diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeAfter.js b/src/matchers/toBeAfter.js
index 27de3bdc..b30c93c1 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeAfter.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeAfter.js
@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 export function toBeAfter(date, after) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeAfter', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    `Expected date to be after ${printReceived(after)} but received:\n` +
-    `  ${printReceived(date)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeAfter', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    `Expected date to be after ${printReceived(after)} but received:\n` +
-    `  ${printReceived(date)}`;
 
   const pass = date > after;
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeAfter', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          `Expected date to be after ${printReceived(after)} but received:\n` +
+          `  ${printReceived(date)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeAfter', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          `Expected date to be after ${printReceived(after)} but received:\n` +
+          `  ${printReceived(date)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeAfterOrEqualTo.js b/src/matchers/toBeAfterOrEqualTo.js
index 8f0e302a..4d7b12b0 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeAfterOrEqualTo.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeAfterOrEqualTo.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 export function toBeAfterOrEqualTo(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeAfterOrEqualTo', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    `Expected date to be after or equal to ${printReceived(expected)} but received:\n` +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeAfterOrEqualTo', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    `Expected date to be after or equal to ${printReceived(expected)} but received:\n` +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = actual >= expected;
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeAfterOrEqualTo', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          `Expected date to be after or equal to ${printReceived(expected)} but received:\n` +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeAfterOrEqualTo', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          `Expected date to be after or equal to ${printReceived(expected)} but received:\n` +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeArray.js b/src/matchers/toBeArray.js
index f03a8edf..1e0953ab 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeArray.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeArray.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 export function toBeArray(expected) {
   const { matcherHint, printReceived } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeArray', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be an array received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(expected)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeArray', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be an array received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(expected)}`;
-
   const pass = Array.isArray(expected);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeArray', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be an array received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(expected)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeArray', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be an array received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(expected)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeArrayOfSize.js b/src/matchers/toBeArrayOfSize.js
index 71fd2c76..1d23926d 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeArrayOfSize.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeArrayOfSize.js
@@ -3,23 +3,25 @@ import { determinePropertyMessage } from '../utils';
 export function toBeArrayOfSize(actual, expected) {
   const { printExpected, printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage = `${matcherHint('.not.toBeArrayOfSize')}
-
-Expected value to not be an array of size:
-  ${printExpected(expected)}
-Received:
-  value: ${printReceived(actual)}
-  length: ${printReceived(determinePropertyMessage(actual, 'length'))}`;
-
-  const failMessage = `${matcherHint('.toBeArrayOfSize')}
-
-Expected value to be an array of size:
-  ${printExpected(expected)}
-Received:
-  value: ${printReceived(actual)}
-  length: ${printReceived(determinePropertyMessage(actual, 'length'))}`;
-
   const pass = Array.isArray(actual) && actual.length === expected;
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeArrayOfSize') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be an array of size:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  value: ${printReceived(actual)}\n` +
+          `  length: ${printReceived(determinePropertyMessage(actual, 'length'))}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeArrayOfSize') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be an array of size:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  value: ${printReceived(actual)}\n` +
+          `  length: ${printReceived(determinePropertyMessage(actual, 'length'))}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeBefore.js b/src/matchers/toBeBefore.js
index 3d59b9a6..5711ec98 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeBefore.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeBefore.js
@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 export function toBeBefore(actual, expected) {
   const { matcherHint, printReceived } = this.utils;
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeBefore', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    `Expected date to be before ${printReceived(expected)} but received:\n` +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeBefore', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    `Expected date to be before ${printReceived(expected)} but received:\n` +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
 
   const pass = actual < expected;
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeBefore', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          `Expected date to be before ${printReceived(expected)} but received:\n` +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeBefore', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          `Expected date to be before ${printReceived(expected)} but received:\n` +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeBeforeOrEqualTo.js b/src/matchers/toBeBeforeOrEqualTo.js
index 0f93e13e..a18369fa 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeBeforeOrEqualTo.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeBeforeOrEqualTo.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 export function toBeBeforeOrEqualTo(actual, expected) {
   const { matcherHint, printReceived } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeBeforeOrEqualTo', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    `Expected date to be before or equal to ${printReceived(expected)} but received:\n` +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeBeforeOrEqualTo', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    `Expected date to be before or equal to ${printReceived(expected)} but received:\n` +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = actual <= expected;
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeBeforeOrEqualTo', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          `Expected date to be before or equal to ${printReceived(expected)} but received:\n` +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeBeforeOrEqualTo', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          `Expected date to be before or equal to ${printReceived(expected)} but received:\n` +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeBetween.js b/src/matchers/toBeBetween.js
index a99b9194..56e1a3cc 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeBetween.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeBetween.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 export function toBeBetween(actual, startDate, endDate) {
   const { matcherHint, printReceived } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeBetween', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    `Expected date to be between ${printReceived(startDate)} and ${printReceived(endDate)} but received:\n` +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeBetween', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    `Expected date to be between ${printReceived(startDate)} and ${printReceived(endDate)} but received:\n` +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = actual >= startDate && actual <= endDate;
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeBetween', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          `Expected date to be between ${printReceived(startDate)} and ${printReceived(endDate)} but received:\n` +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeBetween', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          `Expected date to be between ${printReceived(startDate)} and ${printReceived(endDate)} but received:\n` +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeBoolean.js b/src/matchers/toBeBoolean.js
index 3c9871d9..34367f88 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeBoolean.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeBoolean.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 export function toBeBoolean(actual) {
   const { matcherHint, printReceived } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeBoolean', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be of type boolean, received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeBoolean', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be of type boolean, received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = typeof actual === 'boolean' || actual instanceof Boolean;
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeBoolean', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be of type boolean, received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeBoolean', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be of type boolean, received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeDate.js b/src/matchers/toBeDate.js
index 8d883174..d8ddb408 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeDate.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeDate.js
@@ -3,19 +3,19 @@ import { getType } from 'jest-get-type';
 export function toBeDate(actual) {
   const { matcherHint, printReceived } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeDate', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be a date received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeDate', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be a date received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = getType(actual) === 'date' && !isNaN(actual);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeDate', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be a date received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeDate', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be a date received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeDateString.js b/src/matchers/toBeDateString.js
index f6ee1a63..cbb328fb 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeDateString.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeDateString.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 export function toBeDateString(actual) {
   const { matcherHint, printReceived } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeDateString', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be a date string received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeDateString', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be a date string received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = !isNaN(Date.parse(actual));
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeDateString', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be a date string received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeDateString', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be a date string received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeEmpty.js b/src/matchers/toBeEmpty.js
index 076531d2..f24a8234 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeEmpty.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeEmpty.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 export function toBeEmpty(actual) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeEmpty', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be empty received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeEmpty', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be empty received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = this.equals({}, actual) || isEmptyIterable(actual);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeEmpty', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be empty received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeEmpty', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be empty received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
 
