bugbear.py

import ast
import builtins
import itertools
import logging
import re
import sys
from collections import namedtuple
from contextlib import suppress
from functools import lru_cache, partial
from keyword import iskeyword

import attr

import pycodestyle

__version__ = "21.9.2"

LOG = logging.getLogger("flake8.bugbear")


@attr.s(hash=False)
class BugBearChecker:
    name = "flake8-bugbear"
    version = __version__

    tree = attr.ib(default=None)
    filename = attr.ib(default="(none)")
    lines = attr.ib(default=None)
    max_line_length = attr.ib(default=79)
    visitor = attr.ib(init=False, default=attr.Factory(lambda: BugBearVisitor))
    options = attr.ib(default=None)

    def run(self):
        if not self.tree or not self.lines:
            self.load_file()
        visitor = self.visitor(filename=self.filename, lines=self.lines)
        visitor.visit(self.tree)
        for e in itertools.chain(visitor.errors, self.gen_line_based_checks()):
            if self.should_warn(e.message[:4]):
                yield self.adapt_error(e)

    def gen_line_based_checks(self):
        """gen_line_based_checks() -> (error, error, error, ...)

        The following simple checks are based on the raw lines, not the AST.
        """
        for lineno, line in enumerate(self.lines, start=1):
            length = len(line) - 1
            if length > 1.1 * self.max_line_length:
                yield B950(lineno, length, vars=(length, self.max_line_length))

    @classmethod
    def adapt_error(cls, e):
        """Adapts the extended error namedtuple to be compatible with Flake8."""
        return e._replace(message=e.message.format(*e.vars))[:4]

    def load_file(self):
        """Loads the file in a way that auto-detects source encoding and deals
        with broken terminal encodings for stdin.

        Stolen from flake8_import_order because it's good.
        """

        if self.filename in ("stdin", "-", None):
            self.filename = "stdin"
            self.lines = pycodestyle.stdin_get_value().splitlines(True)
        else:
            self.lines = pycodestyle.readlines(self.filename)

        if not self.tree:
            self.tree = ast.parse("".join(self.lines))

    @staticmethod
    def add_options(optmanager):
        """Informs flake8 to ignore B9xx by default."""
        optmanager.extend_default_ignore(disabled_by_default)

    @lru_cache()
    def should_warn(self, code):
        """Returns `True` if Bugbear should emit a particular warning.

        flake8 overrides default ignores when the user specifies
        `ignore = ` in configuration.  This is problematic because it means
        specifying anything in `ignore = ` implicitly enables all optional
        warnings.  This function is a workaround for this behavior.

        As documented in the README, the user is expected to explicitly select
        the warnings.
        """
        if code[:2] != "B9":
            # Normal warnings are safe for emission.
            return True

        if self.options is None:
            LOG.info(
                "Options not provided to Bugbear, optional warning %s selected.", code
            )
            return True

        for i in range(2, len(code) + 1):
            if code[:i] in self.options.select:
                return True

        LOG.info(
            "Optional warning %s not present in selected warnings: %r. Not "
            "firing it at all.",
            code,
            self.options.select,
        )
        return False


def _is_identifier(arg):
    # Return True if arg is a valid identifier, per
    # https://docs.python.org/2/reference/lexical_analysis.html#identifiers

    if not isinstance(arg, ast.Str):
        return False

    return re.match(r"^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$", arg.s) is not None


def _to_name_str(node):
    # Turn Name and Attribute nodes to strings, e.g "ValueError" or
    # "pkg.mod.error", handling any depth of attribute accesses.
    if isinstance(node, ast.Name):
        return node.id
    if isinstance(node, ast.Call):
        return _to_name_str(node.func)
    try:
        return _to_name_str(node.value) + "." + node.attr
    except AttributeError:
        return _to_name_str(node.value)


def _typesafe_issubclass(cls, class_or_tuple):
    try:
        return issubclass(cls, class_or_tuple)
    except TypeError:
        # User code specifies a type that is not a type in our current run. Might be
        # their error, might be a difference in our environments. We don't know so we
        # ignore this
        return False


@attr.s
class BugBearVisitor(ast.NodeVisitor):
    filename = attr.ib()
    lines = attr.ib()
    node_stack = attr.ib(default=attr.Factory(list))
    node_window = attr.ib(default=attr.Factory(list))
    errors = attr.ib(default=attr.Factory(list))
    futures = attr.ib(default=attr.Factory(set))

