| title | date |
|---|---|
MacOS深度使用 |
2020-08-27 09:42:26 UTC |
| 目录 | 描述 | /System/Library/ |
/Library/ |
~/Library/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Preferences/ |
存放应用的配置文件 | Y | Y | Y |
LaunchDaemons/ |
存放系统级进程的配置文件 | Y | Y | |
LaunchAgents/ |
存放用户级进程的配置文件 | Y | Y | Y |
StartupItems/ |
存放启动项的配置文件 | Y | Y |
osascript: execute OSA scripts (AppleScript, JavaScript, etc.)
osascript -e <script> [-l <language>]OSX10.4以下使用的是MacRoman编码，unicode需要额外备注:
script='display notification ("您好" as unicode text)'
osascript -e $script# 右上角通知
# https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/LanguagesUtilities/Conceptual/MacAutomationScriptingGuide/DisplayNotifications.html
display notification "hello world!"
with title "Greet"
subtitle "Everyone"
sound name "Frog"
# 弹窗
display alert "Alert"
message "Hello, ..."
as critical
buttons {"Don't Continue", "Continue"}
default button "Continue"
cancel button "Don't Continue"
display dialog "Dialog"
buttons {"Don't Continue", "Continue"}
default button "Continue"
cancel button "Don't Continue"
with icon caution
giving up after 5 # 5秒后自动关闭
# 打开Safari
tell app "Safari" to activate
# 关闭Safari
quit app "safari.app"
# 调整音量
set volume input volume 40
set volume output volume 50
set volume output muted TRUE
set volume output muted not (output muted of (get volume settings))
# 直接关机、重启
tell app "System Events" to shut down
tell app "System Events" to restart
# 延时
delay 0.5 # 秒osascript -e 'id of app "Visual Studio Code"'
launchd: System wide and per-user daemon/agent manager.
launchctl: interfaces with launchd to manage and inspect daemons, agents and XPC services.
launchd是苹果系统（>10.4）管理进程的服务。通过任务管理器的显示菜单中选择所有进程，分层显示可以看到所有进程都是由launchd来管理的。
开机过程：
graph LR
kernel[OS Kernel]
---> system-launchd[System Launchd]
---> system-deamons[System Daemons<br/>/System/Library/LaunchDaemons] & third-party-deamons[Third-party Deamons<br/>/Library/LaunchDaemons]
---> login{User Login<br/>loginwindow}
---> user-launchd[User Launchd]
---> system-agents[System Agents<br/>/System/Library/LaunchAgents] & user-agents[Third-party Agents<br/>/Library/LaunchAgents] & current-agents["Current User Agents<br/>~/Library/LaunchAgents"]
---> ...((""))
# 列出用户进程状态
launchctl list
# 列出系统进程状态
sudo launchctl listdaemon: 系统级进程，在系统启动时载入，在活动监视器中可以看到用户为root。agent: 用户级进程，在用户登录时载入，在活动监视器中可以看到用户为当前用户（whoami）。
# 系统自带的系统级进程配置文件
/System/Library/LaunchDaemons
# 系统自带的用户级进程配置文件
/System/Library/LaunchAgents
# 系统自带的进程间通信进程配置文件
/System/Library/xpc
# 管理员提供的（如安装软件）系统级进程配置文件
/Library/LaunchDaemons
# 管理员提供的用户级进程配置文件
/Library/LaunchAgents
# 当前登录用户自己的进程配置文件
~/Library/LaunchAgentslaunchd.plist是daemon和agent任务的服务配置文件。
关于plist，可以查看man plist, man launchd.plist。
RunAtLoad：表示当前任务是否在配置载入（开机/登录）后自动启动。KeepAlive：表示当前任务是否一直运行。当设置为true时，在退出后会自动重启（俗称关不掉的流氓程序）。SuccessfulExit：表示是否在当前任务成功退出后自动重启。当该属性出现时，载入后一定会自动启动。Label：该.plist文件代表的任务名称。Program,ProgramArguments：任务的程序路径。WatchPaths：监控路径，当路径变化时执行当前任务。