 const isEmptyIterable = value => {
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeEmptyObject.js b/src/matchers/toBeEmptyObject.js
index 8f3df001..7ea21f58 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeEmptyObject.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeEmptyObject.js
@@ -3,19 +3,19 @@ import { getType } from 'jest-get-type';
 export function toBeEmptyObject(actual) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeEmptyObject', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be an empty object, received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeEmptyObject', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be an empty object, received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = getType(actual) === 'object' && Object.keys(actual).length === 0;
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeEmptyObject', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be an empty object, received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeEmptyObject', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be an empty object, received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeEven.js b/src/matchers/toBeEven.js
index cb86d513..42834f93 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeEven.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeEven.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 export function toBeEven(actual) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeEven', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be an even number received:\n' +
-    ` ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeEven', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be an even number received:\n' +
-    ` ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = isNumber(actual) && isEven(actual);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeEven', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be an even number received:\n' +
+          ` ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeEven', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be an even number received:\n' +
+          ` ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
 
 const isNumber = expected => !isNaN(parseInt(expected));
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeExtensible.js b/src/matchers/toBeExtensible.js
index eaa9e4da..1ea5c993 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeExtensible.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeExtensible.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 export function toBeExtensible(actual) {
   const { matcherHint, printExpected, printReceived } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeExtensible', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be extensible received:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(actual)}\n`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeExtensible', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be extensible received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = Object.isExtensible(actual);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeExtensible', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be extensible received:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(actual)}\n`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeExtensible', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be extensible received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeFalse.js b/src/matchers/toBeFalse.js
index c5500b93..55a2b7b7 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeFalse.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeFalse.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 export function toBeFalse(actual) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint, printExpected } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeFalse', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be false received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeFalse', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be false:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(false)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = actual === false;
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeFalse', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be false received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeFalse', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be false:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(false)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeFinite.js b/src/matchers/toBeFinite.js
index 9b8f0bb4..0b51b9c9 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeFinite.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeFinite.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 export function toBeFinite(actual) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeFinite', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be finite received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeFinite', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be finite received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = Number.isFinite(actual);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeFinite', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be finite received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeFinite', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be finite received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeFrozen.js b/src/matchers/toBeFrozen.js
index 31893783..b40fe2b0 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeFrozen.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeFrozen.js
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 export function toBeFrozen(actual) {
   const { matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage = matcherHint('.not.toBeFrozen', 'received', '') + '\n\n' + 'Expected object to not be frozen';
-
-  const failMessage = matcherHint('.toBeFrozen', 'received', '') + '\n\n' + 'Expected object to be frozen';
-
   const pass = Object.isFrozen(actual);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeFrozen', 'received', '') + '\n\nExpected object to not be frozen'
+        : matcherHint('.toBeFrozen', 'received', '') + '\n\nExpected object to be frozen',
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeFunction.js b/src/matchers/toBeFunction.js
index 3bd1147b..af88c70f 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeFunction.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeFunction.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 export function toBeFunction(actual) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeFunction', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be a function, received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeFunction', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected to receive a function, received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = typeof actual === 'function';
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeFunction', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be a function, received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeFunction', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected to receive a function, received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeHexadecimal.js b/src/matchers/toBeHexadecimal.js
index 8d68858c..6b2af8c1 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeHexadecimal.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeHexadecimal.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 export function toBeHexadecimal(actual) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeHexadecimal', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be a hexadecimal, received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeHexadecimal', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be a hexadecimal, received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = longRegex.test(actual) || shortRegex.test(actual);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeHexadecimal', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be a hexadecimal, received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeHexadecimal', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be a hexadecimal, received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
 
 const longRegex = RegExp(/^#\b[a-f0-9]{6}\b/gi);
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeInRange.js b/src/matchers/toBeInRange.js
index 53b92bb9..8a613b3d 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeInRange.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeInRange.js
@@ -5,18 +5,18 @@ export function toBeInRange(actual, min, max) {
 
   const pass = element === undefined;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeInRange') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    `Expected Array to not be in range ${printExpected(min)}, ${printExpected(max)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeInRange') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    `Expected: Array elements to be in range (${printExpected(min)}, ${printExpected(max)})\n` +
-    `Received: Array element out of range ${printReceived(element)}`;
-
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeInRange') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          `Expected Array to not be in range ${printExpected(min)}, ${printExpected(max)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeInRange') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          `Expected: Array elements to be in range (${printExpected(min)}, ${printExpected(max)})\n` +
+          `Received: Array element out of range ${printReceived(element)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeInteger.js b/src/matchers/toBeInteger.js
index 363febec..b22829ba 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeInteger.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeInteger.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 export function toBeInteger(actual) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeInteger', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be an integer received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeInteger', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be an integer received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = isNumber(actual) && isInteger(actual);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeInteger', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be an integer received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeInteger', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be an integer received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
 
