HttpOutput.java

//
//  ========================================================================
//  Copyright (c) 1995-2019 Mort Bay Consulting Pty. Ltd.
//  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
//  are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
//  and Apache License v2.0 which accompanies this distribution.
//
//      The Eclipse Public License is available at
//      http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
//
//      The Apache License v2.0 is available at
//      http://www.opensource.org/licenses/apache2.0.php
//
//  You may elect to redistribute this code under either of these licenses.
//  ========================================================================
//

package org.eclipse.jetty.server;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.CharBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel;
import java.nio.channels.WritePendingException;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder;
import java.nio.charset.CoderResult;
import java.nio.charset.CodingErrorAction;
import java.util.ResourceBundle;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.WriteListener;

import org.eclipse.jetty.http.HttpContent;
import org.eclipse.jetty.io.EofException;
import org.eclipse.jetty.util.BufferUtil;
import org.eclipse.jetty.util.Callback;
import org.eclipse.jetty.util.IO;
import org.eclipse.jetty.util.IteratingCallback;
import org.eclipse.jetty.util.IteratingNestedCallback;
import org.eclipse.jetty.util.SharedBlockingCallback;
import org.eclipse.jetty.util.SharedBlockingCallback.Blocker;
import org.eclipse.jetty.util.log.Log;
import org.eclipse.jetty.util.log.Logger;

/**
 * <p>{@link HttpOutput} implements {@link ServletOutputStream}
 * as required by the Servlet specification.</p>
 * <p>{@link HttpOutput} buffers content written by the application until a
 * further write will overflow the buffer, at which point it triggers a commit
 * of the response.</p>
 * <p>{@link HttpOutput} can be closed and reopened, to allow requests included
 * via {@link RequestDispatcher#include(ServletRequest, ServletResponse)} to
 * close the stream, to be reopened after the inclusion ends.</p>
 */
public class HttpOutput extends ServletOutputStream implements Runnable
{
    private static final String LSTRING_FILE = "javax.servlet.LocalStrings";
    private static ResourceBundle lStrings = ResourceBundle.getBundle(LSTRING_FILE);

    /* TODO UPDATE!!!
    ACTION             OPEN       ASYNC      READY      PENDING       UNREADY       CLOSING     CLOSED
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    setWriteListener() READY->owp ise        ise        ise           ise           ise         ise
    write()            OPEN       ise        PENDING    wpe           wpe           eof         eof
    flush()            OPEN       ise        PENDING    wpe           wpe           eof         eof
    close()            CLOSING    CLOSING    CLOSING    CLOSED        CLOSED        CLOSING     CLOSED
    isReady()          OPEN:true  READY:true READY:true UNREADY:false UNREADY:false CLOSED:true CLOSED:true
    write completed    -          -          -          ASYNC         READY->owp    CLOSED      -
    */
    enum State
    {
        OPEN,     // Open in blocking mode
        ASYNC,    // Open in async mode
        READY,    // isReady() has returned true
        PENDING,  // write operating in progress
        UNREADY,  // write operating in progress, isReady has returned false
        ERROR,    // An error has occured
        CLOSING,  // Asynchronous close in progress
        CLOSED    // Closed
    }

    /**
     * The HttpOutput.Interceptor is a single intercept point for all
     * output written to the HttpOutput: via writer; via output stream;
     * asynchronously; or blocking.
     * <p>
     * The Interceptor can be used to implement translations (eg Gzip) or
     * additional buffering that acts on all output.  Interceptors are
     * created in a chain, so that multiple concerns may intercept.
     * <p>
     * The {@link HttpChannel} is an {@link Interceptor} and is always the
     * last link in any Interceptor chain.
     * <p>
     * Responses are committed by the first call to
     * {@link #write(ByteBuffer, boolean, Callback)}
     * and closed by a call to {@link #write(ByteBuffer, boolean, Callback)}
     * with the last boolean set true.  If no content is available to commit
     * or close, then a null buffer is passed.
     */
    public interface Interceptor
    {
        /**
         * Write content.
         * The response is committed by the first call to write and is closed by
         * a call with last == true. Empty content buffers may be passed to
         * force a commit or close.
         *
         * @param content The content to be written or an empty buffer.
         * @param last True if this is the last call to write
         * @param callback The callback to use to indicate {@link Callback#succeeded()}
         * or {@link Callback#failed(Throwable)}.
         */
        void write(ByteBuffer content, boolean last, Callback callback);

        /**
         * @return The next Interceptor in the chain or null if this is the
         * last Interceptor in the chain.
         */
        Interceptor getNextInterceptor();

        /**
         * @return True if the Interceptor is optimized to receive direct
         * {@link ByteBuffer}s in the {@link #write(ByteBuffer, boolean, Callback)}
         * method.   If false is returned, then passing direct buffers may cause
         * inefficiencies.
         */
        boolean isOptimizedForDirectBuffers();

