parser.ts

namespace ts {
    const enum SignatureFlags {
        None = 0,
        Yield = 1 << 0,
        Await = 1 << 1,
        Type  = 1 << 2,
        IgnoreMissingOpenBrace = 1 << 4,
        JSDoc = 1 << 5,
    }

    const enum SpeculationKind {
        TryParse,
        Lookahead,
        Reparse
    }

    let NodeConstructor: new (kind: SyntaxKind, pos?: number, end?: number) => Node;
    let TokenConstructor: new (kind: SyntaxKind, pos?: number, end?: number) => Node;
    let IdentifierConstructor: new (kind: SyntaxKind, pos?: number, end?: number) => Node;
    let PrivateIdentifierConstructor: new (kind: SyntaxKind, pos?: number, end?: number) => Node;
    let SourceFileConstructor: new (kind: SyntaxKind, pos?: number, end?: number) => Node;

    /**
     * NOTE: You should not use this, it is only exported to support `createNode` in `~/src/deprecatedCompat/deprecations.ts`.
     */
    /* @internal */
    export const parseBaseNodeFactory: BaseNodeFactory = {
        createBaseSourceFileNode: kind => new (SourceFileConstructor || (SourceFileConstructor = objectAllocator.getSourceFileConstructor()))(kind, -1, -1),
        createBaseIdentifierNode: kind => new (IdentifierConstructor || (IdentifierConstructor = objectAllocator.getIdentifierConstructor()))(kind, -1, -1),
        createBasePrivateIdentifierNode: kind => new (PrivateIdentifierConstructor || (PrivateIdentifierConstructor = objectAllocator.getPrivateIdentifierConstructor()))(kind, -1, -1),
        createBaseTokenNode: kind => new (TokenConstructor || (TokenConstructor = objectAllocator.getTokenConstructor()))(kind, -1, -1),
        createBaseNode: kind => new (NodeConstructor || (NodeConstructor = objectAllocator.getNodeConstructor()))(kind, -1, -1),
    };

    /* @internal */
    export const parseNodeFactory = createNodeFactory(NodeFactoryFlags.NoParenthesizerRules, parseBaseNodeFactory);

    function visitNode<T>(cbNode: (node: Node) => T, node: Node | undefined): T | undefined {
        return node && cbNode(node);
    }

    function visitNodes<T>(cbNode: (node: Node) => T, cbNodes: ((node: NodeArray<Node>) => T | undefined) | undefined, nodes: NodeArray<Node> | undefined): T | undefined {
        if (nodes) {
            if (cbNodes) {
                return cbNodes(nodes);
            }
            for (const node of nodes) {
                const result = cbNode(node);
                if (result) {
                    return result;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /*@internal*/
    export function isJSDocLikeText(text: string, start: number) {
        return text.charCodeAt(start + 1) === CharacterCodes.asterisk &&
            text.charCodeAt(start + 2) === CharacterCodes.asterisk &&
            text.charCodeAt(start + 3) !== CharacterCodes.slash;
    }