 const isNumber = value => !isNaN(parseInt(value));
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeNaN.js b/src/matchers/toBeNaN.js
index 7f1dfeda..3b4d74c6 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeNaN.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeNaN.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 export function toBeNaN(actual) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeNaN', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be a number received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeNaN', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be a number received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = isNaN(actual);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeNaN', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be a number received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeNaN', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be a number received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeNegative.js b/src/matchers/toBeNegative.js
index b03354b5..e660a77a 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeNegative.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeNegative.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 export function toBeNegative(actual) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeNegative', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be a negative number received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeNegative', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be a negative number received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = isNumber(actual) && isNegative(actual);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeNegative', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be a negative number received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeNegative', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be a negative number received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
 
 const isNumber = value => !isNaN(parseInt(value));
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeNil.js b/src/matchers/toBeNil.js
index e061e4c2..a4d85390 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeNil.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeNil.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 export function toBeNil(actual) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeNil', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value not to be null or undefined, received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeNil', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be null or undefined, received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = actual === undefined || actual === null;
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeNil', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value not to be null or undefined, received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeNil', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be null or undefined, received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeNumber.js b/src/matchers/toBeNumber.js
index abe32231..55b37c32 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeNumber.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeNumber.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 export function toBeNumber(actual) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeNumber', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be a number received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeNumber', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be a number received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = typeof actual === 'number';
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeNumber', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be a number received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeNumber', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be a number received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeObject.js b/src/matchers/toBeObject.js
index 4df9c75c..23c09fb2 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeObject.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeObject.js
@@ -3,19 +3,19 @@ import { getType } from 'jest-get-type';
 export function toBeObject(actual) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeObject', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be an object, received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeObject', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be an object, received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = getType(actual) === 'object';
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeObject', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be an object, received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeObject', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be an object, received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeOdd.js b/src/matchers/toBeOdd.js
index 92e70a32..25803c64 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeOdd.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeOdd.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 export function toBeOdd(received) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeOdd', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be odd received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(received)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeOdd', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be odd received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(received)}`;
-
   const pass = !isNaN(parseInt(received)) && received % 2 === 1;
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeOdd', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be odd received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(received)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeOdd', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be odd received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(received)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeOneOf.js b/src/matchers/toBeOneOf.js
index 660c412d..a686c94b 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeOneOf.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeOneOf.js
@@ -3,23 +3,23 @@ import { contains } from '../utils';
 export function toBeOneOf(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeOneOf') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be in list:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeOneOf') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be in list:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = contains(this.equals, expected, actual);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeOneOf') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be in list:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeOneOf') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be in list:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBePositive.js b/src/matchers/toBePositive.js
index 9ae7d0b6..b34dcbf5 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBePositive.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBePositive.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 export function toBePositive(actual) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBePositive', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be positive received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBePositive', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be positive received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = actual !== true && !isNaN(actual) && actual !== Infinity && actual > 0;
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBePositive', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be positive received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBePositive', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be positive received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeSealed.js b/src/matchers/toBeSealed.js
index 313fc03a..676529c6 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeSealed.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeSealed.js
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 export function toBeSealed(actual) {
   const { matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage = matcherHint('.not.toBeSealed', 'received', '') + '\n\nExpected object to be not sealed';
-
-  const failMessage = matcherHint('.toBeSealed', 'received', '') + '\n\nExpected object to not sealed';
-
   const pass = Object.isSealed(actual);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeSealed', 'received', '') + '\n\nExpected object to be not sealed'
+        : matcherHint('.toBeSealed', 'received', '') + '\n\nExpected object to not sealed',
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeString.js b/src/matchers/toBeString.js
index 88adf768..70d595c7 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeString.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeString.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 export function toBeString(expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeString', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be of type string received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(expected)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeString', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be of type string:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected('type of string')}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(typeof expected)}`;
-
   const pass = typeof expected === 'string' || expected instanceof String;
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeString', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be of type string received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(expected)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeString', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be of type string:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected('type of string')}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(typeof expected)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeSymbol.js b/src/matchers/toBeSymbol.js
index a5042a50..493cd7b9 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeSymbol.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeSymbol.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 export function toBeSymbol(actual) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeSymbol', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be a symbol, received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeSymbol', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected to receive a symbol, received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = typeof actual === 'symbol';
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeSymbol', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be a symbol, received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeSymbol', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected to receive a symbol, received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeTrue.js b/src/matchers/toBeTrue.js
index b9a85c27..1794370c 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeTrue.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeTrue.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 export function toBeTrue(actual) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeTrue', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be true received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeTrue', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be true:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(true)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = actual === true;
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeTrue', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be true received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeTrue', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be true:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(true)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeValidDate.js b/src/matchers/toBeValidDate.js
index 8d576d59..5a29ae22 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeValidDate.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeValidDate.js
@@ -3,19 +3,19 @@ import { getType } from 'jest-get-type';
 export function toBeValidDate(actual) {
   const { printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeValidDate', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not be a valid date received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeValidDate', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to be a valid date received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = getType(actual) === 'date' && !isNaN(actual) && !isNaN(actual.getTime());
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeValidDate', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not be a valid date received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeValidDate', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to be a valid date received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toBeWithin.js b/src/matchers/toBeWithin.js
index a86107af..4a869865 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toBeWithin.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toBeWithin.js
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 export function toBeWithin(actual, start, end) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toBeWithin') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected number to not be within start (inclusive) and end (exclusive):\n' +
-    `  start: ${printExpected(start)}  end: ${printExpected(end)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toBeWithin') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected number to be within start (inclusive) and end (exclusive):\n' +
-    `  start: ${printExpected(start)}  end: ${printExpected(end)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = actual >= start && actual < end;
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toBeWithin') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected number to not be within start (inclusive) and end (exclusive):\n' +
+          `  start: ${printExpected(start)}  end: ${printExpected(end)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toBeWithin') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected number to be within start (inclusive) and end (exclusive):\n' +
+          `  start: ${printExpected(start)}  end: ${printExpected(end)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toContainAllEntries.js b/src/matchers/toContainAllEntries.js
index 621a6412..29cd64ce 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toContainAllEntries.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toContainAllEntries.js
@@ -3,26 +3,26 @@ import { containsEntry } from '../utils';
 export function toContainAllEntries(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toContainAllEntries') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to not only contain all of the given entries:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toContainAllEntries') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to only contain all of the given entries:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass =
     actual.hasOwnProperty &&
     expected.length == Object.keys(actual).length &&
     expected.every(entry => containsEntry(this.equals, actual, entry));