核心属性（详细可见man launchd.plist）
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
<!-- 任务名称 -->
<key>Label</key>
<string>MyProgram</string>
<!-- 工作目录 -->
<key>WorkingDirectory</key>
<string>/tmp</string>
<!-- 程序路径，写法一 -->
<key>Program</key>
<string>/path/to/program</string>
<!-- 程序路径，写法二 -->
<key>ProgramArguments</key>
<array>
<string>/usr/bin/rsync</string>
<string>--archive</string>
<string>--compress-level=9</string>
<string>/Volumes/Macintosh HD</string>
<string>/Volumes/Backup</string>
</array>
<!-- 环境变量 -->
<key>EnvironmentVariables</key>
<dict>
<key>PATH</key>
<string>/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin</string>
</dict>
<!-- 标准输入输出 -->
<key>StandardInPath</key>
<string>/tmp/test.stdin</string>
<key>StandardOutPath</key>
<string>/tmp/test.stdout</string>
<key>StandardErrorPath</key>
<string>/tmp/test.stderr</string>
<key>Debug</key>
<true/>
<!-- 权限：用户 -->
<key>UserName</key>
<string>nobody</string>
<!-- 权限：用户组 -->
<key>GroupName</key>
<string>nobody</string>
<!-- 权限：Umask -->
<key>Umask</key>
<!--
0 read, write and execute/search
1 read and write
2 read and execute/search
3 read only
4 write and execute
5 write only
6 execute/search only
7 none
-->
<string>0</string>
<!-- 限流 -->
<key>ThrottleInterval</key>
<integer>60</integer>
<!-- IO优先级 -->
<key>LowPriorityIO</key>
<true/>
<!-- 限制可用资源 -->
<key>HardResourceLimits</key>
<!-- 包括：CPU, FileSize, NumberOfFiles, Core, Data, MemoryLock, NumberOfProcesses, ResidentSetSize, Stack -->
<dict>
<key>NumberOfFiles</key>
<integer>2048</integer>
</dict>
<key>SoftResourceLimits</key>
<dict>
<key>NumberOfFiles</key>
<integer>2048</integer>
</dict>
<!-- 运行条件：常驻运行（自动重启） -->
<key>LaunchOnlyOnce</key>
<true/>
<key>KeepAlive</key>
<true/>
<!-- 运行条件：常驻运行（自动重启），有条件地 -->
<key>KeepAlive</key>
<dict>
<key>SuccessfulExit</key>
<true/>
<key>Crashed</key>
<true/>
<key>NetworkState</key>
<true/>
<key>PathState</key>
<dict>
<key>/tmp/runJob</key>
<true/>
</dict>
<key>OtherJobEnabled</key>
<dict>
<key>local.otherJob</key>
<false/>
</dict>
<key>AfterInitialDemand</key>
<dict>
<key>local.otherJob</key>
<true/>
</dict>
</dict>
<!-- 运行条件：在开机后自动启动 -->
<key>RunAtLoad</key>
<true/>
<!-- 运行条件：周期性启动，按时间间隔 -->
<key>StartInterval</key>
<integer>3600</integer>
<!-- 运行条件：周期性启动，按日历 -->
<key>StartCalendarInterval</key>
<array>
<dict>
<key>Hour</key>
<integer>3</integer>
<key>Minute</key>
<integer>0</integer>
</dict>
<dict>
<key>Minute</key>
<integer>0</integer>
<key>Weekday</key>
<integer>0</integer>
</dict>
</array>
<!-- 运行条件：监控路径，当路径变动（创建、删除、写入）时启动 -->
<key>WatchPaths</key>
<array>
<string>/path/to/directory_or_file</string>
</array>
<!-- 运行条件：监控目录，当目录不为空时启动 -->
<key>QueueDirectories</key>
<array>
<string>/path/to/directory_or_file</string>
</array>
</dict>
</plist>
plutil: can be used to check the syntax of property list files, or convert a plist file from one format to another. Specifying - as an input file reads from stdin.
