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author = "Strothotte, T. W. and Cormack, G. V.",
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volume = 12,
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@inproceedings{Ta:CE,
author = "M. Taunton",
title = "Compressed Executables: an Exercise in Thinking Small",
booktitle = "Summer 1991 {USENIX} Conference",
organization = "{USENIX} Association",
year = 1991,
month = jun,
address  = "Nashville, Tennessee",
pages = {385--403}
}

@article{TeRe81,
author = "Teitelbaum, T. and Reps, T.",
title = "The {Cornell Program Synthesizer}:  A Syntax Directed
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year = 1981,
pages = "563--573"
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@incollection{Teit81,
author = "Teitelman, W.",
title = "Automated Programmering: The {Programmer's Assistant}",
editor = "Barstow and Shrobe and Sandewell",
booktitle = "Interactive Programming Environments",
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publisher = "McGraw-Hill",
year = 1981,
pages = "232--239"
}

@inproceedings{TA:DSMLWRE,
title = "Debugging {S}tandard {ML} Without Reverse Engineering",
author = "Andrew Tolmach and Andrew Appel",
crossref = "LFP90",
key = ""
}

@inproceedings{Unga84,
author = "Ungar, David M.",
title = "Generation Scavenging: A Non-disruptive High-Performance Storage
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crossref = "SESPSDE87",
key = "",
pages = "157--167"
}

@book{Unga86,
author = "David Ungar",
title = "Design and Evaluation of a High-Performance {S}malltalk
System",
publisher = "{MIT} Press",
address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts",
year = 1986
}

@inproceedings{UnJa88,
author = "Ungar, David and Frank Jackson",
title = "Tenuring Policies For Generation-Based Storage Reclamation",
crossref = "OOPSLA88",
key = "",
pages = "1--17"
}


@InProceedings{ChambersUL89,
  author = 	 "Craig Chambers and David Ungar and Elgin Lee",
  title = 	 "An efficient implementation of {Self}, a dynamically-typed
		  object-oriented language based on prototypes",
  crossref =     "OOPSLA89",
  pages =	 "49--70",
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author = "Van Dyke, E. J.",
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journal = "Hewlett-Packard Journal",
month = jul,
year = 1977,
pages = "17--24"
}

@inproceedings{VD:SLPSUCH,
author = "Francis Vaughan and Alan Dearle",
title = "Supporting Large Persistent Stores Using Conventional Hardware",
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key = ""
}

@inproceedings{Va:PDA,
author = "Francis Vaughan and T. Schunke and B. Koch and A. Dearle and C. Marlin and C. Barter",
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System",
booktitle = "Workshop Proceedings: Mach",
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year = 1990,
month = oct,
address = "Burlington, Vermont",
pages = {123--140}
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@phdthesis{VeGC,
author = "Vestal,  S. C.",
title = "Garbage Collection: An Exercise in Distributed, Fault-Tolerant  Programming",
school = "University of Washington",
address = "Seattle, Washington",
year = 1987,
month = jan
}

@inproceedings{Vitt84,
author = "Vitter, J. S.",
title = "{US\&R}: A New Framework For Redoing",
crossref = "SESPSDE87",
key = "",
pages = "168--176"
}

@article{Wa:AARTGC,
AUTHOR = "Philip L. Wadler",
TITLE = "Analysis of an Algorithm for Real Time Garbage Collection",
JOURNAL = cacm, VOLUME = 19, NUMBER = 9, YEAR = 1976, MONTH = Sep,
PAGES = {491--500}
}

@techreport{GNUTypeDesc,
author="David Wallace",
title="Runtime Type Support in {C} and {C++}",
institution="Cygnus Reports",
number="revision 1.1",
year=1992
}

@incollection{Watson-Watson-1987,
	author = "Watson, P. and I. Watson",
	title = "An Efficient Garbage Collection Scheme for Parallel
		Computer Architecture",
	crossref = "PARLE87",
	key = "",
	pages = "432 -- 443"
}