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toContainAllEntries') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to not only contain all of the given entries:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toContainAllEntries') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to only contain all of the given entries:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toContainAllKeys.js b/src/matchers/toContainAllKeys.js
index 061c5b0f..fc9f8fb2 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toContainAllKeys.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toContainAllKeys.js
@@ -3,24 +3,24 @@ import { contains } from '../utils';
 export function toContainAllKeys(actual, expected) {
   const { printExpected, printReceived, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toContainAllKeys') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to not contain all keys:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(Object.keys(actual))}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toContainAllKeys') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to contain all keys:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(Object.keys(actual))}`;
-
   const objectKeys = Object.keys(actual);
   const pass = objectKeys.length === expected.length && expected.every(key => contains(this.equals, objectKeys, key));
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toContainAllKeys') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to not contain all keys:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(Object.keys(actual))}`
+        : matcherHint('.toContainAllKeys') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to contain all keys:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(Object.keys(actual))}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toContainAllValues.js b/src/matchers/toContainAllValues.js
index d3d68d5a..e48f97ce 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toContainAllValues.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toContainAllValues.js
@@ -3,25 +3,25 @@ import { contains } from '../utils';
 export function toContainAllValues(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toContainAllValues') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to not contain all values:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toContainAllValues') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to contain all values:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const values = Object.keys(actual).map(k => actual[k]);
   const pass =
     values.length === expected.length && values.every(objectValue => contains(this.equals, expected, objectValue));
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toContainAllValues') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to not contain all values:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toContainAllValues') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to contain all values:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toContainAnyEntries.js b/src/matchers/toContainAnyEntries.js
index 290f96ec..6ae6f20a 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toContainAnyEntries.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toContainAnyEntries.js
@@ -3,24 +3,24 @@ import { contains } from '../utils';
 export function toContainAnyEntries(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toContainAnyEntries') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to not contain any of the provided entries:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toContainAnyEntries') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to contain any of the provided entries:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const entries = Object.keys(actual).map(k => [k, actual[k]]);
   const pass = expected.some(entry => contains(this.equals, entries, entry));
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toContainAnyEntries') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to not contain any of the provided entries:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toContainAnyEntries') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to contain any of the provided entries:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toContainAnyKeys.js b/src/matchers/toContainAnyKeys.js
index f40b9aa0..6b918351 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toContainAnyKeys.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toContainAnyKeys.js
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 export function toContainAnyKeys(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toContainAnyKeys') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object not to contain any of the following keys:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toContainAnyKeys') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to contain any of the following keys:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = expected.some(key => Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(actual, key));
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toContainAnyKeys') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object not to contain any of the following keys:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toContainAnyKeys') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to contain any of the following keys:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toContainAnyValues.js b/src/matchers/toContainAnyValues.js
index 3d397edf..045664fa 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toContainAnyValues.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toContainAnyValues.js
@@ -3,24 +3,24 @@ import { contains } from '../utils';
 export function toContainAnyValues(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toContainAnyValues') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to not contain any of the following values:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toContainAnyValues') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to contain any of the following values:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const objectValues = Object.keys(actual).map(k => actual[k]);
   const pass = expected.some(value => contains(this.equals, objectValues, value));
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toContainAnyValues') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to not contain any of the following values:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toContainAnyValues') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to contain any of the following values:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toContainEntries.js b/src/matchers/toContainEntries.js
index 57be4209..093efebe 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toContainEntries.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toContainEntries.js
@@ -3,23 +3,23 @@ import { containsEntry } from '../utils';
 export function toContainEntries(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toContainEntries') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to not contain all of the given entries:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toContainEntries') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to contain all of the given entries:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = expected.every(entry => containsEntry(this.equals, actual, entry));
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toContainEntries') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to not contain all of the given entries:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toContainEntries') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to contain all of the given entries:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toContainEntry.js b/src/matchers/toContainEntry.js
index 175cb430..6eaf1878 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toContainEntry.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toContainEntry.js
@@ -3,23 +3,23 @@ import { containsEntry } from '../utils';
 export function toContainEntry(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toContainEntry') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to not contain entry:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toContainEntry') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to contain entry:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = containsEntry(this.equals, actual, expected);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toContainEntry') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to not contain entry:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toContainEntry') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to contain entry:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toContainKey.js b/src/matchers/toContainKey.js
index 8fb841a6..36190940 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toContainKey.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toContainKey.js
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 export function toContainKey(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toContainKey') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to not contain key:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toContainKey') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to contain key:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = actual.hasOwnProperty && Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(actual, expected);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toContainKey') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to not contain key:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toContainKey') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to contain key:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toContainKeys.js b/src/matchers/toContainKeys.js
index bacd8871..c6fda6c2 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toContainKeys.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toContainKeys.js
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
 export function toContainKeys(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toContainKeys') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to not contain all keys:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toContainKeys') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to contain all keys:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = expected.every(
     key => actual && actual.hasOwnProperty && Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(actual, key),
   );
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toContainKeys') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to not contain all keys:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toContainKeys') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to contain all keys:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toContainValue.js b/src/matchers/toContainValue.js
index 34bf78a5..66dfdb6f 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toContainValue.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toContainValue.js
@@ -3,24 +3,24 @@ import { contains } from '../utils';
 export function toContainValue(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toContainValue') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to not contain value:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toContainValue') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to contain value:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const values = Object.keys(actual).map(k => actual[k]);
   const pass = contains(this.equals, values, expected);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toContainValue') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to not contain value:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toContainValue') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to contain value:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toContainValues.js b/src/matchers/toContainValues.js
index 4df03919..7c712ef3 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toContainValues.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toContainValues.js
@@ -3,24 +3,24 @@ import { contains } from '../utils';
 export function toContainValues(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toContainValues') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to not contain all values:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toContainValues') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected object to contain all values:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const values = Object.keys(actual).map(k => actual[k]);
   const pass = expected.every(value => contains(this.equals, values, value));
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toContainValues') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to not contain all values:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toContainValues') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected object to contain all values:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toEndWith.js b/src/matchers/toEndWith.js
index 9678a75d..90d8599f 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toEndWith.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toEndWith.js
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 export function toEndWith(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toEndWith') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected string to not end with:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toEndWith') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected string to end with:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = actual.endsWith(expected);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toEndWith') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected string to not end with:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toEndWith') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected string to end with:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toEqualCaseInsensitive.js b/src/matchers/toEqualCaseInsensitive.js
index 13653f69..fd876ea4 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toEqualCaseInsensitive.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toEqualCaseInsensitive.js
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 export function toEqualCaseInsensitive(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toEqualCaseInsensitive') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected values to not be equal while ignoring case (using ===):\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toEqualCaseInsensitive') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected values to be equal while ignoring case (using ===):\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = String(actual).toLowerCase() === String(expected).toLowerCase();
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toEqualCaseInsensitive') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected values to not be equal while ignoring case (using ===):\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toEqualCaseInsensitive') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected values to be equal while ignoring case (using ===):\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toEqualIgnoringWhitespace.js b/src/matchers/toEqualIgnoringWhitespace.js
index 15479066..20c34f8a 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toEqualIgnoringWhitespace.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toEqualIgnoringWhitespace.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { printExpected, printReceived } from '../utils/print';
 