        /**
         * Reset the buffers.
         * <p>If the Interceptor contains buffers then reset them.
         *
         * @throws IllegalStateException Thrown if the response has been
         * committed and buffers and/or headers cannot be reset.
         */
        default void resetBuffer() throws IllegalStateException
        {
            Interceptor next = getNextInterceptor();
            if (next != null)
                next.resetBuffer();
        }
    }

    private static Logger LOG = Log.getLogger(HttpOutput.class);
    private static final ThreadLocal<CharsetEncoder> _encoder = new ThreadLocal<>();

    private final HttpChannel _channel;
    private final HttpChannelState _channelState;
    private final SharedBlockingCallback _writeBlocker;
    private State _state = State.OPEN;
    private Interceptor _interceptor;
    private long _written;
    private long _flushed;
    private long _firstByteTimeStamp = -1;
    private ByteBuffer _aggregate;
    private int _bufferSize;
    private int _commitSize;
    private WriteListener _writeListener;
    private volatile Throwable _onError;
    private Callback _closeCallback;

    public HttpOutput(HttpChannel channel)
    {
        _channel = channel;
        _channelState = channel.getState();
        _interceptor = channel;
        _writeBlocker = new WriteBlocker(channel);
        HttpConfiguration config = channel.getHttpConfiguration();
        _bufferSize = config.getOutputBufferSize();
        _commitSize = config.getOutputAggregationSize();
        if (_commitSize > _bufferSize)
        {
            LOG.warn("OutputAggregationSize {} exceeds bufferSize {}", _commitSize, _bufferSize);
            _commitSize = _bufferSize;
        }
    }

    public HttpChannel getHttpChannel()
    {
        return _channel;
    }

    public Interceptor getInterceptor()
    {
        return _interceptor;
    }

    public void setInterceptor(Interceptor interceptor)
    {
        _interceptor = interceptor;
    }

    public boolean isWritten()
    {
        return _written > 0;
    }

    public long getWritten()
    {
        return _written;
    }

    public void reopen()
    {
        synchronized (_channelState)
        {
            _state = State.OPEN;
        }
    }

    private boolean isLastContentToWrite(int len)
    {
        _written += len;
        return _channel.getResponse().isAllContentWritten(_written);
    }

    public boolean isAllContentWritten()
    {
        return _channel.getResponse().isAllContentWritten(_written);
    }

    protected Blocker acquireWriteBlockingCallback() throws IOException
    {
        return _writeBlocker.acquire();
    }

    private void channelWrite(ByteBuffer content, boolean complete) throws IOException
    {
        try (Blocker blocker = _writeBlocker.acquire())
        {
            channelWrite(content, complete, blocker);
            blocker.block();
            if (complete)
                closed();
        }
        catch (Throwable failure)
        {
            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
                LOG.debug(failure);
            abort(failure);
            throw failure;
        }
    }

    protected void channelWrite(ByteBuffer content, boolean complete, Callback callback)
    {
        if (_firstByteTimeStamp == -1)
        {
            long minDataRate = getHttpChannel().getHttpConfiguration().getMinResponseDataRate();
            if (minDataRate > 0)
                _firstByteTimeStamp = System.nanoTime();
            else
                _firstByteTimeStamp = Long.MAX_VALUE;
        }
        _interceptor.write(content, complete, callback);
    }

    private void abort(Throwable failure)
    {
        closed();
        _channel.abort(failure);
    }

    public void closedBySendError()
    {
        synchronized (_channelState)
        {
            
            switch (_state)
            {
                case OPEN:
                case READY:
                case ASYNC:
                    _state = State.CLOSED;
                    return;

                default:
                    throw new IllegalStateException(_state.toString());
            }
        }
    }

    public void close(Callback callback)
    {
        synchronized (_channelState)
        {
            switch (_state)
            {
                case CLOSED:
                    callback.succeeded();
                    return;

                case ERROR:
                    // TODO is this right?
                    Callback cb = Callback.combine(_closeCallback, callback);
                    _closeCallback = null;
                    cb.failed(_onError);
                    _state = State.CLOSED;
                    return;

                case CLOSING: // Close already initiated, so just add callback
                case PENDING: // Add the callback and close when write is complete.
                case UNREADY: // Add the callback and close when write is complete.
                    // Let's just add the callback so it get's noticed once write is possible.
                    _closeCallback = Callback.combine(_closeCallback, callback);
                    return;

                default:
                    _state = State.CLOSING;
                    _closeCallback = Callback.combine(_closeCallback, callback);
            }
        }

        ByteBuffer content = BufferUtil.hasContent(_aggregate) ? _aggregate : BufferUtil.EMPTY_BUFFER;
        channelWrite(content, !_channel.getResponse().isIncluding(), new Callback()
        {
            @Override
            public void succeeded()
            {
                callback().succeeded();
            }