@inproceedings{WeDH89,
title = "The Portable Common Runtime Approach to Interoperability",
crossref = "SOSP89",
key = "",
author = "Mark Weiser and Alan Demers and Carl Hauser"
}

@article{We:PCGC,
title = "Pitfalls of Conservative Garbage Collection",
author = "E. P. Wentworth",
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year = 1990,
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number = 7,
pages = {719--727}
}

@inproceedings{Whit80,
author = "White, Jon L.",
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booktitle = TLC,
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@inproceedings{WD:PSAOFPSS,
author = "Seth J. White and David J. Dewitt",
title = "A Performance Study of Alternative Object Faulting and Pointer Swizzling Strategies",
booktitle = "18th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases",
year = 1992,
month = oct,
address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
publisher = MK,
note = "To appear"
}


@inproceedings{WWH:DG,
author = "Ifor W. Williams and Mario I. Wolkzko and Trevor P. Hopkins",
title = "Dynamic Grouping in an Object-Oriented Virtual Memory Hierarchy",
booktitle = ECOOP,
publisher = SV,
month = jun,
pages = {87--96},
address = "Paris, France",
year = 1987
}

@techreport{WWH:RDGOOMH,
author = "Williams, Ifor and Mario I. Wolkzko and Trevor Hopkins",
title = "Realization of a Dynamically Grouped Object-Oriented Memory
Hierarchy",
type = "Technical Report",
institution = "University of Manchester Dept. of Computer Science",
address = "Manchester, United Kingdom",
year = 1990
}

@article{Wils88a,
author = "Paul R. Wilson",
title = "Opportunistic Garbage Collection",
journal = SIGPLANNotices,
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number = 12,
month = dec,
year = 1988,
pages = "98--102"
}

@mastersthesis{Wils88b,
author = "Paul R. Wilson",
title = "Two Comprehensive Virtual Copy Mechanisms",
school = "University of Illinois at Chicago, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department",
address = "Chicago, Illinois",
year = 1988
}

@unpublished{Wils89,
author = "Wilson, Paul R.",
title = "Heap Management and Hierarchical Memories",
note = "Unpublished working paper",
month = May,
year = 1989
}

@misc{Wi:ISHMMH,
author = "Wilson, Paul R.",
title = "Some Issues and Strategies in Heap Management and Memory
Hierarchies",
year = 1990,
month = oct,
howpublished= "Unpublished position paper for {OOPSLA/ECOOP} '90 Workshop on
Garbage Collection in Object-Oriented Systems.  See \cite{JJ:GCOOS}",
note = "Also appears in {\em {SIGPLAN} Notices 23}(1):45--52, January 1991"
}

@techreport{Wi:SwizzCAN,
title = "Pointer Swizzling at Page Fault Time: Efficiently Supporting
Huge Address Spaces on Standard Hardware",
author = "Paul R. Wilson",
type = "Technical Report",
number = "UIC-EECS-90-6",
institution = "University of Illinois at Chicago, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department",
address = "Chicago, Illinois",
month = Dec,
year = 1990,
note = "Also appears in {\em Computer Architecture News 19}(4):6-13, June 1991"
}

@inproceedings{WK:PSPFT,
title = "Pointer Swizzling at Page Fault Time: Efficiently and Compatibly
Supporting Huge Addresses on Standard Hardware",
author = "Paul R. Wilson and Sheetal V. Kakkad",
crossref = "IWOOOS92",
key = "",
pages = {364--377}
}

@phdthesis{Wi:PhD,
author = "Paul R. Wilson",
title = "Heap Management and Memory Hierarchies",
school = "University of Illinois at Chicago",
month = Dec,
year = 1991
}

@inproceedings{Wi:OSSSO,
author = "Wilson, Paul R.",
title = "Operating System Support for Small Objects",
crossref = "IWOOOS91",
key = "",
pages = "80--86",
note = "Revised version to appear in {\em Computing Systems}"
}