 const removeWhitespace = str => str.trim().replace(/\s+/g, '');
 
-const predicate = (received, expected) => {
+const getDiff = (received, expected) => {
   /* calculate diff of received w.r.t expected string */
   const diff = diffStringsRaw(expected, received);
 
@@ -13,31 +13,34 @@ const predicate = (received, expected) => {
     diffObject[0] = DIFF_EQUAL;
   });
 
-  /* determine whether strings are equal after removing white-space */
-  const pass = removeWhitespace(received) === removeWhitespace(expected);
-
-  return {
-    diff,
-    pass,
-  };
+  return diff;
 };
 
 export function toEqualIgnoringWhitespace(actual, expected) {
   const { matcherHint, EXPECTED_COLOR } = this.utils;
-  const { pass, diff } = predicate(actual, expected);
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toEqualIgnoringWhitespace') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected values to not be equal while ignoring white-space (using ===):\n' +
-    `Expected: not  ${EXPECTED_COLOR(expected)}\n\n`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toEqualIgnoringWhitespace') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected values to be equal while ignoring white-space (using ===):\n' +
-    `Expected:\n  ${printExpected(this.utils, diff)}\n\n` +
-    `Received:\n  ${printReceived(this.utils, diff)}`;
+  /* determine whether strings are equal after removing white-space */
+  const pass = removeWhitespace(actual) === removeWhitespace(expected);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  /* eslint-disable indent */ // prettier conflicts with indent rule
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: pass
+      ? () =>
+          matcherHint('.not.toEqualIgnoringWhitespace') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected values to not be equal while ignoring white-space (using ===):\n' +
+          `Expected: not  ${EXPECTED_COLOR(expected)}\n\n`
+      : () => {
+          const diff = getDiff(actual, expected);
+          return (
+            matcherHint('.toEqualIgnoringWhitespace') +
+            '\n\n' +
+            'Expected values to be equal while ignoring white-space (using ===):\n' +
+            `Expected:\n  ${printExpected(this.utils, diff)}\n\n` +
+            `Received:\n  ${printReceived(this.utils, diff)}`
+          );
+        },
+  };
+  /* eslint-enable indent */
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toHaveBeenCalledAfter.js b/src/matchers/toHaveBeenCalledAfter.js
index d79055cb..84f7ef36 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toHaveBeenCalledAfter.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toHaveBeenCalledAfter.js
@@ -15,23 +15,23 @@ export function toHaveBeenCalledAfter(actual, expected, failIfNoFirstInvocation
   const secondInvocationCallOrder = expected.mock.invocationCallOrder;
   const pass = predicate(firstInvocationCallOrder, secondInvocationCallOrder, failIfNoFirstInvocation);
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toHaveBeenCalledAfter') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected first mock to not have been called after, invocationCallOrder:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(firstInvocationCallOrder)}\n` +
-    'Received second mock with invocationCallOrder:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(secondInvocationCallOrder)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toHaveBeenCalledAfter') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected first mock to have been called after, invocationCallOrder:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(firstInvocationCallOrder)}\n` +
-    'Received second mock with invocationCallOrder:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(secondInvocationCallOrder)}`;
-
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toHaveBeenCalledAfter') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected first mock to not have been called after, invocationCallOrder:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(firstInvocationCallOrder)}\n` +
+          'Received second mock with invocationCallOrder:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(secondInvocationCallOrder)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toHaveBeenCalledAfter') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected first mock to have been called after, invocationCallOrder:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(firstInvocationCallOrder)}\n` +
+          'Received second mock with invocationCallOrder:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(secondInvocationCallOrder)}`,
+  };
 }
 
