feat: allow the workflow to specify the minor & patch version

[Disservin]

Hi,

I think it would be great if the action also exposes a way to define the minor and patch version,
so that the version of clang-format is fixed.
Currently the version may change depending on what ubuntu currently distributes.
clang-format 17 uses this version right now https://packages.ubuntu.com/mantic/clang-format-17.

Edit: The action is also a bit of a blackbox, when you specify it's not clear directly which exact version was used for the format check. One needs to check the current distributed version from the link above which is a might annoying, can the workflow maybe expose the current version which is printed by clang-format --version ?