@inproceedings{Wi:SMMH,
author = "Wilson, Paul R.",
title = "Storage Management and Memory Heirarches",
crossref = "IWMM92",
key = "",
note = "Unpublished discussion session paper"
}

@inproceedings{Wi:UGCT,
Author = "Wilson, Paul R.",
title = "Uniprocessor Garbage Collection Techniques",
crossref = "IWMM92",
key = "",
pages = {1--42}
}

@unpublished{Wi:GC,
author = "Wilson, Paul R.",
title = "Garbage Collection",
note = {Expanded version of \cite{Wi:UGCT},
now covering parallel, distributed, and conservative collection.  In
preparation.},
year = 1993
}

@inproceedings{WLM:ILOTDGC,
author = "Michael S. Lam and Paul R. Wilson and Thomas G. Moher",
title = "Object Type Directed Garbage Collection to Improve Locality",
crossref = "IWMM92",
key = "",
pages = {404--425}
}

@unpublished{WC:Tracing,
author = "Paul R. Wilson and Atif Chaudrhy",
title = "Efficient tracing using virtual memory address protection",
note = "In preparation",
year = 1992
}

@inproceedings{WLM:ESGR,
author = "Wilson, Paul R. and Michael S. Lam and Thomas G. Moher",
title = "Effective Static-Graph Reorganization to Improve Locality in
Garbage-Collected Systems",
crossref = "PLDI91",
Key = "",
pages = "177--191"
}

@techreport{WiLM90b,
title = "Caching Consideration For Generational Garbage Collection:  A
Case For Large and Set-Associative Caches",
author = "Paul R. Wilson and Michael S. Lam and Thomas G. Moher",
institution = "University of Illinois at Chicago EECS Dept.",
type = "Technical Report",
number = "UIC-EECS-90-5",
address = "Chicago, Illinois",
month = Dec,
year = 1990
}

@inproceedings{WH:GC91,
author = "Paul R. Wilson and Barry Hayes",
title = "The 1991 {OOPSLA} {W}orkshop on {G}arbage {C}ollection in {O}bject
{O}riented {S}ystems (Organizers' Report)",
crossref = "OOPSLA91Add",
pages = "63--71"
}

@inproceedings{WM:DM,
title = "Demonic Memory For Process Histories",	
author = "Paul R. Wilson and Thomas G. Moher",
crossref = "PLDI89",
key = "",
pages = "330--343"
}

@inproceedings{WM:OGC,
author = "Wilson, Paul R. and Thomas G. Moher",
title = "Design of the {O}pportunistic {G}arbage {C}ollector",
crossref = "OOPSLA89",
key = "",
pages = "23--35"
}

@inproceedings{WLM:CCGGC,
author = "Wilson, Paul R. and Michael S. Lam and Thomas G. Moher",
title = "Caching Considerations for Generational Garbage Collection",
crossref = "LFP92",
key = "",
pages = "32--42"
}

@article{WMK:Anomalies,
AUTHOR = "Wilson, Paul R. and Shubhendu S. Mukherjee and Sheetal V. Kakkad",
TITLE = "Anomalies and Adaptation in the Analysis and Development of Prepaging Policies",
JOURNAL = "Journal of Systems and Software",
NOTE = "Technical Communication, to appear",
YEAR = 1992
}


@article{Wi:MGCARRC,
AUTHOR="David S. Wise",
TITLE="Morris's Garbage Compaction Algorithm Restores Reference Counts",
JOURNAL=toplas,
VOLUME=1,
NUMBER=1,
MONTH=jul,
YEAR=1979,
PAGES={115--120}
}

@techreport{Wi:GCLDAS,
author = "Wiseman, S. R.",
title = "A Garbage Collector for a Large Distributed Address Space",
number = "85009",
institution = "Royal Signals and Radar Establishment",
address = "Malvern, United Kingdom",
year = 1985
}

@unpublished{Wi:HRRTGC,
title = "How Real is ``Real Time'' Garbage Collection?",
author = "P.T. Withington",
note = "Position paper, OOPSLA '92 Workshop on Garbage Collection in Object-Oriented Systems",
year = 1992
}