    NODE_WINDOW_SIZE = 4

    if False:
        # Useful for tracing what the hell is going on.

        def __getattr__(self, name):
            print(name)
            return self.__getattribute__(name)

    def visit(self, node):
        self.node_stack.append(node)
        self.node_window.append(node)
        self.node_window = self.node_window[-self.NODE_WINDOW_SIZE :]
        super().visit(node)
        self.node_stack.pop()

    def visit_ExceptHandler(self, node):
        if node.type is None:
            self.errors.append(
                B001(node.lineno, node.col_offset, vars=("bare `except:`",))
            )
        elif isinstance(node.type, ast.Tuple):
            names = [_to_name_str(e) for e in node.type.elts]
            as_ = " as " + node.name if node.name is not None else ""
            if len(names) == 0:
                vs = ("`except (){}:`".format(as_),)
                self.errors.append(B001(node.lineno, node.col_offset, vars=vs))
            elif len(names) == 1:
                self.errors.append(B013(node.lineno, node.col_offset, vars=names))
            else:
                # See if any of the given exception names could be removed, e.g. from:
                #    (MyError, MyError)  # duplicate names
                #    (MyError, BaseException)  # everything derives from the Base
                #    (Exception, TypeError)  # builtins where one subclasses another
                #    (IOError, OSError)  # IOError is an alias of OSError since Python3.3
                # but note that other cases are impractical to hande from the AST.
                # We expect this is mostly useful for users who do not have the
                # builtin exception hierarchy memorised, and include a 'shadowed'
                # subtype without realising that it's redundant.
                good = sorted(set(names), key=names.index)
                if "BaseException" in good:
                    good = ["BaseException"]
                # Find and remove aliases exceptions and only leave the primary alone
                primaries = filter(
                    lambda primary: primary in good, B014.exception_aliases.keys()
                )
                for primary in primaries:
                    aliases = B014.exception_aliases[primary]
                    good = list(filter(lambda e: e not in aliases, good))

                for name, other in itertools.permutations(tuple(good), 2):
                    if _typesafe_issubclass(
                        getattr(builtins, name, type), getattr(builtins, other, ())
                    ):
                        if name in good:
                            good.remove(name)
                if good != names:
                    desc = good[0] if len(good) == 1 else "({})".format(", ".join(good))
                    self.errors.append(
                        B014(
                            node.lineno,
                            node.col_offset,
                            vars=(", ".join(names), as_, desc),
                        )
                    )
        self.generic_visit(node)

    def visit_UAdd(self, node):
        trailing_nodes = list(map(type, self.node_window[-4:]))
        if trailing_nodes == [ast.UnaryOp, ast.UAdd, ast.UnaryOp, ast.UAdd]:
            originator = self.node_window[-4]
            self.errors.append(B002(originator.lineno, originator.col_offset))
        self.generic_visit(node)

    def visit_Call(self, node):
        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Attribute):
            self.check_for_b005(node)
        else:
            with suppress(AttributeError, IndexError):
                if (
                    node.func.id in ("getattr", "hasattr")
                    and node.args[1].s == "__call__"  # noqa: W503
                ):
                    self.errors.append(B004(node.lineno, node.col_offset))
                if (
                    node.func.id == "getattr"
                    and len(node.args) == 2  # noqa: W503
                    and _is_identifier(node.args[1])  # noqa: W503
                    and not iskeyword(node.args[1].s)  # noqa: W503
                ):
                    self.errors.append(B009(node.lineno, node.col_offset))
                elif (
                    node.func.id == "setattr"
                    and len(node.args) == 3  # noqa: W503
                    and _is_identifier(node.args[1])  # noqa: W503
                    and not iskeyword(node.args[1].s)  # noqa: W503
                ):
                    self.errors.append(B010(node.lineno, node.col_offset))

        self.generic_visit(node)

    def visit_Assign(self, node):
        if len(node.targets) == 1:
            t = node.targets[0]
            if isinstance(t, ast.Attribute) and isinstance(t.value, ast.Name):
                if (t.value.id, t.attr) == ("os", "environ"):
                    self.errors.append(B003(node.lineno, node.col_offset))
        self.generic_visit(node)

    def visit_For(self, node):
        self.check_for_b007(node)
        self.generic_visit(node)