    /**
     * Invokes a callback for each child of the given node. The 'cbNode' callback is invoked for all child nodes
     * stored in properties. If a 'cbNodes' callback is specified, it is invoked for embedded arrays; otherwise,
     * embedded arrays are flattened and the 'cbNode' callback is invoked for each element. If a callback returns
     * a truthy value, iteration stops and that value is returned. Otherwise, undefined is returned.
     *
     * @param node a given node to visit its children
     * @param cbNode a callback to be invoked for all child nodes
     * @param cbNodes a callback to be invoked for embedded array
     *
     * @remarks `forEachChild` must visit the children of a node in the order
     * that they appear in the source code. The language service depends on this property to locate nodes by position.
     */
    export function forEachChild<T>(node: Node, cbNode: (node: Node) => T | undefined, cbNodes?: (nodes: NodeArray<Node>) => T | undefined): T | undefined {
        if (!node || node.kind <= SyntaxKind.LastToken) {
            return;
        }
        switch (node.kind) {
            case SyntaxKind.QualifiedName:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as QualifiedName).left) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as QualifiedName).right);
            case SyntaxKind.TypeParameter:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as TypeParameterDeclaration).name) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as TypeParameterDeclaration).constraint) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as TypeParameterDeclaration).default) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as TypeParameterDeclaration).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.ShorthandPropertyAssignment:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ShorthandPropertyAssignment).name) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ShorthandPropertyAssignment).questionToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ShorthandPropertyAssignment).exclamationToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ShorthandPropertyAssignment).equalsToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ShorthandPropertyAssignment).objectAssignmentInitializer);
            case SyntaxKind.SpreadAssignment:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as SpreadAssignment).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.Parameter:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ParameterDeclaration).dotDotDotToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ParameterDeclaration).name) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ParameterDeclaration).questionToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ParameterDeclaration).type) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ParameterDeclaration).initializer);
            case SyntaxKind.PropertyDeclaration:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as PropertyDeclaration).name) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as PropertyDeclaration).questionToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as PropertyDeclaration).exclamationToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as PropertyDeclaration).type) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as PropertyDeclaration).initializer);
            case SyntaxKind.PropertySignature:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as PropertySignature).name) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as PropertySignature).questionToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as PropertySignature).type) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as PropertySignature).initializer);
            case SyntaxKind.PropertyAssignment:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as PropertyAssignment).name) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as PropertyAssignment).questionToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as PropertyAssignment).initializer);
            case SyntaxKind.VariableDeclaration:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as VariableDeclaration).name) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as VariableDeclaration).exclamationToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as VariableDeclaration).type) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as VariableDeclaration).initializer);
            case SyntaxKind.BindingElement:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as BindingElement).dotDotDotToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as BindingElement).propertyName) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as BindingElement).name) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as BindingElement).initializer);
            case SyntaxKind.FunctionType:
            case SyntaxKind.ConstructorType:
            case SyntaxKind.CallSignature:
            case SyntaxKind.ConstructSignature:
            case SyntaxKind.IndexSignature:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as SignatureDeclaration).typeParameters) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as SignatureDeclaration).parameters) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as SignatureDeclaration).type);
            case SyntaxKind.MethodDeclaration:
            case SyntaxKind.MethodSignature:
            case SyntaxKind.Constructor:
            case SyntaxKind.GetAccessor:
            case SyntaxKind.SetAccessor:
            case SyntaxKind.FunctionExpression:
            case SyntaxKind.FunctionDeclaration:
            case SyntaxKind.ArrowFunction:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as FunctionLikeDeclaration).asteriskToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as FunctionLikeDeclaration).name) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as FunctionLikeDeclaration).questionToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as FunctionLikeDeclaration).exclamationToken) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as FunctionLikeDeclaration).typeParameters) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as FunctionLikeDeclaration).parameters) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as FunctionLikeDeclaration).type) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ArrowFunction).equalsGreaterThanToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as FunctionLikeDeclaration).body);
            case SyntaxKind.TypeReference:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as TypeReferenceNode).typeName) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as TypeReferenceNode).typeArguments);
            case SyntaxKind.TypePredicate:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as TypePredicateNode).assertsModifier) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as TypePredicateNode).parameterName) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as TypePredicateNode).type);
            case SyntaxKind.TypeQuery:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as TypeQueryNode).exprName);
            case SyntaxKind.TypeLiteral:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as TypeLiteralNode).members);
            case SyntaxKind.ArrayType:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ArrayTypeNode).elementType);
            case SyntaxKind.TupleType:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as TupleTypeNode).elements);
            case SyntaxKind.UnionType:
            case SyntaxKind.IntersectionType:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as UnionOrIntersectionTypeNode).types);
            case SyntaxKind.ConditionalType:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ConditionalTypeNode).checkType) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ConditionalTypeNode).extendsType) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ConditionalTypeNode).trueType) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ConditionalTypeNode).falseType);
            case SyntaxKind.InferType:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as InferTypeNode).typeParameter);
            case SyntaxKind.ImportType:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ImportTypeNode).argument) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ImportTypeNode).qualifier) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as ImportTypeNode).typeArguments);
            case SyntaxKind.ParenthesizedType:
            case SyntaxKind.TypeOperator:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ParenthesizedTypeNode | TypeOperatorNode).type);
            case SyntaxKind.IndexedAccessType:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as IndexedAccessTypeNode).objectType) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as IndexedAccessTypeNode).indexType);
            case SyntaxKind.MappedType:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as MappedTypeNode).readonlyToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as MappedTypeNode).typeParameter) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as MappedTypeNode).nameType) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as MappedTypeNode).questionToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as MappedTypeNode).type);