@incollection{WO:MGCA68,
TITLE = "Methods of Garbage Collection for {ALGOL} 68",
AUTHOR = "P. L. Wodon",
CROSSREF = "Peck71",
PAGES = {245--262}
}

@article{Yu:RTGCGPM,
TITLE = "Real-Time Garbage Collection on General-Purpose Machines",
AUTHOR = "Taichi Yuasa",
JOURNAL = "Journal of Systems and Software",
YEAR = 1990,
VOLUME = 11,
PAGES = {181--198}
}

@inproceedings{Yu:MMGCECLS,
TITLE = "Memory Management and Garbage Collection of an Extended
{C}ommon {L}isp system for massively parallel {SIMD} architecture",
author = "Taichi Yuasa",
crossref = "IWMM92",
key = "",
pages = "490--506"
}

@phdthesis{Zorn:phd,
author = "Zorn, Benjamin",
title = "Comparative Performance Evaluation of Garbage Collection Algorithms",
school = "University of California at Berkeley, {EECS} Department",
note = "Technical Report UCB/CSD 89/544",
month = dec,
year = 1989
}

@techreport{Zo:EGCCP,
author = "Zorn, Benjamin",
title = "The Effect of Garbage Collection on Cache Performance",
institution = "University of Colorado at Boulder, Dept. of Computer Science",
year = 1991,
month = may,
address = "Boulder, Colorado",
number = "CU-CS-528-91"
}

@techreport{Zo:MCCGC,
author = "Zorn, Benjamin",
title = "The Measured Cost of Conservative Garbage Collection",
institution = "University of Colorado at Boulder, Dept. of Computer Science",
year = 1992,
address = "Boulder, Colorado",
number = "CU-CS-573-92"
}

@techreport{ZG:EMSACP,
author = "Benjamin Zorn and Dirk Grunwald",
title = "Empirical Measurements of Six Allocation-Intensive {C} Programs",
institution = "University of Colorado at Boulder, Dept. of Computer Science",
year = 1992,
month = jul,
number = "CU-CS-604-92"
}

@techreport{ZG:EMMA,
author = "Benjamin Zorn and Dirk Grunwald",
title = "Evaluating Models of Memory Allocation",
institution = "University of Colorado at Boulder, Dept. of Computer Science",
year = 1992,
month = jul,
number = "CU-CS-603-92"
}


@book{Peck71,
TITLE = "{ALGOL} 68 Implementation",
BOOKTITLE = "{ALGOL} 68 Implementation",
EDITOR = "J. E. L. Peck",
PUBLISHER = ENH,
YEAR = 1971
}

@proceedings{ASPLOS1,
title = "Symposium on " # ASPLOS,
booktitle = "Symposium on " # ASPLOS,
key = "{ASPLOS}",
month = mar,
year = 1982
}

@proceedings{ASPLOS2,
title = "Second International Conference on " # ASPLOS # " ({ASPLOS II})",
booktitle = "Second International Conference on " # ASPLOS # " ({ASPLOS II})",
key = "{ASPLOS}",
month = oct,
year = 1987,
address = "Palo Alto, California"
}

@proceedings{ASPLOS3,
title = "Third International Conference on " # ASPLOS # " ({ASPLOS III})",
booktitle = "Third International Conference on " # ASPLOS # " ({ASPLOS III})",
key = "{ASPLOS}",
month = apr,
year = 1989,
address = "Boston, Massachusetts"
}

@proceedings{ASPLOS4,
title  = "Fourth International Conference on " # ASPLOS # "  ({ASPLOS IV})",
booktitle = "Fourth International Conference on " # ASPLOS # " ({ASPLOS IV})",
key = "{ASPLOS}",
month = apr,
year = 1991,
address = "Santa Clara, California"
}