    def visit_Assert(self, node):
        self.check_for_b011(node)
        self.generic_visit(node)

    def visit_AsyncFunctionDef(self, node):
        self.check_for_b902(node)
        self.check_for_b006(node)
        self.generic_visit(node)

    def visit_FunctionDef(self, node):
        self.check_for_b901(node)
        self.check_for_b902(node)
        self.check_for_b006(node)
        self.check_for_b018(node)
        self.generic_visit(node)

    def visit_ClassDef(self, node):
        self.check_for_b903(node)
        self.check_for_b018(node)
        self.generic_visit(node)

    def visit_Try(self, node):
        self.check_for_b012(node)
        self.generic_visit(node)

    def visit_Compare(self, node):
        self.check_for_b015(node)
        self.generic_visit(node)

    def visit_Raise(self, node):
        self.check_for_b016(node)
        self.check_for_b904(node)
        self.generic_visit(node)

    def visit_With(self, node):
        self.check_for_b017(node)
        self.generic_visit(node)

    def compose_call_path(self, node):
        if isinstance(node, ast.Attribute):
            yield from self.compose_call_path(node.value)
            yield node.attr
        elif isinstance(node, ast.Name):
            yield node.id

    def check_for_b005(self, node):
        if node.func.attr not in B005.methods:
            return  # method name doesn't match

        if len(node.args) != 1 or not isinstance(node.args[0], ast.Str):
            return  # used arguments don't match the builtin strip

        call_path = ".".join(self.compose_call_path(node.func.value))
        if call_path in B005.valid_paths:
            return  # path is exempt

        s = node.args[0].s
        if len(s) == 1:
            return  # stripping just one character

        if len(s) == len(set(s)):
            return  # no characters appear more than once

        self.errors.append(B005(node.lineno, node.col_offset))

    def check_for_b006(self, node):
        for default in node.args.defaults + node.args.kw_defaults:
            if isinstance(
                default, (*B006.mutable_literals, *B006.mutable_comprehensions)
            ):
                self.errors.append(B006(default.lineno, default.col_offset))
            elif isinstance(default, ast.Call):
                call_path = ".".join(self.compose_call_path(default.func))
                if call_path in B006.mutable_calls:
                    self.errors.append(B006(default.lineno, default.col_offset))
                elif call_path not in B008.immutable_calls:
                    # Check if function call is actually a float infinity/NaN literal
                    if call_path == "float" and len(default.args) == 1:
                        float_arg = default.args[0]
                        if sys.version_info < (3, 8, 0):
                            # NOTE: pre-3.8, string literals are represented with ast.Str
                            if isinstance(float_arg, ast.Str):
                                str_val = float_arg.s
                            else:
                                str_val = ""
                        else:
                            # NOTE: post-3.8, string literals are represented with ast.Constant
                            if isinstance(float_arg, ast.Constant):
                                str_val = float_arg.value
                                if not isinstance(str_val, str):
                                    str_val = ""
                            else:
                                str_val = ""

                        # NOTE: regex derived from documentation at:
                        # https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#float
                        inf_nan_regex = r"^[+-]?(inf|infinity|nan)$"
                        re_result = re.search(inf_nan_regex, str_val.lower())
                        is_float_literal = re_result is not None
                    else:
                        is_float_literal = False

                    if not is_float_literal:
                        self.errors.append(B008(default.lineno, default.col_offset))

    def check_for_b007(self, node):
        targets = NameFinder()
        targets.visit(node.target)
        ctrl_names = set(filter(lambda s: not s.startswith("_"), targets.names))
        body = NameFinder()
        for expr in node.body:
            body.visit(expr)
        used_names = set(body.names)
        for name in sorted(ctrl_names - used_names):
            n = targets.names[name][0]
            self.errors.append(B007(n.lineno, n.col_offset, vars=(name,)))

    def check_for_b011(self, node):
        if isinstance(node.test, ast.NameConstant) and node.test.value is False:
            self.errors.append(B011(node.lineno, node.col_offset))

    def check_for_b012(self, node):
        def _loop(node, bad_node_types):
            if isinstance(node, (ast.AsyncFunctionDef, ast.FunctionDef)):
                return

            if isinstance(node, (ast.While, ast.For)):
                bad_node_types = (ast.Return,)