 const smallest = ns => ns.reduce((acc, n) => (acc < n ? acc : n));
diff --git a/src/matchers/toHaveBeenCalledBefore.js b/src/matchers/toHaveBeenCalledBefore.js
index 85d239bd..16fb64fe 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toHaveBeenCalledBefore.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toHaveBeenCalledBefore.js
@@ -15,23 +15,23 @@ export function toHaveBeenCalledBefore(actual, expected, failIfNoSecondInvocatio
   const secondInvocationCallOrder = expected.mock.invocationCallOrder;
   const pass = predicate(firstInvocationCallOrder, secondInvocationCallOrder, failIfNoSecondInvocation);
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toHaveBeenCalledBefore') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected first mock to not have been called before, invocationCallOrder:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(firstInvocationCallOrder)}\n` +
-    'Received second mock with invocationCallOrder:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(secondInvocationCallOrder)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toHaveBeenCalledBefore') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected first mock to have been called before, invocationCallOrder:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(firstInvocationCallOrder)}\n` +
-    'Received second mock with invocationCallOrder:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(secondInvocationCallOrder)}`;
-
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toHaveBeenCalledBefore') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected first mock to not have been called before, invocationCallOrder:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(firstInvocationCallOrder)}\n` +
+          'Received second mock with invocationCallOrder:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(secondInvocationCallOrder)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toHaveBeenCalledBefore') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected first mock to have been called before, invocationCallOrder:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(firstInvocationCallOrder)}\n` +
+          'Received second mock with invocationCallOrder:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(secondInvocationCallOrder)}`,
+  };
 }
 
 const mockCheckFailMessage = (utils, value, isReceivedValue) => () => {
diff --git a/src/matchers/toHaveBeenCalledOnce.js b/src/matchers/toHaveBeenCalledOnce.js
index fa91960b..020575ef 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toHaveBeenCalledOnce.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toHaveBeenCalledOnce.js
@@ -15,18 +15,19 @@ export function toHaveBeenCalledOnce(received) {
     };
   }
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toHaveBeenCalledOnce') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected mock function to have been called any amount of times but one, but it was called exactly once.';
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toHaveBeenCalledOnce') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected mock function to have been called exactly once, but it was called:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(received.mock.calls.length)} times`;
-
   const pass = received.mock.calls.length === 1;
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage), actual: received };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toHaveBeenCalledOnce') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected mock function to have been called any amount of times but one, but it was called exactly once.'
+        : matcherHint('.toHaveBeenCalledOnce') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected mock function to have been called exactly once, but it was called:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(received.mock.calls.length)} times`,
+    actual: received,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toHaveBeenCalledOnceWith.js b/src/matchers/toHaveBeenCalledOnceWith.js
index baf1fbbb..02627d7e 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toHaveBeenCalledOnceWith.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toHaveBeenCalledOnceWith.js
@@ -15,33 +15,34 @@ export function toHaveBeenCalledOnceWith(received, expected) {
     };
   }
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toHaveBeenCalledOnceWith') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    `Expected mock function to have been called any amount of times but one with ${printExpected(
-      expected,
-    )}, but it was called exactly once with ${printExpected(expected)}.`;
-
-  const failOnceMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toHaveBeenCalledOnceWith') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected mock function to have been called exactly once, but it was called:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(received.mock.calls.length)} times`;
-
-  const failExpectedMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toHaveBeenCalledOnceWith') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    `Expected mock function to have been called exactly once with ${printReceived(
-      expected,
-    )}, but it was called with:\n` +
-    `  ${printReceived(received.mock.calls[0]?.[0])}`;
-
   const passOnce = received.mock.calls.length === 1;
   const pass = passOnce && this.equals(expected, received.mock.calls[0][0]);
 
   return {
     pass,
-    message: () => (pass ? passMessage : !passOnce ? failOnceMessage : failExpectedMessage),
+    message: () => {
+      if (pass) {
+        return (
+          matcherHint('.not.toHaveBeenCalledOnceWith') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          `Expected mock function to have been called any amount of times but one with ${printExpected(
+            expected,
+          )}, but it was called exactly once with ${printExpected(expected)}.`
+        );
+      }
+
+      return !passOnce
+        ? matcherHint('.toHaveBeenCalledOnceWith') +
+            '\n\n' +
+            'Expected mock function to have been called exactly once, but it was called:\n' +
+            `  ${printReceived(received.mock.calls.length)} times`
+        : matcherHint('.toHaveBeenCalledOnceWith') +
+            '\n\n' +
+            `Expected mock function to have been called exactly once with ${printReceived(
+              expected,
+            )}, but it was called with:\n` +
+            `  ${printReceived(received.mock.calls[0]?.[0])}`;
+    },
     actual: received,
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toInclude.js b/src/matchers/toInclude.js
index b511675c..b2fb03c5 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toInclude.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toInclude.js
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 export function toInclude(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toInclude') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected string to not include:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toInclude') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected string to include:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = actual.includes(expected);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toInclude') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected string to not include:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toInclude') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected string to include:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toIncludeAllMembers.js b/src/matchers/toIncludeAllMembers.js
index bf53d987..bb7c040b 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toIncludeAllMembers.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toIncludeAllMembers.js
@@ -3,24 +3,24 @@ import { contains } from '../utils';
 export function toIncludeAllMembers(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toIncludeAllMembers') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected list to not have all of the following members:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toIncludeAllMembers') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected list to have all of the following members:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass =
     Array.isArray(actual) && Array.isArray(expected) && expected.every(val => contains(this.equals, actual, val));
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toIncludeAllMembers') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected list to not have all of the following members:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toIncludeAllMembers') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected list to have all of the following members:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toIncludeAllPartialMembers.js b/src/matchers/toIncludeAllPartialMembers.js
index 0b176134..07957e18 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toIncludeAllPartialMembers.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toIncludeAllPartialMembers.js
@@ -3,22 +3,6 @@ import { containsEntry } from '../utils';
 export function toIncludeAllPartialMembers(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toIncludeAllPartialMembers') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected list to not have all of the following partial members:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toIncludeAllPartialMembers') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected list to have all of the following partial members:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass =
     Array.isArray(actual) &&
     Array.isArray(expected) &&
@@ -26,5 +10,21 @@ export function toIncludeAllPartialMembers(actual, expected) {
       actual.some(value => Object.entries(partial).every(entry => containsEntry(this.equals, value, entry))),
     );
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toIncludeAllPartialMembers') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected list to not have all of the following partial members:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toIncludeAllPartialMembers') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected list to have all of the following partial members:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toIncludeAnyMembers.js b/src/matchers/toIncludeAnyMembers.js
index 10eece2f..5b87ad7e 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toIncludeAnyMembers.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toIncludeAnyMembers.js
@@ -3,24 +3,24 @@ import { contains } from '../utils';
 export function toIncludeAnyMembers(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toIncludeAnyMembers') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected list to not include any of the following members:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toIncludeAnyMembers') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected list to include any of the following members:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass =
     Array.isArray(actual) && Array.isArray(expected) && expected.some(member => contains(this.equals, actual, member));
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toIncludeAnyMembers') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected list to not include any of the following members:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toIncludeAnyMembers') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected list to include any of the following members:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toIncludeMultiple.js b/src/matchers/toIncludeMultiple.js
index 20403718..5f8859ea 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toIncludeMultiple.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toIncludeMultiple.js
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 export function toIncludeMultiple(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toIncludeMultiple') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected string to not contain all substrings: \n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received: \n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toIncludeMultiple') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected string to contain all substrings: \n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = expected.every(value => actual.includes(value));
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toIncludeMultiple') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected string to not contain all substrings: \n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received: \n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toIncludeMultiple') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected string to contain all substrings: \n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toIncludeRepeated.js b/src/matchers/toIncludeRepeated.js
index 8ed49e6d..456a656c 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toIncludeRepeated.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toIncludeRepeated.js
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 export function toIncludeRepeated(actual, expected, occurrences) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toIncludeRepeated') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    `Expected string to not include repeated ${occurrences} times:\n` +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toIncludeRepeated') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    `Expected string to include repeated ${occurrences} times:\n` +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = (actual.match(new RegExp(expected, 'g')) || []).length === occurrences;
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toIncludeRepeated') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          `Expected string to not include repeated ${occurrences} times:\n` +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toIncludeRepeated') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          `Expected string to include repeated ${occurrences} times:\n` +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toIncludeSameMembers.js b/src/matchers/toIncludeSameMembers.js
index db3b6ddc..264c647a 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toIncludeSameMembers.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toIncludeSameMembers.js
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
 export function toIncludeSameMembers(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toIncludeSameMembers') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected list to not exactly match the members of:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toIncludeSameMembers') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected list to have the following members and no more:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = predicate(this.equals, actual, expected);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toIncludeSameMembers') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected list to not exactly match the members of:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toIncludeSameMembers') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected list to have the following members and no more:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
 