使用plutil可以轻松地修改*.plist的属性和值，包括二进制格式的.plist*文件。
例如，关闭Microsoft AutoUpdate软件的自动启动：
plutil -remove SuccessfulExit /Library/LaunchAgents/com.microsoft.update.agent.plist
plutil -replace RunAtLoad -bool NO /Library/LaunchAgents/com.microsoft.update.agent.plistlaunchd plist是daemon和agent任务的服务配置文件。
sysctl: get or set kernel state.
查看交换内存（swap usage）：
sysctl vm.swapusage
# vm.swapusage: total = 0.00M used = 0.00M free = 0.00M (encrypted)管理建立Spotlight索引的服务（进程名称：mds_stores）
mdutil: Utility to manage Spotlight indexes.
# 关闭所有卷（volumes）的索引服务
mdutil -a -i off
# 开启
mdutil -a -i on
diskutil: Utility to manage local disks and volumes.
# 列出磁盘的分区（Partitions）
diskutil list
# 获取磁盘或分区信息
diskutil info <disk>- 系统睡眠（sleep）：
shutdown -s - 系统关机（halted）：
shutdown -h - 将非超级用户用户踢下线（kick）：
shutdown -k
caffeinate: prevent the system from sleeping on behalf of a utility.
pmset: manipulate power management settings.
设置（不同电源条件下）不同事件的
pmset
[
-a # all
| -b # battery
| -c # charger
| -u # UPS
]
[displaysleep|disksleep|sleep|...]获取当前配置：
pmset -g [
everything
| stats # sleeps and wakes system has gone thru since boot.
| ac,adapter
| ps # ups
| batt # battery
| sched # scheduled events
...
]-
type: sleep, wake, poweron, shutdown, wakeorpoweron -
weekdays: Subset of MTWRFSU -
date+time: "MM/dd/yy HH:mm:ss" (in 24 hour format; must be in quotes) -
time: HH:mm:ss
一次性：
pmset schedule [cancel|cancelall] <type> <date+time> [owner]重复：
pmset repeat <type> <weekdays> <time>
pmset repeat cancel相对上次休眠/关机进行唤醒/开机：
pmset relative [wake | poweron] <seconds># 获取图片所有属性
> sips --getProperty all <img>
# 获取图片所有属性，返回xml格式
> sips --getProperty allxml <img>
# 缩放图片
> sips --resampleHeightWidthMax 1024 <img> --out <resampledImg>| 常用选项 | 含义 |
|---|---|
--helpProperties/-H |
查看支持的图片属性 |
--formats |
查看支持的格式 |
--out/-o |
输出文件夹/名 |
--getProperty/-g, --setProperty/-s, --deleteProperty/-d |
获取/设置/删除图片属性 |
--setProperty format <jpeg/tiff/png/gif/jp2/pict/bmp/qtif/psd/sgi/tga> |
转换图片格式 |
--getProperty all |
获取图片的所有属性 |
--resampleWidth, --resampleHeight, --resampleHeightWidth/-z <h> <w>, --resampleHeightWidthMax/-Z <max> |
缩放图片 |
--cropToHeightWidth/-c <h> <w>, --cropOffset <x> <y> |
剪切图片 |
--padToHeightWidth/-p <h> <w> |
通过填充内边框缩放图片，填充颜色通过--padColor <hex=000000>设置 |
--rotate/-r <degree> |
旋转图片 |
--flip/-f <horizontal,vertical> |
翻转图片 |
brew install imagemagick，安装后提供display,convert,montage,identity等命令。
# 查看支持的格式
> identify -list format
# 转换格式
> convert 1.jpg 1.png
> convert *.jpg *.png
# 特效convert命令选项
| 选项 | 含义 | |
|---|---|---|
-affine <matrix> |
仿射变换 | affine transform matrix |
-adjoin |
合成多图片文件，如gif, tiff等 | join images into a single multi-image file |
-antialias |
反锯齿 | remove pixel-aliasing |
-authenticate <password> |
解密 | decipher image with this password |
-attenuate <value> |
设置升噪衰减值 | lessen (or intensify) when adding noise to an image |
-annotate geometry text |
添加备注 | annotate the image with text |
-auto-gamma |