            elif isinstance(node, bad_node_types):
                self.errors.append(B012(node.lineno, node.col_offset))

            for child in ast.iter_child_nodes(node):
                _loop(child, bad_node_types)

        for child in node.finalbody:
            _loop(child, (ast.Return, ast.Continue, ast.Break))

    def check_for_b015(self, node):
        if isinstance(self.node_stack[-2], ast.Expr):
            self.errors.append(B015(node.lineno, node.col_offset))

    def check_for_b016(self, node):
        if isinstance(node.exc, (ast.NameConstant, ast.Num, ast.Str)):
            self.errors.append(B016(node.lineno, node.col_offset))

    def check_for_b017(self, node):
        """Checks for use of the evil syntax 'with assertRaises(Exception):'

        This form of assertRaises will catch everything that subclasses
        Exception, which happens to be the vast majority of Python internal
        errors, including the ones raised when a non-existing method/function
        is called, or a function is called with an invalid dictionary key
        lookup.
        """
        item = node.items[0]
        item_context = item.context_expr
        if (
            hasattr(item_context, "func")
            and hasattr(item_context.func, "attr")  # noqa W503
            and item_context.func.attr == "assertRaises"  # noqa W503
            and len(item_context.args) == 1  # noqa W503
            and isinstance(item_context.args[0], ast.Name)  # noqa W503
            and item_context.args[0].id == "Exception"  # noqa W503
            and not item.optional_vars  # noqa W503
        ):
            self.errors.append(B017(node.lineno, node.col_offset))

    def check_for_b904(self, node):
        """Checks `raise` without `from` inside an `except` clause.

        In these cases, you should use explicit exception chaining from the
        earlier error, or suppress it with `raise ... from None`.  See
        https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html#exception-chaining
        """
        if (
            node.cause is None
            and node.exc is not None
            and not (isinstance(node.exc, ast.Name) and node.exc.id.islower())
            and any(isinstance(n, ast.ExceptHandler) for n in self.node_stack)
        ):
            self.errors.append(B904(node.lineno, node.col_offset))

    def walk_function_body(self, node):
        def _loop(parent, node):
            if isinstance(node, (ast.AsyncFunctionDef, ast.FunctionDef)):
                return
            yield parent, node
            for child in ast.iter_child_nodes(node):
                yield from _loop(node, child)

        for child in node.body:
            yield from _loop(node, child)

    def check_for_b901(self, node):
        if node.name == "__await__":
            return

        has_yield = False
        return_node = None

        for parent, x in self.walk_function_body(node):
            # Only consider yield when it is part of an Expr statement.
            if isinstance(parent, ast.Expr) and isinstance(
                x, (ast.Yield, ast.YieldFrom)
            ):
                has_yield = True

            if isinstance(x, ast.Return) and x.value is not None:
                return_node = x

            if has_yield and return_node is not None:
                self.errors.append(B901(return_node.lineno, return_node.col_offset))
                break

    def check_for_b902(self, node):
        if not isinstance(self.node_stack[-2], ast.ClassDef):
            return

        decorators = NameFinder()
        decorators.visit(node.decorator_list)

        if "staticmethod" in decorators.names:
            # TODO: maybe warn if the first argument is surprisingly `self` or
            # `cls`?
            return

        bases = {b.id for b in self.node_stack[-2].bases if isinstance(b, ast.Name)}
        if "type" in bases:
            if (
                "classmethod" in decorators.names
                or node.name in B902.implicit_classmethods  # noqa: W503
            ):
                expected_first_args = B902.metacls
                kind = "metaclass class"
            else:
                expected_first_args = B902.cls
                kind = "metaclass instance"
        else:
            if (
                "classmethod" in decorators.names
                or node.name in B902.implicit_classmethods  # noqa: W503
            ):
                expected_first_args = B902.cls
                kind = "class"
            else:
                expected_first_args = B902.self
                kind = "instance"

        args = getattr(node.args, "posonlyargs", []) + node.args.args
        vararg = node.args.vararg
        kwarg = node.args.kwarg
        kwonlyargs = node.args.kwonlyargs