            @Override
            public void failed(Throwable x)
            {
                callback().failed(x);
            }

            public Callback callback()
            {
                Callback closeCallback;
                synchronized (_channelState)
                {
                    _state = State.CLOSED;
                    closeCallback = _closeCallback;
                    _closeCallback = null;
                }
                return closeCallback == null ? Callback.NOOP : closeCallback;
            }
        });
    }

    @Override
    public void close() throws IOException
    {
        try (Blocker blocker = _writeBlocker.acquire())
        {
            close(blocker);
            blocker.block();
        }
        catch (Throwable failure)
        {
            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
                LOG.debug(failure);
            abort(failure);
            throw failure;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Called to indicate that the last write has been performed.
     * It updates the state and performs cleanup operations.
     */
    public void closed()
    {
        synchronized (_channelState)
        {
            switch (_state)
            {
                case CLOSED:
                {
                    break;
                }
                case UNREADY:
                {
                    _state = State.ERROR;
                    if (_onError == null)
                        _onError = new EofException("Async closed");
                    releaseBuffer();
                    break;
                }
                default:
                {
                    _state = State.CLOSED;
                    releaseBuffer();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    public ByteBuffer getBuffer()
    {
        return _aggregate;
    }

    public ByteBuffer acquireBuffer()
    {
        if (_aggregate == null)
            _aggregate = _channel.getByteBufferPool().acquire(getBufferSize(), _interceptor.isOptimizedForDirectBuffers());
        return _aggregate;
    }

    private void releaseBuffer()
    {
        if (_aggregate != null)
        {
            _channel.getConnector().getByteBufferPool().release(_aggregate);
            _aggregate = null;
        }
    }

    public boolean isClosed()
    {
        synchronized (_channelState)
        {
            switch (_state)
            {
                case CLOSING:
                case CLOSED:
                    return true;
                default:
                    return false;
            }
        }
    }

    public boolean isAsync()
    {
        synchronized (_channelState)
        {
            switch (_state)
            {
                case ASYNC:
                case READY:
                case PENDING:
                case UNREADY:
                    return true;
                default:
                    return false;
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void flush() throws IOException
    {
        synchronized (_channelState)
        {
            
            switch (_state)
            {
                case OPEN:
                    channelWrite(BufferUtil.hasContent(_aggregate) ? _aggregate : BufferUtil.EMPTY_BUFFER, false);
                    return;

                case ASYNC:
                    throw new IllegalStateException("isReady() not called");

                case READY:
                    _state = State.PENDING;
                    new AsyncFlush().iterate();
                    return;

                case UNREADY:
                    throw new WritePendingException();

                case ERROR:
                    throw new EofException(_onError);

                case PENDING:
                case CLOSING:
                case CLOSED:
                    return;

                default:
                    throw new IllegalStateException(_state.toString());
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void write(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException
    {
        boolean last;
        boolean aggregate;
        boolean flush;

        // Async or Blocking ?
        boolean async = false;
        synchronized (_channelState)
        {
            long written = _written + len;
            int space = _aggregate == null ? getBufferSize() : BufferUtil.space(_aggregate);
            last = _channel.getResponse().isAllContentWritten(written);
            // Write will be aggregated if:
            //  + it is smaller than the commitSize
            //  + is not the last one, or is last but will fit in an already allocated aggregate buffer.
            aggregate = len <= _commitSize && (!last || BufferUtil.hasContent(_aggregate) && len <= space);
            flush = last || !aggregate || len >= space;
            switch (_state)
            {
                case OPEN:
                    // process blocking write below
                    break;

                case ASYNC:
                    throw new IllegalStateException("isReady() not called");

                case READY:
                    async = true;
                    _state = flush ? State.PENDING : State.ASYNC;
                    break;

                case PENDING:
                case UNREADY:
                    throw new WritePendingException();

                case ERROR:
                    throw new EofException(_onError);

                case CLOSING:
                case CLOSED:
                    throw new EofException("Closed");

                default:
                    throw new IllegalStateException(_state.toString());
            }
            _written = written;
        }

        // Should we aggregate?
        if (aggregate)
        {
            acquireBuffer();
            int filled = BufferUtil.fill(_aggregate, b, off, len);

            // return if we are not complete, not full and filled all the content
            if (!flush)
                return;

            // adjust offset/length
            off += filled;
            len -= filled;
        }

        if (async)
        {
            // Do the asynchronous writing from the callback
            new AsyncWrite(b, off, len, last).iterate();
            return;
        }

        // flush any content from the aggregate
        if (BufferUtil.hasContent(_aggregate))
        {
            channelWrite(_aggregate, last && len == 0);