 const predicate = (equals, actual, expected) => {
diff --git a/src/matchers/toPartiallyContain.js b/src/matchers/toPartiallyContain.js
index ad7c27d6..f22b16c8 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toPartiallyContain.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toPartiallyContain.js
@@ -3,22 +3,6 @@ import { containsEntry } from '../utils';
 export function toPartiallyContain(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toPartiallyContain') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected array not to partially contain:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toPartiallyContain') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected array to partially contain:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass =
     Array.isArray(actual) &&
     Array.isArray([expected]) &&
@@ -26,5 +10,21 @@ export function toPartiallyContain(actual, expected) {
       actual.some(value => Object.entries(partial).every(entry => containsEntry(this.equals, value, entry))),
     );
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toPartiallyContain') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected array not to partially contain:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toPartiallyContain') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected array to partially contain:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toReject.js b/src/matchers/toReject.js
index 142508db..8305fc14 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toReject.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toReject.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 export async function toReject(actual) {
   const { matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toReject', 'received', '') + '\n\n' + 'Expected promise to resolve, however it rejected.\n';
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toReject', 'received', '') + '\n\n' + 'Expected promise to reject, however it resolved.\n';
-
   const pass = await actual.then(
     () => false,
     () => true,
   );
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toReject', 'received', '') + '\n\nExpected promise to resolve, however it rejected.\n'
+        : matcherHint('.toReject', 'received', '') + '\n\nExpected promise to reject, however it resolved.\n',
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toResolve.js b/src/matchers/toResolve.js
index 4ec0ae9f..ba9a663f 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toResolve.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toResolve.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 export async function toResolve(actual) {
   const { matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toResolve', 'received', '') + '\n\n' + 'Expected promise to reject, however it resolved.\n';
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toResolve', 'received', '') + '\n\n' + 'Expected promise to resolve, however it rejected.\n';
-
   const pass = await actual.then(
     () => true,
     () => false,
   );
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toResolve', 'received', '') + '\n\nExpected promise to reject, however it resolved.\n'
+        : matcherHint('.toResolve', 'received', '') + '\n\nExpected promise to resolve, however it rejected.\n',
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toSatisfy.js b/src/matchers/toSatisfy.js
index 997f14fb..6cc58a1c 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toSatisfy.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toSatisfy.js
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 export function toSatisfy(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toSatisfy', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to not satisfy:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toSatisfy', 'received', '') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected value to satisfy:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = expected(actual);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toSatisfy', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to not satisfy:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toSatisfy', 'received', '') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected value to satisfy:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toSatisfyAll.js b/src/matchers/toSatisfyAll.js
index a2209151..3ce0d8a2 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toSatisfyAll.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toSatisfyAll.js
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 export function toSatisfyAll(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toSatisfyAll') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected array to not satisfy predicate for all values:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toSatisfyAll') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected array to satisfy predicate for all values:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = actual.every(expected);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toSatisfyAll') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected array to not satisfy predicate for all values:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toSatisfyAll') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected array to satisfy predicate for all values:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toSatisfyAny.js b/src/matchers/toSatisfyAny.js
index 665b36fc..05a06e06 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toSatisfyAny.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toSatisfyAny.js
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 export function toSatisfyAny(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toSatisfyAny') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected array to not satisfy predicate for any value:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toSatisfyAny') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected array to satisfy predicate for any values:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = actual.some(expected);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toSatisfyAny') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected array to not satisfy predicate for any value:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toSatisfyAny') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected array to satisfy predicate for any values:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toStartWith.js b/src/matchers/toStartWith.js
index 45dd36fd..5468524b 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toStartWith.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toStartWith.js
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 export function toStartWith(actual, expected) {
   const { printReceived, printExpected, matcherHint } = this.utils;
 
