diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index bc7613793067..56c2049ed880 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 ### Features
 
+- `[jest-environment-jsdom]` Allow specifying `customExportConditions` instead of the default `'browser'` ([#12774](https://github.com/facebook/jest/pull/12774))
+
 ### Fixes
 
 ### Chore & Maintenance
diff --git a/e2e/resolve-conditions/.gitignore b/e2e/resolve-conditions/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cf4bab9ddde9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e/resolve-conditions/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+!node_modules
diff --git a/e2e/resolve-conditions/__tests__/jsdom-custom-export-conditions.test.mjs b/e2e/resolve-conditions/__tests__/jsdom-custom-export-conditions.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e417009db3e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e/resolve-conditions/__tests__/jsdom-custom-export-conditions.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+ * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+ *
+ * @jest-environment jest-environment-jsdom
+ * @jest-environment-options {"customExportConditions": ["special"]}
+ */
+
+import {fn} from 'fake-dual-dep';
+
+test('returns correct message', () => {
+  expect(fn()).toEqual('hello from special');
+});
diff --git a/e2e/resolve-conditions/node_modules/fake-dual-dep/package.json b/e2e/resolve-conditions/node_modules/fake-dual-dep/package.json
index f7274342df9a..f868e6f55426 100644
--- a/e2e/resolve-conditions/node_modules/fake-dual-dep/package.json
+++ b/e2e/resolve-conditions/node_modules/fake-dual-dep/package.json
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
     ".": {
       "deno": "./deno.mjs",
       "node": "./node.mjs",
-      "browser": "./browser.mjs"
+      "browser": "./browser.mjs",
+      "special": "./special.mjs"
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/e2e/resolve-conditions/node_modules/fake-dual-dep/special.mjs b/e2e/resolve-conditions/node_modules/fake-dual-dep/special.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d24f08be168c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e/resolve-conditions/node_modules/fake-dual-dep/special.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+ * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+ */
+
+export function fn() {
+  return 'hello from special';
+}
diff --git a/packages/jest-environment-jsdom/src/index.ts b/packages/jest-environment-jsdom/src/index.ts
index f16e876ecefe..8b513796c91c 100644
--- a/packages/jest-environment-jsdom/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-environment-jsdom/src/index.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ export default class JSDOMEnvironment implements JestEnvironment<number> {
   global: Win;
   private errorEventListener: ((event: Event & {error: Error}) => void) | null;
   moduleMocker: ModuleMocker | null;
+  customExportConditions: Array<string>;
 
   constructor(config: JestEnvironmentConfig, context: EnvironmentContext) {
     const {projectConfig} = config;
@@ -109,6 +110,20 @@ export default class JSDOMEnvironment implements JestEnvironment<number> {
       return originalRemoveListener.apply(this, args);
     };
 
+    if ('customExportConditions' in projectConfig.testEnvironmentOptions) {
+      const {customExportConditions} = projectConfig.testEnvironmentOptions;
+      if (
+        Array.isArray(customExportConditions) &&
+        customExportConditions.every(item => typeof item === 'string')
+      ) {
+        this.customExportConditions = customExportConditions;
+      } else {
+        throw new Error(
+          'Custom export conditions specified but they are not an array of strings',
+        );
+      }
+    }
+
     this.moduleMocker = new ModuleMocker(global as any);
 
     this.fakeTimers = new LegacyFakeTimers({
@@ -158,7 +173,7 @@ export default class JSDOMEnvironment implements JestEnvironment<number> {
   }
 
   exportConditions(): Array<string> {
-    return ['browser'];
+    return this.customExportConditions ?? ['browser'];
   }
 
   getVmContext(): Context | null {