            // should we fill aggregate again from the buffer?
            if (len > 0 && !last && len <= _commitSize && len <= BufferUtil.space(_aggregate))
            {
                BufferUtil.append(_aggregate, b, off, len);
                return;
            }
        }

        // write any remaining content in the buffer directly
        if (len > 0)
        {
            // write a buffer capacity at a time to avoid JVM pooling large direct buffers
            // http://bugs.sun.com/bugdatabase/view_bug.do?bug_id=6210541
            ByteBuffer view = ByteBuffer.wrap(b, off, len);

            while (len > getBufferSize())
            {
                int p = view.position();
                int l = p + getBufferSize();
                view.limit(l);
                channelWrite(view, false);
                view.limit(p + len);
                view.position(l);
                len -= getBufferSize();
            }
            channelWrite(view, last);
        }
        else if (last)
        {
            channelWrite(BufferUtil.EMPTY_BUFFER, true);
        }
    }

    public void write(ByteBuffer buffer) throws IOException
    {
        // This write always bypasses aggregate buffer
        int len = BufferUtil.length(buffer);
        boolean last;

        // Async or Blocking ?
        boolean async = false;
        synchronized (_channelState)
        {
            long written = _written + len;
            last = _channel.getResponse().isAllContentWritten(_written);
            switch (_state)
            {
                case OPEN:
                    break;

                case ASYNC:
                    throw new IllegalStateException("isReady() not called");

                case READY:
                    async = true;
                    _state = State.PENDING;
                    break;

                case PENDING:
                case UNREADY:
                    throw new WritePendingException();

                case ERROR:
                    throw new EofException(_onError);

                case CLOSING:
                case CLOSED:
                    throw new EofException("Closed");

                default:
                    throw new IllegalStateException(_state.toString());
            }
            _written = written;
        }

        if (async)
        {
            new AsyncWrite(buffer, last).iterate();
        }
        else
        {
            // Blocking write
            // flush any content from the aggregate
            if (BufferUtil.hasContent(_aggregate))
                channelWrite(_aggregate, last && len == 0);

            // write any remaining content in the buffer directly
            if (len > 0)
                channelWrite(buffer, last);
            else if (last)
                channelWrite(BufferUtil.EMPTY_BUFFER, true);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void write(int b) throws IOException
    {
        boolean flush;
        boolean last;
        // Async or Blocking ?

        boolean async = false;
        synchronized (_channelState)
        {
            long written = _written + 1;
            int space = _aggregate == null ? getBufferSize() : BufferUtil.space(_aggregate);
            last = _channel.getResponse().isAllContentWritten(written);
            flush = last || space == 1;

            switch (_state)
            {
                case OPEN:
                    break;

                case ASYNC:
                    throw new IllegalStateException("isReady() not called");

                case READY:
                    async = true;
                    _state = flush ? State.PENDING : State.ASYNC;
                    break;

                case PENDING:
                case UNREADY:
                    throw new WritePendingException();

                case ERROR:
                    throw new EofException(_onError);

                case CLOSING:
                case CLOSED:
                    throw new EofException("Closed");

                default:
                    throw new IllegalStateException();
            }
            _written = written;
        }
        acquireBuffer();
        BufferUtil.append(_aggregate, (byte)b);

        // Check if all written or full
        if (!flush)
            return;

        if (async)
            // Do the asynchronous writing from the callback
            new AsyncFlush().iterate();
        else
            channelWrite(_aggregate, last);
    }

    @Override
    public void print(String s) throws IOException
    {
        print(s, false);
    }

    @Override
    public void println(String s) throws IOException
    {
        print(s, true);
    }

    private void print(String s, boolean eoln) throws IOException
    {
        if (isClosed())
            throw new IOException("Closed");

        String charset = _channel.getResponse().getCharacterEncoding();
        CharsetEncoder encoder = _encoder.get();
        if (encoder == null || !encoder.charset().name().equalsIgnoreCase(charset))
        {
            encoder = Charset.forName(charset).newEncoder();
            encoder.onMalformedInput(CodingErrorAction.REPLACE);
            encoder.onUnmappableCharacter(CodingErrorAction.REPLACE);
            _encoder.set(encoder);
        }
        else
        {
            encoder.reset();
        }

