diff --git a/.changeset/loud-dragons-hang.md b/.changeset/loud-dragons-hang.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..daca17cac5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/loud-dragons-hang.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+---
+'@lit/reactive-element': patch
+'lit': patch
+'lit-element': patch
+---
+
+Changed the caching behavior of the css`` template literal tag so that same-text styles do not share a CSSStyleSheet. Note that this may be a breaking change in some very unusual scenarios on Chromium and Firefox > 101 only.
diff --git a/packages/reactive-element/src/css-tag.ts b/packages/reactive-element/src/css-tag.ts
index 47a63fbdbb..7b763d7b2a 100644
--- a/packages/reactive-element/src/css-tag.ts
+++ b/packages/reactive-element/src/css-tag.ts
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ export type CSSResultGroup = CSSResultOrNative | CSSResultArray;
 
 const constructionToken = Symbol();
 
-const styleSheetCache = new Map<string, CSSStyleSheet>();
+const cssTagCache = new WeakMap<TemplateStringsArray, CSSStyleSheet>();
 
 /**
  * A container for a string of CSS text, that may be used to create a CSSStyleSheet.
@@ -44,25 +44,43 @@ export class CSSResult {
   // This property needs to remain unminified.
   ['_$cssResult$'] = true;
   readonly cssText: string;
-
-  private constructor(cssText: string, safeToken: symbol) {
+  private _styleSheet?: CSSStyleSheet;
+  private _strings: TemplateStringsArray | undefined;
+
+  private constructor(
+    cssText: string,
+    strings: TemplateStringsArray | undefined,
+    safeToken: symbol
+  ) {
     if (safeToken !== constructionToken) {
       throw new Error(
         'CSSResult is not constructable. Use `unsafeCSS` or `css` instead.'
       );
     }
     this.cssText = cssText;
+    this._strings = strings;
   }
 
-  // Note, this is a getter so that it's lazy. In practice, this means
-  // stylesheets are not created until the first element instance is made.
+  // This is a getter so that it's lazy. In practice, this means stylesheets
+  // are not created until the first element instance is made.
   get styleSheet(): CSSStyleSheet | undefined {
-    // Note, if `supportsAdoptingStyleSheets` is true then we assume
-    // CSSStyleSheet is constructable.
-    let styleSheet = styleSheetCache.get(this.cssText);
+    // If `supportsAdoptingStyleSheets` is true then we assume CSSStyleSheet is
+    // constructable.
+    let styleSheet = this._styleSheet;
+    const strings = this._strings;
     if (supportsAdoptingStyleSheets && styleSheet === undefined) {
-      styleSheetCache.set(this.cssText, (styleSheet = new CSSStyleSheet()));
-      styleSheet.replaceSync(this.cssText);
+      const cacheable = strings !== undefined && strings.length === 1;
+      if (cacheable) {
+        styleSheet = cssTagCache.get(strings);
+      }
+      if (styleSheet === undefined) {
+        (this._styleSheet = styleSheet = new CSSStyleSheet()).replaceSync(
+          this.cssText
+        );
+        if (cacheable) {
+          cssTagCache.set(strings, styleSheet);
+        }
+      }
     }
     return styleSheet;
   }
@@ -73,7 +91,11 @@ export class CSSResult {
 }
 
 type ConstructableCSSResult = CSSResult & {
-  new (cssText: string, safeToken: symbol): CSSResult;
+  new (
+    cssText: string,
+    strings: TemplateStringsArray | undefined,
+    safeToken: symbol
+  ): CSSResult;
 };
 
 const textFromCSSResult = (value: CSSResultGroup | number) => {
@@ -101,6 +123,7 @@ const textFromCSSResult = (value: CSSResultGroup | number) => {
 export const unsafeCSS = (value: unknown) =>
   new (CSSResult as ConstructableCSSResult)(
     typeof value === 'string' ? value : String(value),
+    undefined,
     constructionToken
   );
 