自动调整伽马值 | automatically adjust gamma level of image |
-auto-level |
自动调整 | automatically adjust color levels of image |
-auto-orient |
自动调整 | automatically orient (rotate) image |
-auto-threshold method |
自动调整 | automatically perform image thresholding |
-background <none/<color>> |
设置背景色 | |
-bias <value> |
设置卷积偏离值 | add bias when convolving an image｜ |
-bilateral-blur <geometry> |
双边滤波 | non-linear, edge-preserving, and noise-reducing smoothing filter |
-black-threshold <value> |
force all pixels below the threshold into black | |
-blur <geometry> |
模糊 | reduce image noise and reduce detail levels |
-border <geometry>, -bordercolor <color> |
添加边框 | surround image with a border of color |
-brightness-contrast <geometry> |
调整明度 | improve brightness / contrast of the image |
-canny <geometry> |
（极简风格）边缘提取 | detect edges in the image |
-charcoal <radius> |
炭笔化 | simulate a charcoal drawing |
-chop <geometry> |
移除像素 | remove pixels from the image interior |
-contrast |
调整对比度 | enhance or reduce the image contrast |
-contrast-stretch <geometry> |
提高对比度 | improve contrast by 'stretching' the intensity range |
-convolve <coefficients> |
卷积 | apply a convolution kernel to the image |
-deskew <threshold> |
拉直图像 | straighten an image |
-despeckle |
减少图片中的斑点 | reduce the speckles within an image |
-distort <method> <args> |
扭曲图像 | distort images according to given method and args |
-draw <string> |
注释图片 | annotate the image with a graphic primitive |
-edge <radius> |
（细节）边缘提取 | apply a filter to detect edges in the image |
-emboss <radius> |
浮雕化 | emboss an image |
-enhance |
通过数字滤波器提升噪点 | apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image |
-equalize |
通过直方图均衡化图片 | perform histogram equalization to an image |
-evaluate <operator> <value> |
进行数学运算、逻辑运算或关系运算 | evaluate an arithmetic, relational, or logical expression |
-extent <geometry> |
设置图片大小 | set the image size |
-extract <geometry> |
截取区域 | extract area from image |
-flatten |
平滑序列 | flatten a sequence of images |
-fft |
离散傅里叶变换 | implements the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) |
-flip |
垂直翻转 | flip image vertically |
-floodfill <geometry> <color> |
填充区域 | floodfill the image with color |
-flop |
水平翻转 | flop image horizontally |
-frame <geometry> |
用装饰性边框环绕图片 | surround image with an ornamental border |
-function <name> <parameters> |
对图片数据执行函数 | apply function over image values |
-gamma <level> |
伽马校正 | level of gamma correction |
-gaussian-blur <geometry> |
高斯模糊 | reduce image noise and reduce detail levels |
-grayscale <method> |
灰度图 | convert image to grayscale |
-identify |
识别图片格式和特征 | identify the format and characteristics of the image |
-ift |
反向离散傅里叶变换 | implements the inverse discrete Fourier transform (DFT) |
-implode amount |
向中心坍缩 | implode image pixels about the center |
-integral |
计算图片像素数 | calculate the sum of values (pixel values) in the image |
-interpolative-resize geometry |