        CharBuffer in = CharBuffer.wrap(s);
        CharBuffer crlf = eoln ? CharBuffer.wrap("\r\n") : null;
        ByteBuffer out = getHttpChannel().getByteBufferPool().acquire((int)(1 + (s.length() + 2) * encoder.averageBytesPerChar()), false);
        BufferUtil.flipToFill(out);

        for (; ; )
        {
            CoderResult result;
            if (in.hasRemaining())
            {
                result = encoder.encode(in, out, crlf == null);
                if (result.isUnderflow())
                    if (crlf == null)
                        break;
                    else
                        continue;
            }
            else if (crlf != null && crlf.hasRemaining())
            {
                result = encoder.encode(crlf, out, true);
                if (result.isUnderflow())
                {
                    if (!encoder.flush(out).isUnderflow())
                        result.throwException();
                    break;
                }
            }
            else
                break;

            if (result.isOverflow())
            {
                BufferUtil.flipToFlush(out, 0);
                ByteBuffer bigger = BufferUtil.ensureCapacity(out, out.capacity() + s.length() + 2);
                getHttpChannel().getByteBufferPool().release(out);
                BufferUtil.flipToFill(bigger);
                out = bigger;
                continue;
            }

            result.throwException();
        }
        BufferUtil.flipToFlush(out, 0);
        write(out.array(), out.arrayOffset(), out.remaining());
        getHttpChannel().getByteBufferPool().release(out);
    }

    @Override
    public void println(boolean b) throws IOException
    {
        println(lStrings.getString(b ? "value.true" : "value.false"));
    }

    @Override
    public void println(char c) throws IOException
    {
        println(String.valueOf(c));
    }

    @Override
    public void println(int i) throws IOException
    {
        println(String.valueOf(i));
    }

    @Override
    public void println(long l) throws IOException
    {
        println(String.valueOf(l));
    }

    @Override
    public void println(float f) throws IOException
    {
        println(String.valueOf(f));
    }

    @Override
    public void println(double d) throws IOException
    {
        println(String.valueOf(d));
    }

    /**
     * Blocking send of whole content.
     *
     * @param content The whole content to send
     * @throws IOException if the send fails
     */
    public void sendContent(ByteBuffer content) throws IOException
    {
        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
            LOG.debug("sendContent({})", BufferUtil.toDetailString(content));

        _written += content.remaining();
        channelWrite(content, true);
    }

    /**
     * Blocking send of stream content.
     *
     * @param in The stream content to send
     * @throws IOException if the send fails
     */
    public void sendContent(InputStream in) throws IOException
    {
        try (Blocker blocker = _writeBlocker.acquire())
        {
            new InputStreamWritingCB(in, blocker).iterate();
            blocker.block();
        }
        catch (Throwable failure)
        {
            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
                LOG.debug(failure);
            abort(failure);
            throw failure;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Blocking send of channel content.
     *
     * @param in The channel content to send
     * @throws IOException if the send fails
     */
    public void sendContent(ReadableByteChannel in) throws IOException
    {
        try (Blocker blocker = _writeBlocker.acquire())
        {
            new ReadableByteChannelWritingCB(in, blocker).iterate();
            blocker.block();
        }
        catch (Throwable failure)
        {
            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
                LOG.debug(failure);
            abort(failure);
            throw failure;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Blocking send of HTTP content.
     *
     * @param content The HTTP content to send
     * @throws IOException if the send fails
     */
    public void sendContent(HttpContent content) throws IOException
    {
        try (Blocker blocker = _writeBlocker.acquire())
        {
            sendContent(content, blocker);
            blocker.block();
        }
        catch (Throwable failure)
        {
            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
                LOG.debug(failure);
            abort(failure);
            throw failure;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Asynchronous send of whole content.
     *
     * @param content The whole content to send
     * @param callback The callback to use to notify success or failure
     */
    public void sendContent(ByteBuffer content, final Callback callback)
    {
        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
            LOG.debug("sendContent(buffer={},{})", BufferUtil.toDetailString(content), callback);

        if (!prepareSendContent(content.remaining(), callback))
            return;

        channelWrite(content, true, new Callback.Nested(callback)
        {
            @Override
            public void succeeded()
            {
                closed();
                super.succeeded();
            }

            @Override
            public void failed(Throwable x)
            {
                abort(x);
                super.failed(x);
            }
        });
    }

    /**
     * Asynchronous send of stream content.
     * The stream will be closed after reading all content.
     *
     * @param in The stream content to send
     * @param callback The callback to use to notify success or failure
     */
    public void sendContent(InputStream in, Callback callback)
    {
        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
            LOG.debug("sendContent(stream={},{})", in, callback);

        if (!prepareSendContent(0, callback))
            return;

        new InputStreamWritingCB(in, callback).iterate();
    }

    /**
     * Asynchronous send of channel content.
     * The channel will be closed after reading all content.
     *
     * @param in The channel content to send
     * @param callback The callback to use to notify success or failure
     */
    public void sendContent(ReadableByteChannel in, Callback callback)
    {
        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
            LOG.debug("sendContent(channel={},{})", in, callback);

        if (!prepareSendContent(0, callback))
            return;

        new ReadableByteChannelWritingCB(in, callback).iterate();
    }

    private boolean prepareSendContent(int len, Callback callback)
    {
        synchronized (_channelState)
        {
            if (BufferUtil.hasContent(_aggregate))
            {
                callback.failed(new IOException("cannot sendContent() after write()"));
                return false;
            }
            if (_channel.isCommitted())
            {
                callback.failed(new IOException("cannot sendContent(), output already committed"));
                return false;
            }