        if args:
            actual_first_arg = args[0].arg
            lineno = args[0].lineno
            col = args[0].col_offset
        elif vararg:
            actual_first_arg = "*" + vararg.arg
            lineno = vararg.lineno
            col = vararg.col_offset
        elif kwarg:
            actual_first_arg = "**" + kwarg.arg
            lineno = kwarg.lineno
            col = kwarg.col_offset
        elif kwonlyargs:
            actual_first_arg = "*, " + kwonlyargs[0].arg
            lineno = kwonlyargs[0].lineno
            col = kwonlyargs[0].col_offset
        else:
            actual_first_arg = "(none)"
            lineno = node.lineno
            col = node.col_offset

        if actual_first_arg not in expected_first_args:
            if not actual_first_arg.startswith(("(", "*")):
                actual_first_arg = repr(actual_first_arg)
            self.errors.append(
                B902(lineno, col, vars=(actual_first_arg, kind, expected_first_args[0]))
            )

    def check_for_b903(self, node):
        body = node.body
        if (
            body
            and isinstance(body[0], ast.Expr)  # noqa: W503
            and isinstance(body[0].value, ast.Str)  # noqa: W503
        ):
            # Ignore the docstring
            body = body[1:]

        if (
            len(body) != 1
            or not isinstance(body[0], ast.FunctionDef)  # noqa: W503
            or body[0].name != "__init__"  # noqa: W503
        ):
            # only classes with *just* an __init__ method are interesting
            return

        # all the __init__ function does is a series of assignments to attributes
        for stmt in body[0].body:
            if not isinstance(stmt, ast.Assign):
                return
            targets = stmt.targets
            if len(targets) > 1 or not isinstance(targets[0], ast.Attribute):
                return
            if not isinstance(stmt.value, ast.Name):
                return

        self.errors.append(B903(node.lineno, node.col_offset))

    def check_for_b018(self, node):
        for subnode in node.body[1:]:
            if isinstance(subnode, ast.Expr) and isinstance(subnode.value, ast.Str):
                self.errors.append(B018(subnode.lineno, subnode.col_offset))


@attr.s
class NameFinder(ast.NodeVisitor):
    """Finds a name within a tree of nodes.

    After `.visit(node)` is called, `found` is a dict with all name nodes inside,
    key is name string, value is the node (useful for location purposes).
    """

    names = attr.ib(default=attr.Factory(dict))

    def visit_Name(self, node):
        self.names.setdefault(node.id, []).append(node)

    def visit(self, node):
        """Like super-visit but supports iteration over lists."""
        if not isinstance(node, list):
            return super().visit(node)

        for elem in node:
            super().visit(elem)
        return node


error = namedtuple("error", "lineno col message type vars")
Error = partial(partial, error, type=BugBearChecker, vars=())


B001 = Error(
    message=(
        "B001 Do not use {}, it also catches unexpected "
        "events like memory errors, interrupts, system exit, and so on.  "
        "Prefer `except Exception:`.  If you're sure what you're doing, "
        "be explicit and write `except BaseException:`."
    )
)

B002 = Error(
    message=(
        "B002 Python does not support the unary prefix increment. Writing "
        "++n is equivalent to +(+(n)), which equals n. You meant n += 1."
    )
)

B003 = Error(
    message=(
        "B003 Assigning to `os.environ` doesn't clear the environment. "
        "Subprocesses are going to see outdated variables, in disagreement "
        "with the current process. Use `os.environ.clear()` or the `env=` "
        "argument to Popen."
    )
)

B004 = Error(
    message=(
        "B004 Using `hasattr(x, '__call__')` to test if `x` is callable "
        "is unreliable. If `x` implements custom `__getattr__` or its "
        "`__call__` is itself not callable, you might get misleading "
        "results. Use `callable(x)` for consistent results."
    )
)

B005 = Error(
    message=(
        "B005 Using .strip() with multi-character strings is misleading "
        "the reader. It looks like stripping a substring. Move your "
        "character set to a constant if this is deliberate. Use "
        ".replace() or regular expressions to remove string fragments."
    )
)
B005.methods = {"lstrip", "rstrip", "strip"}
B005.valid_paths = {}