通过插值缩放图片 | resize image using interpolation |
-kmeans <geometry> |
褪色 | K means color reduction |
-kuwahara <geometry> |
保留边缘的降噪滤波 | edge preserving noise reduction filter |
-lat geometr |
自适应局部图像阈值处理 | local adaptive thresholding |
-level value |
对比度调平 | adjust the level of image contrast |
-level-colors <color,color> |
（通过给定颜色进行）颜色调平 | level image with the given colors |
-linear-stretch <geometry> |
通过拉伸饱和度提高对比度 | improve contrast by 'stretching with saturation' |
-liquid-rescale geometry |
通过接缝雕刻（seam-carving）缩放图片 | rescale image with seam-carving |
-local-contrast geometry |
增强局部对比 | enhance local contrast |
-mean-shift geometry |
均值偏移 | delineate arbitrarily shaped clusters in the image |
-median <geometry> |
中值滤波 | apply a median filter to the image |
-mode <geometry> |
使每个像素都是相邻像素的主色 | make each pixel the 'predominant color' of the neighborhood |
-modulate <value> |
调整明度、对比度和色调 | vary the brightness, saturation, and hue |
-monochrome |
黑白图 | transform image to black and white |
-motion-blur <geometry> |
模拟运动模糊 | simulate motion blur |
-negate |
补色 | replace every pixel with its complementary color |
-noise <geometry> |
提升或降低噪点 | add or reduce noise in an image |
Xcode Command Line Tools：将Xcode的底层功能提供到命令行中，以便脚本脚用和喜欢命令行操作的开发者。
工具目录：
ls /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/安装：
xcode-select --install-
活动监视器查看进程的父进程，如果是
launchd，执行后续操作 -
找到开机启动配置文件
-
使用
plutil将配置文件中的KeepAlive改为false；删除StartInterval和StartCalendarInterval属性，删除SuccessfulExit属性；如果不需要开启启动，将RunAtLoad也改为false； -
如果父进程不是
launchd，则继续执行第一步，找到最终进程即可
# 直接搜索配置文件（自动启动的服务），注意，对于二进制格式的.plist无法直接搜索，可以先找到文件。
grep -iw -e 'RunAtLoad' \
-e 'KeepAlive' \
-e 'StartInterval' \
-e 'StartCalendarInterval' \
-e 'SuccessfulExit' \
/System/Library/Launch*/*.plist \
/Library/Launch*/*.plist \
~/Library/LaunchAgents/*.plist例如禁止Microsoft AutoUpdate（包括Edge）弹窗：
# 查找microsoft产品相关的配置文件，比如使用关键词 microsoft：
ls /System/Library/Launch*/*.plist \
/Library/Launch*/*.plist \
~/Library/LaunchAgents/*.plist | grep -i microsoft
# 找到文件：
# /Library/LaunchAgents/com.microsoft.update.agent.plist
# /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.microsoft.autoupdate.helper.plist
# 删除定期开启（StartInterval）：
plutil -remove StartInterval /Library/LaunchAgents/com.microsoft.update.agent.plist
# 取消开机启动（RunAtLoad）：
plutil -replace RunAtLoad -bool NO /Library/LaunchAgents/com.microsoft.update.agent.plist
# 让系统加载最新的配置
launchctl load /Library/LaunchAgents/com.microsoft.update.agent.plist参考：Set vscode as the default editor for text files on mac
- 先安装
duti：
brew install duti- 设置vscode为默认打开软件
2.1 获取vscode的软件ID（bundle ID）
osascript -e 'id of app "Code"'
# 打印: com.microsoft.VSCodewhile read -d ' ' line; do
# program=$(duti -x $line 2>/dev/null | head -1)
[[ $line ]] && duti -s com.microsoft.VSCode $line all
done <<< '.c .cpp .cs .css .go .java .js .sass .scss .less .vue .cfg .json .jsx .log .lua .md .php .pl .py .rb .rs .ts .tsx .txt .conf .yaml .yml .toml'