            switch (_state)
            {
                case OPEN:
                    _state = State.PENDING;
                    if (len > 0)
                        _written += len;
                    return true;

                case ERROR:
                    callback.failed(new EofException(_onError));
                    return false;

                case CLOSING:
                case CLOSED:
                    callback.failed(new EofException("Closed"));
                    return false;

                default:
                    throw new IllegalStateException();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Asynchronous send of HTTP content.
     *
     * @param httpContent The HTTP content to send
     * @param callback The callback to use to notify success or failure
     */
    public void sendContent(HttpContent httpContent, Callback callback)
    {
        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
            LOG.debug("sendContent(http={},{})", httpContent, callback);

        ByteBuffer buffer = _channel.useDirectBuffers() ? httpContent.getDirectBuffer() : null;
        if (buffer == null)
            buffer = httpContent.getIndirectBuffer();

        if (buffer != null)
        {
            sendContent(buffer, callback);
            return;
        }

        ReadableByteChannel rbc = null;
        try
        {
            rbc = httpContent.getReadableByteChannel();
        }
        catch (Throwable x)
        {
            LOG.debug(x);
        }
        if (rbc != null)
        {
            // Close of the rbc is done by the async sendContent
            sendContent(rbc, callback);
            return;
        }

        InputStream in = null;
        try
        {
            in = httpContent.getInputStream();
        }
        catch (Throwable x)
        {
            LOG.debug(x);
        }
        if (in != null)
        {
            sendContent(in, callback);
            return;
        }

        Throwable cause = new IllegalArgumentException("unknown content for " + httpContent);
        abort(cause);
        callback.failed(cause);
    }

    public int getBufferSize()
    {
        return _bufferSize;
    }

    public void setBufferSize(int size)
    {
        _bufferSize = size;
        _commitSize = size;
    }

    /**
     * <p>Invoked when bytes have been flushed to the network.</p>
     * <p>The number of flushed bytes may be different from the bytes written
     * by the application if an {@link Interceptor} changed them, for example
     * by compressing them.</p>
     *
     * @param bytes the number of bytes flushed
     * @throws IOException if the minimum data rate, when set, is not respected
     * @see org.eclipse.jetty.io.WriteFlusher.Listener
     */
    public void onFlushed(long bytes) throws IOException
    {
        if (_firstByteTimeStamp == -1 || _firstByteTimeStamp == Long.MAX_VALUE)
            return;
        long minDataRate = getHttpChannel().getHttpConfiguration().getMinResponseDataRate();
        _flushed += bytes;
        long elapsed = System.nanoTime() - _firstByteTimeStamp;
        long minFlushed = minDataRate * TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(elapsed) / TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(1);
        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
            LOG.debug("Flushed bytes min/actual {}/{}", minFlushed, _flushed);
        if (_flushed < minFlushed)
        {
            IOException ioe = new IOException(String.format("Response content data rate < %d B/s", minDataRate));
            _channel.abort(ioe);
            throw ioe;
        }
    }

    public void recycle()
    {
        synchronized (_channelState)
        {
            _state = State.OPEN;
            _interceptor = _channel;
            HttpConfiguration config = _channel.getHttpConfiguration();
            _bufferSize = config.getOutputBufferSize();
            _commitSize = config.getOutputAggregationSize();
            if (_commitSize > _bufferSize)
                _commitSize = _bufferSize;
            releaseBuffer();
            _written = 0;
            _writeListener = null;
            _onError = null;
            _firstByteTimeStamp = -1;
            _flushed = 0;
            _closeCallback = null;
        }
    }

    public void resetBuffer()
    {
        _interceptor.resetBuffer();
        if (BufferUtil.hasContent(_aggregate))
            BufferUtil.clear(_aggregate);
        _written = 0;
    }

    @Override
    public void setWriteListener(WriteListener writeListener)
    {
        if (!_channel.getState().isAsync())
            throw new IllegalStateException("!ASYNC");
        boolean wake;
        synchronized (_channelState)
        {
            if (_state != State.OPEN)
                throw new IllegalStateException("!OPEN");
            _state = State.READY;
            _writeListener = writeListener;
            wake = _channel.getState().onWritePossible();
        }
        if (wake)
            _channel.execute(_channel);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isReady()
    {
        synchronized (_channelState)
        {
            switch (_state)
            {
                case OPEN:
                case READY:
                case ERROR:
                case CLOSING:
                case CLOSED:
                    return true;

                case ASYNC:
                    _state = State.READY;
                    return true;

                case PENDING:
                    _state = State.UNREADY;
                    return false;

                case UNREADY:
                    return false;

                default:
                    throw new IllegalStateException(_state.toString());
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void run()
    {
        Throwable error = null;