@proceedings{ASPLOS5,
title = "Fifth International Conference on " # ASPLOS # " ({ASPLOS V})",
booktitle = "Fifth International Conference on " # ASPLOS # " ({ASPLOS V})",
key = "{ASPLOS}",
month = sep,
year = 1992,
address = "Boston, Massachusetts"
}

@proceedings{CA90,
title = "17th Annual " # CA,
booktitle = "17th Annual " # CA,
key = "{CA}",
address = "Seattle, Washington",
month = May,
year = 1990,
publisher = "{IEEE} Computer Society Press"
}

@proceedings{IJCAI83,
title = IJCAI,
booktitle = IJCAI,
editor = "Alan Bundy",
year = 1983,
month = aug,
address = "Karlsruhe, West Germany",
publisher = "William Kaufman"
}

@proceedings{IWOOOS91,
title = IWOOOS,
booktitle = IWOOOS,
key = "{IWOOOS}",
month = Oct,
year = 1991,
address = "Palo Alto, California",
publisher = "{IEEE} Press"
}

@proceedings{IWOOOS92,
title = IWOOOS,
booktitle = IWOOOS,
key = "{IWOOOS}",
year = 1992,
month = sep,
address = "Paris, France",
publisher = "{IEEE} Press"
}

@proceedings{LFP82,
title = "Conference Record of the " # 1982 # " " # LFP,
booktitle = "Conference Record of the " # 1982 # " " # LFP,
key = "{LFP}",
year = 1982,
month = aug,
address = "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania",
publisher = ACM
}

@proceedings{LFP84,
title = "Conference Record of the " # 1984 # " " # LFP,
booktitle = "Conference Record of the " # 1984 # " " # LFP,
key = "{LFP}",
month = aug,
year = 1984,
address = "Austin, Texas",
publisher = ACM
}

@proceedings{LFP86,
title = "Conference Record of the " # 1986 # " " # LFP,
booktitle = "Conference Record of the " # 1986 # " " # LFP,
key = "{LFP}",
month = aug,
year = 1986,
address = "Cambridge, Massachusetts",
publisher = ACM
}

@proceedings{LFP88,
title = "Conference Record of the " # 1988 # " " # LFP,
booktitle = "Conference Record of the " # 1988 # " " # LFP,
key = "{LFP}",
month = jul,
year = 1988,
address = "Snowbird, Utah",
publisher = ACM
}

@proceedings{OOPSLA87Add,
title = "{OOPSLA} '87 Addendum to the Proceedings",
booktitle = "{OOPSLA} '87 Addendum to the Proceedings",
editor = "Leigh Power and Zvi Weiss",
month = oct,
year = 1987,
address = "Orlando, Florida",
publisher = ACM,
note = "Published as {\em {SIGPLAN} Notices 23}(5), May 1988."
}

@proceedings{OOPSLA88,
title  = OOPSLA # " ({OOPSLA} '88) Proceedings",
booktitle = OOPSLA # " ({OOPSLA} '88) Proceedings",
editor = "Norman Meyrowitz",
month = sep,
year = 1988,
address = "San Diego, California",
publisher = ACM,
note = "Published as {\em {SIGPLAN} Notices 23}(11), November 1988."
}

@proceedings{OOPSLA/ECOOP90,
title = OOPSLA # "/" # ECOOP # " ({OOPSLA/ECOOP} '90) Proceedings",
booktitle  = OOPSLA # "/" # ECOOP # " ({OOPSLA/ECOOP} '90) Proceedings",
editor = "Norman Meyrowitz",
month = oct,
year = 1990,
address = "Ottawa, Ontario",
publisher = ACM,
note = "Published as {\em {SIGPLAN} Notices 25}(10), October 1990."
}

@proceedings{OOPSLA/ECOOP90Add,
title = "{OOPSLA/ECOOP} '90 Addendum to the Proceedings",
booktitle = "{OOPSLA/ECOOP} '90 Addendum to the Proceedings",
editor = "Jerry L. Archibald and K. C. Burgess Yakemovic",
month = oct,
year = 1990,
address = "Ottawa, Ontario",
publisher = ACM,
note = "Published as a special issue of {\em {SIGPLAN} Notices}, 1991."
}