-  const passMessage =
-    matcherHint('.not.toStartWith') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected string to not start with:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
-  const failMessage =
-    matcherHint('.toStartWith') +
-    '\n\n' +
-    'Expected string to start with:\n' +
-    `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
-    'Received:\n' +
-    `  ${printReceived(actual)}`;
-
   const pass = actual.startsWith(expected);
 
-  return { pass, message: () => (pass ? passMessage : failMessage) };
+  return {
+    pass,
+    message: () =>
+      pass
+        ? matcherHint('.not.toStartWith') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected string to not start with:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`
+        : matcherHint('.toStartWith') +
+          '\n\n' +
+          'Expected string to start with:\n' +
+          `  ${printExpected(expected)}\n` +
+          'Received:\n' +
+          `  ${printReceived(actual)}`,
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/matchers/toThrowWithMessage.js b/src/matchers/toThrowWithMessage.js
index d9b1925c..54e27ce6 100644
--- a/src/matchers/toThrowWithMessage.js
+++ b/src/matchers/toThrowWithMessage.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ const positiveHint = utils =>
 const negativeHint = utils =>
   utils.matcherHint('.not.toThrowWithMessage', 'function', 'type', { secondArgument: 'message' });
 
-const passMessage = (utils, received, expected) => () =>
+const passMessage = (utils, received, expected) =>
   negativeHint(utils) +
   '\n\n' +
   'Expected not to throw:\n' +
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ const passMessage = (utils, received, expected) => () =>
   'Thrown:\n' +
   `  ${utils.printReceived(received)}\n`;
 
-const failMessage = (utils, received, expected) => () =>
+const failMessage = (utils, received, expected) =>
   positiveHint(utils) +
   '\n\n' +
   'Expected to throw:\n' +
@@ -27,6 +27,20 @@ const failMessage = (utils, received, expected) => () =>
   'Thrown:\n' +
   `  ${utils.printReceived(received)}\n`;
 
+const getExpectedError = (type, message) => {
+  const messageStr = message.toString();
+  let expectedError;
+  try {
+    expectedError = new type(messageStr);
+  } catch (err) {
+    const name = type.name;
+    expectedError = new Error();
+    expectedError.name = name;
+    expectedError.message = messageStr;
+  }
+  return expectedError;
+};
+
 export function toThrowWithMessage(callbackOrPromiseReturn, type, message) {
   const utils = this.utils;
   const isFromReject = this && this.promise === 'rejects'; // See https://github.com/facebook/jest/pull/7621#issue-244312550
@@ -85,19 +99,9 @@ export function toThrowWithMessage(callbackOrPromiseReturn, type, message) {
   }
 
   const pass = predicate(error, type, message);
-  const messageStr = message.toString();
-  let expectedError;
-  try {
-    expectedError = new type(messageStr);
-  } catch (err) {
-    const name = type.name;
-    expectedError = new Error();
-    expectedError.name = name;
-    expectedError.message = messageStr;
-  }
   if (pass) {
-    return { pass: true, message: passMessage(utils, error, expectedError) };
+    return { pass: true, message: () => passMessage(utils, error, getExpectedError(type, message)) };
   }
 
-  return { pass: false, message: failMessage(utils, error, expectedError) };
+  return { pass: false, message: () => failMessage(utils, error, getExpectedError(type, message)) };
 }
diff --git a/test/matchers/__snapshots__/toEqualIgnoringWhitespace.test.js.snap b/test/matchers/__snapshots__/toEqualIgnoringWhitespace.test.js.snap
index af68e79d..ea33c2c8 100644
--- a/test/matchers/__snapshots__/toEqualIgnoringWhitespace.test.js.snap
+++ b/test/matchers/__snapshots__/toEqualIgnoringWhitespace.test.js.snap
@@ -1,5 +1,20 @@
 // Jest Snapshot v1, https://goo.gl/fbAQLP
 
+exports[`.toEqualIgnoringWhitespace should fail if strings are not equal, ignoring white-space 1`] = `
+"<dim>expect(</intensity><red>received</color><dim>).toEqualIgnoringWhitespace(</intensity><green>expected</color><dim>)</intensity>
+
+Expected values to be equal while ignoring white-space (using ===):
+Expected:
+  
+        <green>WHERE</color> <green>CONDITION</color> <green>=</color> <green>"5"</color> 
+        <inverse><green>SELECT</color></inverse> <inverse><green>*</color></inverse> <inverse><green>from</color></inverse> <inverse><green>TABLE</color></inverse>
+      
+
+Received:
+  
+    <inverse><red>SELECT</color></inverse> <inverse><red>*</color></inverse> <inverse><red>from</color></inverse> <inverse><red>TABLE</color></inverse> <red>WHERE</color> <red>CONDITION</color> <red>=</color> <red>"5"</color>"
+`;
+
 exports[`.toEqualIgnoringWhitespace should not pass if strings are not equal, ignoring white-space 1`] = `
 "<dim>expect(</intensity><red>received</color><dim>).not.toEqualIgnoringWhitespace(</intensity><green>expected</color><dim>)</intensity>
 
diff --git a/test/matchers/toEqualIgnoringWhitespace.test.js b/test/matchers/toEqualIgnoringWhitespace.test.js
index e1c0f209..4a62a9e5 100644
--- a/test/matchers/toEqualIgnoringWhitespace.test.js
+++ b/test/matchers/toEqualIgnoringWhitespace.test.js
@@ -70,4 +70,13 @@ describe('.toEqualIgnoringWhitespace', () => {
         `),
     ).toThrowErrorMatchingSnapshot();
   });
+
+  it('should fail if strings are not equal, ignoring white-space', () => {
+    expect(() =>
+      expect('SELECT * from TABLE WHERE CONDITION = "5"').toEqualIgnoringWhitespace(`
+        WHERE CONDITION = "5" 
+        SELECT * from TABLE
+      `),
+    ).toThrowErrorMatchingSnapshot();
+  });
 });