        synchronized (_channelState)
        {
            if (_state == State.ERROR)
            {
                error = _onError;
                _onError = null;
            }
        }

        try
        {
            if (error == null)
            {
                if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
                    LOG.debug("onWritePossible");
                _writeListener.onWritePossible();
                return;
            }
        }
        catch (Throwable t)
        {
            error = t;
        }

        if (error != null)
        {
            try
            {
                if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
                    LOG.debug("onError", error);
                _writeListener.onError(error);
            }
            catch (Throwable t)
            {
                if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
                    LOG.debug(t);
            }
            finally
            {
                // Initiate an async close
                close(null);
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public String toString()
    {
        return String.format("%s@%x{%s}", this.getClass().getSimpleName(), hashCode(), _state);
    }

    private abstract class AsyncICB extends IteratingCallback
    {
        final boolean _last;

        AsyncICB(boolean last)
        {
            _last = last;
        }

        @Override
        public InvocationType getInvocationType()
        {
            return InvocationType.NON_BLOCKING;
        }

        @Override
        protected void onCompleteSuccess()
        {
            boolean close = false;
            boolean wake = false;
            synchronized (_channelState)
            {
                switch (_state)
                {
                    case PENDING:
                        _state = State.ASYNC;
                        if (_closeCallback != null)
                            close = true;
                        break;

                    case UNREADY:
                        if (_last)
                        {
                            _state = State.CLOSED;
                            close = true;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            _state = State.READY;
                        }
                        wake = _channel.getState().onWritePossible();
                        break;

                    case CLOSED:
                        break;

                    default:
                        throw new IllegalStateException();
                }
            }

            if (close)
            {
                if (wake)
                    HttpOutput.this.close(Callback.from(() -> _channel.execute(_channel))); // TODO can we call directly? Why execute?
                else
                    HttpOutput.this.close(null);
            }
            else if (wake)
                _channel.execute(_channel); // TODO can we call directly? Why execute?
        }

        @Override
        public void onCompleteFailure(Throwable e)
        {
            synchronized (_channelState)
            {
                _onError = e == null ? new IOException() : e;
                _state = State.ERROR;
            }
            if (_channel.getState().onWritePossible())
                _channel.execute(_channel);
        }
    }

    private class AsyncFlush extends AsyncICB
    {
        volatile boolean _flushed;

        AsyncFlush()
        {
            super(false);
        }

        @Override
        protected Action process()
        {
            if (BufferUtil.hasContent(_aggregate))
            {
                _flushed = true;
                channelWrite(_aggregate, false, this);
                return Action.SCHEDULED;
            }

            if (!_flushed)
            {
                _flushed = true;
                channelWrite(BufferUtil.EMPTY_BUFFER, false, this);
                return Action.SCHEDULED;
            }

            return Action.SUCCEEDED;
        }
    }

    private class AsyncWrite extends AsyncICB
    {
        private final ByteBuffer _buffer;
        private final ByteBuffer _slice;
        private final int _len;
        volatile boolean _completed;

        AsyncWrite(byte[] b, int off, int len, boolean last)
        {
            super(last);
            _buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(b, off, len);
            _len = len;
            // always use a view for large byte arrays to avoid JVM pooling large direct buffers
            _slice = _len < getBufferSize() ? null : _buffer.duplicate();
        }

        AsyncWrite(ByteBuffer buffer, boolean last)
        {
            super(last);
            _buffer = buffer;
            _len = buffer.remaining();
            // Use a slice buffer for large indirect to avoid JVM pooling large direct buffers
            if (_buffer.isDirect() || _len < getBufferSize())
                _slice = null;
            else
            {
                _slice = _buffer.duplicate();
            }
        }

        @Override
        protected Action process()
        {
            // flush any content from the aggregate
            if (BufferUtil.hasContent(_aggregate))
            {
                _completed = _len == 0;
                channelWrite(_aggregate, _last && _completed, this);
                return Action.SCHEDULED;
            }

            // Can we just aggregate the remainder?
            if (!_last && _len < BufferUtil.space(_aggregate) && _len < _commitSize)
            {
                int position = BufferUtil.flipToFill(_aggregate);
                BufferUtil.put(_buffer, _aggregate);
                BufferUtil.flipToFlush(_aggregate, position);
                return Action.SUCCEEDED;
            }

            // Is there data left to write?
            if (_buffer.hasRemaining())
            {
                // if there is no slice, just write it
                if (_slice == null)
                {
                    _completed = true;
                    channelWrite(_buffer, _last, this);
                    return Action.SCHEDULED;
                }

                // otherwise take a slice
                int p = _buffer.position();
                int l = Math.min(getBufferSize(), _buffer.remaining());
                int pl = p + l;
                _slice.limit(pl);
                _buffer.position(pl);
                _slice.position(p);
                _completed = !_buffer.hasRemaining();
                channelWrite(_slice, _last && _completed, this);
                return Action.SCHEDULED;
            }