B006 = Error(
    message=(
        "B006 Do not use mutable data structures for argument defaults.  They "
        "are created during function definition time. All calls to the function "
        "reuse this one instance of that data structure, persisting changes "
        "between them."
    )
)
B006.mutable_literals = (ast.Dict, ast.List, ast.Set)
B006.mutable_comprehensions = (ast.ListComp, ast.DictComp, ast.SetComp)
B006.mutable_calls = {
    "Counter",
    "OrderedDict",
    "collections.Counter",
    "collections.OrderedDict",
    "collections.defaultdict",
    "collections.deque",
    "defaultdict",
    "deque",
    "dict",
    "list",
    "set",
}
B007 = Error(
    message=(
        "B007 Loop control variable {!r} not used within the loop body. "
        "If this is intended, start the name with an underscore."
    )
)
B008 = Error(
    message=(
        "B008 Do not perform function calls in argument defaults.  The call is "
        "performed only once at function definition time. All calls to your "
        "function will reuse the result of that definition-time function call.  If "
        "this is intended, assign the function call to a module-level variable and "
        "use that variable as a default value."
    )
)
B008.immutable_calls = {
    "tuple",
    "frozenset",
    "types.MappingProxyType",
    "MappingProxyType",
    "re.compile",
    "operator.attrgetter",
    "operator.itemgetter",
    "operator.methodcaller",
    "attrgetter",
    "itemgetter",
    "methodcaller",
}
B009 = Error(
    message=(
        "B009 Do not call getattr with a constant attribute value, "
        "it is not any safer than normal property access."
    )
)
B010 = Error(
    message=(
        "B010 Do not call setattr with a constant attribute value, "
        "it is not any safer than normal property access."
    )
)
B011 = Error(
    message=(
        "B011 Do not call assert False since python -O removes these calls. "
        "Instead callers should raise AssertionError()."
    )
)
B012 = Error(
    message=(
        "B012 return/continue/break inside finally blocks cause exceptions "
        "to be silenced. Exceptions should be silenced in except blocks. Control "
        "statements can be moved outside the finally block."
    )
)
B013 = Error(
    message=(
        "B013 A length-one tuple literal is redundant.  "
        "Write `except {0}:` instead of `except ({0},):`."
    )
)
B014 = Error(
    message=(
        "B014 Redundant exception types in `except ({0}){1}:`.  "
        "Write `except {2}{1}:`, which catches exactly the same exceptions."
    )
)
B014.exception_aliases = {
    "OSError": {
        "IOError",
        "EnvironmentError",
        "WindowsError",
        "mmap.error",
        "socket.error",
        "select.error",
    }
}
B015 = Error(
    message=(
        "B015 Pointless comparison. This comparison does nothing but waste "
        "CPU instructions. Either prepend `assert` or remove it."
    )
)
B016 = Error(
    message=(
        "B016 Cannot raise a literal. Did you intend to return it or raise "
        "an Exception?"
    )
)
B017 = Error(
    message=(
        "B017 assertRaises(Exception): should be considered evil. "
        "It can lead to your test passing even if the code being tested is "
        "never executed due to a typo. Either assert for a more specific "
        "exception (builtin or custom), use assertRaisesRegex, or use the "
        "context manager form of assertRaises."
    )
)
B018 = Error(
    message=(
        "B018 Found useless expression. Either assign it to a variable or remove it."
    )
)

# Warnings disabled by default.
B901 = Error(
    message=(
        "B901 Using `yield` together with `return x`. Use native "
        "`async def` coroutines or put a `# noqa` comment on this "
        "line if this was intentional."
    )
)
B902 = Error(
    message=(
        "B902 Invalid first argument {} used for {} method. Use the "
        "canonical first argument name in methods, i.e. {}."
    )
)
B902.implicit_classmethods = {"__new__", "__init_subclass__", "__class_getitem__"}
B902.self = ["self"]  # it's a list because the first is preferred
B902.cls = ["cls", "klass"]  # ditto.
B902.metacls = ["metacls", "metaclass", "typ", "mcs"]  # ditto.

B903 = Error(
    message=(
        "B903 Data class should either be immutable or use __slots__ to "
        "save memory. Use collections.namedtuple to generate an immutable "
        "class, or enumerate the attributes in a __slot__ declaration in "
        "the class to leave attributes mutable."
    )
)

B904 = Error(
    message=(
        "B904 Within an `except` clause, raise exceptions with `raise ... from err` or"
        " `raise ... from None` to distinguish them from errors in exception handling. "
        " See https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html#exception-chaining for"
        " details."
    )
)

B950 = Error(message="B950 line too long ({} > {} characters)")

disabled_by_default = ["B901", "B902", "B903", "B904", "B950"]