@proceedings{OOPSLA91Add,
title = "{OOPSLA} '91 Addendum to the Proceedings",
booktitle = "{OOPSLA} '91 Addendum to the Proceedings",
editor = "Jerry L. Archibald",
month = oct,
year = 1991,
address = "Phoenix, Arizona",
publisher = ACM,
note = "Published as {\em {OOPS} Messenger 3}(4), October 1992."
}

@proceedings{OOPSLA92,
title = OOPSLA # " ({OOPSLA} '92)",
booktitle = OOPSLA # " ({OOPSLA} '92)",
editor = "Andreas Paepcke",
month = oct,
year = 1992,
address = "Vancouver, British Columbia",
publisher = ACM,
note = "Published as {\em {SIGPLAN} Notices 27}(10), October 1992."
}

@proceedings{PARLE87,
title = PARLE,
booktitle = PARLE,
editor = "Jacobus W. de Bakker and L. Nijman and Philip C. Treleaven",
month = jun,
year = 1987,
address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands",
publisher = sv,
series = lncs,
number = "258, 259"
}

@proceedings{PARLE89,
title = PARLE,
booktitle = PARLE,
editor = "Eddy Odijik and M. Rem and Jean-Claude Sayr",
address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands",
year = 1989,
month = jun,
publisher = sv,
series = lncs,
number = "365, 366"
}

@proceedings{PDD88,
title = "{ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS} Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Debugging",
booktitle = "{ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS} Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Debugging",
key = "{PDD}",
month = may,
year = 1988,
address = "Madison, Wisconsin",
note = "Published as {\em SIGPLAN Notices 24}(1), January, 1989"
}

@proceedings{POS4,
title = "Implementing Persistent Object Bases:  Principles and Practice
(Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Persistent Object
Systems)",
booktitle = "Implementing Persistent Object Bases:  Principles and Practice
(Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Persistent Object
Systems)",
editor = "Alan Dearle and Gail M. Shaw and Stanley B. Zdonik",
address = "Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts",
publisher = "Morgan Kaufman",
year = 1990,
month = sep
}

@proceedings{POS5,
title = "Fifth International Workshop on Persistent Object Systems",
booktitle = "Fifth International Workshop on Persistent Object Systems",
key = "{POS5}",
YEAR = 1992,
month = sep,
address = "San Miniato, Italy",
publisher = SV
}

@proceedings{SESPSDE87,
title = "{ACM SIGSOFT/SIGPLAN} Software Engineering Symposium on Practical
Software Development Environments",
booktitle = "{ACM SIGSOFT/SIGPLAN} Software Engineering Symposium on Practical
Software Development Environments",
key = "{SESPSDE}",
publisher = ACM,
month = apr,
year = 1984,
note = "Published as {\em ACM SIGPLAN Notices 19}(5), May, 1987"
}

@proceedings{SOSP83,
title = "Proceedings of the Ninth " # SOSP,
booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth " # SOSP,
key = "{SOSP}",
month = oct,
year = 1983,
address = "Bretton Woods, New Hampshire",
publisher = ACM,
note = "Published as {\em Operating Systems Review 17}(5), October 1983"
}

@proceedings{SOSP87,
title = "Proceedings of the Eleventh " # SOSP,
booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh " # SOSP,
key = "{SOSP}",
month = nov,
year = 1987,
address = "Austin, Texas",
publisher = ACM,
note = "Published as {\em Operating Systems Review 21}(5), November 1987"
}

@proceedings{SOSP89,
title = "Proceedings of the Twelfth " # SOSP,
booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth " # SOSP,
key = "{SOSP}",
month = dec,
year = 1989
}

@proceedings{SOSP91,
title = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth " # SOSP,
booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth " # SOSP,
key = "{SOSP}",
month = oct,
year = 1991,
publisher = ACM,
address = "Pacific Grove, California",
note = "Published as {\em Operating Systems Review 25}(5)"
}



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