            // all content written, but if we have not yet signal completion, we
            // need to do so
            if (_last && !_completed)
            {
                _completed = true;
                channelWrite(BufferUtil.EMPTY_BUFFER, true, this);
                return Action.SCHEDULED;
            }

            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled() && _completed)
                LOG.debug("EOF of {}", this);
            return Action.SUCCEEDED;
        }
    }

    /**
     * An iterating callback that will take content from an
     * InputStream and write it to the associated {@link HttpChannel}.
     * A non direct buffer of size {@link HttpOutput#getBufferSize()} is used.
     * This callback is passed to the {@link HttpChannel#write(ByteBuffer, boolean, Callback)} to
     * be notified as each buffer is written and only once all the input is consumed will the
     * wrapped {@link Callback#succeeded()} method be called.
     */
    private class InputStreamWritingCB extends IteratingNestedCallback
    {
        private final InputStream _in;
        private final ByteBuffer _buffer;
        private boolean _eof;

        InputStreamWritingCB(InputStream in, Callback callback)
        {
            super(callback);
            _in = in;
            _buffer = _channel.getByteBufferPool().acquire(getBufferSize(), false);
        }

        @Override
        protected Action process() throws Exception
        {
            // Only return if EOF has previously been read and thus
            // a write done with EOF=true
            if (_eof)
            {
                if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
                    LOG.debug("EOF of {}", this);
                // Handle EOF
                _in.close();
                closed();
                _channel.getByteBufferPool().release(_buffer);
                return Action.SUCCEEDED;
            }

            // Read until buffer full or EOF
            int len = 0;
            while (len < _buffer.capacity() && !_eof)
            {
                int r = _in.read(_buffer.array(), _buffer.arrayOffset() + len, _buffer.capacity() - len);
                if (r < 0)
                    _eof = true;
                else
                    len += r;
            }

            // write what we have
            _buffer.position(0);
            _buffer.limit(len);
            _written += len;
            channelWrite(_buffer, _eof, this);
            return Action.SCHEDULED;
        }

        @Override
        public void onCompleteFailure(Throwable x)
        {
            abort(x);
            _channel.getByteBufferPool().release(_buffer);
            IO.close(_in);
            super.onCompleteFailure(x);
        }
    }

    /**
     * An iterating callback that will take content from a
     * ReadableByteChannel and write it to the {@link HttpChannel}.
     * A {@link ByteBuffer} of size {@link HttpOutput#getBufferSize()} is used that will be direct if
     * {@link HttpChannel#useDirectBuffers()} is true.
     * This callback is passed to the {@link HttpChannel#write(ByteBuffer, boolean, Callback)} to
     * be notified as each buffer is written and only once all the input is consumed will the
     * wrapped {@link Callback#succeeded()} method be called.
     */
    private class ReadableByteChannelWritingCB extends IteratingNestedCallback
    {
        private final ReadableByteChannel _in;
        private final ByteBuffer _buffer;
        private boolean _eof;

        ReadableByteChannelWritingCB(ReadableByteChannel in, Callback callback)
        {
            super(callback);
            _in = in;
            _buffer = _channel.getByteBufferPool().acquire(getBufferSize(), _channel.useDirectBuffers());
        }

        @Override
        protected Action process() throws Exception
        {
            // Only return if EOF has previously been read and thus
            // a write done with EOF=true
            if (_eof)
            {
                if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
                    LOG.debug("EOF of {}", this);
                _in.close();
                closed();
                _channel.getByteBufferPool().release(_buffer);
                return Action.SUCCEEDED;
            }

            // Read from stream until buffer full or EOF
            BufferUtil.clearToFill(_buffer);
            while (_buffer.hasRemaining() && !_eof)
            {
                _eof = (_in.read(_buffer)) < 0;
            }

            // write what we have
            BufferUtil.flipToFlush(_buffer, 0);
            _written += _buffer.remaining();
            channelWrite(_buffer, _eof, this);

            return Action.SCHEDULED;
        }

        @Override
        public void onCompleteFailure(Throwable x)
        {
            abort(x);
            _channel.getByteBufferPool().release(_buffer);
            IO.close(_in);
            super.onCompleteFailure(x);
        }
    }

    private static class WriteBlocker extends SharedBlockingCallback
    {
        private final HttpChannel _channel;

        private WriteBlocker(HttpChannel channel)
        {
            _channel = channel;
        }

        @Override
        protected long getIdleTimeout()
        {
            long blockingTimeout = _channel.getHttpConfiguration().getBlockingTimeout();
            if (blockingTimeout == 0)
                return _channel.getIdleTimeout();
            return blockingTimeout;
        }
    }
}