@@ -123,7 +146,11 @@ export const css = (
           (acc, v, idx) => acc + textFromCSSResult(v) + strings[idx + 1],
           strings[0]
         );
-  return new (CSSResult as ConstructableCSSResult)(cssText, constructionToken);
+  return new (CSSResult as ConstructableCSSResult)(
+    cssText,
+    strings,
+    constructionToken
+  );
 };
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/reactive-element/src/test/css-tag_test.ts b/packages/reactive-element/src/test/css-tag_test.ts
index 7d2737b33a..2dd24e15cd 100644
--- a/packages/reactive-element/src/test/css-tag_test.ts
+++ b/packages/reactive-element/src/test/css-tag_test.ts
@@ -4,56 +4,58 @@
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
  */
 
-import {css, CSSResult, unsafeCSS} from '../css-tag.js';
+import {
+  css,
+  CSSResult,
+  unsafeCSS,
+  supportsAdoptingStyleSheets,
+} from '../css-tag.js';
 import {assert} from '@esm-bundle/chai';
 
 suite('Styling', () => {
   suite('css tag', () => {
-    test('CSSResults always produce the same stylesheet', () => {
+    test('stylesheet from same template literal without expressions are cached', () => {
       // Alias avoids syntax highlighting issues in editors
       const cssValue = css;
       const makeStyle = () => cssValue`foo`;
       const style1 = makeStyle();
-      assert.equal(
-        (style1 as CSSResult).styleSheet,
-        (style1 as CSSResult).styleSheet
-      );
-      const style2 = makeStyle();
-      assert.equal(
-        (style1 as CSSResult).styleSheet,
-        (style2 as CSSResult).styleSheet
-      );
+      if (supportsAdoptingStyleSheets) {
+        assert.isDefined(style1.styleSheet);
+        assert.strictEqual(style1.styleSheet, style1.styleSheet);
+        const style2 = makeStyle();
+        // Equal because we cache stylesheets based on TemplateStringArrays
+        assert.strictEqual(style1.styleSheet, style2.styleSheet);
+      } else {
+        assert.isUndefined(style1.styleSheet);
+      }
     });
 
-    test('css with same values always produce the same stylesheet', () => {
+    test('stylesheet from same template literal with expressions are not cached', () => {
       // Alias avoids syntax highlighting issues in editors
       const cssValue = css;
       const makeStyle = () => cssValue`background: ${cssValue`blue`}`;
       const style1 = makeStyle();
-      assert.equal(
-        (style1 as CSSResult).styleSheet,
-        (style1 as CSSResult).styleSheet
-      );
-      const style2 = makeStyle();
-      assert.equal(
-        (style1 as CSSResult).styleSheet,
-        (style2 as CSSResult).styleSheet
-      );
+      if (supportsAdoptingStyleSheets) {
+        assert.isDefined(style1.styleSheet);
+        assert.strictEqual(style1.styleSheet, style1.styleSheet);
+        const style2 = makeStyle();
+        assert.notStrictEqual(style1.styleSheet, style2.styleSheet);
+      } else {
+        assert.isUndefined(style1.styleSheet);
+      }
     });
 
-    test('unsafeCSS() CSSResults always produce the same stylesheet', () => {
-      // Alias avoids syntax highlighting issues in editors
+    test('unsafeCSS() always produces a new stylesheet', () => {
       const makeStyle = () => unsafeCSS(`foo`);
       const style1 = makeStyle();
-      assert.equal(
-        (style1 as CSSResult).styleSheet,
-        (style1 as CSSResult).styleSheet
-      );
-      const style2 = makeStyle();
-      assert.equal(
-        (style1 as CSSResult).styleSheet,
-        (style2 as CSSResult).styleSheet
-      );
+      if (supportsAdoptingStyleSheets) {
+        assert.isDefined(style1.styleSheet);
+        assert.strictEqual(style1.styleSheet, style1.styleSheet);
+        const style2 = makeStyle();
+        assert.notStrictEqual(style1.styleSheet, style2.styleSheet);
+      } else {
+        assert.isUndefined(style1.styleSheet);
+      }
     });
 
     test('`css` get styles throws when unsafe values are used', async () => {
@@ -75,10 +77,7 @@ suite('Styling', () => {
           margin: ${spacer * 2}px;
         }
       `;
-      assert.equal(
-        (result as CSSResult).cssText.replace(/\s/g, ''),
-        'div{margin:4px;}'
-      );
+      assert.equal(result.cssText.replace(/\s/g, ''), 'div{margin:4px;}');
     });
 
     test('`CSSResult` cannot be constructed', async () => {