            case SyntaxKind.LiteralType:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as LiteralTypeNode).literal);
            case SyntaxKind.NamedTupleMember:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as NamedTupleMember).dotDotDotToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as NamedTupleMember).name) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as NamedTupleMember).questionToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as NamedTupleMember).type);
            case SyntaxKind.ObjectBindingPattern:
            case SyntaxKind.ArrayBindingPattern:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as BindingPattern).elements);
            case SyntaxKind.ArrayLiteralExpression:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as ArrayLiteralExpression).elements);
            case SyntaxKind.ObjectLiteralExpression:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as ObjectLiteralExpression).properties);
            case SyntaxKind.PropertyAccessExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as PropertyAccessExpression).expression) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as PropertyAccessExpression).questionDotToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as PropertyAccessExpression).name);
            case SyntaxKind.ElementAccessExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ElementAccessExpression).expression) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ElementAccessExpression).questionDotToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ElementAccessExpression).argumentExpression);
            case SyntaxKind.CallExpression:
            case SyntaxKind.NewExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as CallExpression).expression) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as CallExpression).questionDotToken) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as CallExpression).typeArguments) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as CallExpression).arguments);
            case SyntaxKind.TaggedTemplateExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as TaggedTemplateExpression).tag) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as TaggedTemplateExpression).questionDotToken) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as TaggedTemplateExpression).typeArguments) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as TaggedTemplateExpression).template);
            case SyntaxKind.TypeAssertionExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as TypeAssertion).type) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as TypeAssertion).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.ParenthesizedExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ParenthesizedExpression).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.DeleteExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as DeleteExpression).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.TypeOfExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as TypeOfExpression).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.VoidExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as VoidExpression).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.PrefixUnaryExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as PrefixUnaryExpression).operand);
            case SyntaxKind.YieldExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as YieldExpression).asteriskToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as YieldExpression).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.AwaitExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as AwaitExpression).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.PostfixUnaryExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as PostfixUnaryExpression).operand);
            case SyntaxKind.BinaryExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as BinaryExpression).left) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as BinaryExpression).operatorToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as BinaryExpression).right);
            case SyntaxKind.AsExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as AsExpression).expression) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as AsExpression).type);
            case SyntaxKind.NonNullExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as NonNullExpression).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.MetaProperty:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as MetaProperty).name);
            case SyntaxKind.ConditionalExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ConditionalExpression).condition) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ConditionalExpression).questionToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ConditionalExpression).whenTrue) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ConditionalExpression).colonToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ConditionalExpression).whenFalse);
            case SyntaxKind.SpreadElement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as SpreadElement).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.Block:
            case SyntaxKind.ModuleBlock:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as Block).statements);
            case SyntaxKind.SourceFile:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as SourceFile).statements) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as SourceFile).endOfFileToken);
            case SyntaxKind.VariableStatement:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as VariableStatement).declarationList);
            case SyntaxKind.VariableDeclarationList:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as VariableDeclarationList).declarations);
            case SyntaxKind.ExpressionStatement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ExpressionStatement).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.IfStatement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as IfStatement).expression) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as IfStatement).thenStatement) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as IfStatement).elseStatement);
            case SyntaxKind.DoStatement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as DoStatement).statement) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as DoStatement).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.WhileStatement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as WhileStatement).expression) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as WhileStatement).statement);
            case SyntaxKind.ForStatement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ForStatement).initializer) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ForStatement).condition) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ForStatement).incrementor) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ForStatement).statement);
            case SyntaxKind.ForInStatement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ForInStatement).initializer) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ForInStatement).expression) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ForInStatement).statement);
            case SyntaxKind.ForOfStatement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ForOfStatement).awaitModifier) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ForOfStatement).initializer) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ForOfStatement).expression) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ForOfStatement).statement);
            case SyntaxKind.ContinueStatement:
            case SyntaxKind.BreakStatement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as BreakOrContinueStatement).label);
            case SyntaxKind.ReturnStatement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ReturnStatement).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.WithStatement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as WithStatement).expression) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as WithStatement).statement);
            case SyntaxKind.SwitchStatement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as SwitchStatement).expression) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as SwitchStatement).caseBlock);
            case SyntaxKind.CaseBlock:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as CaseBlock).clauses);
            case SyntaxKind.CaseClause:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as CaseClause).expression) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as CaseClause).statements);
            case SyntaxKind.DefaultClause:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as DefaultClause).statements);
            case SyntaxKind.LabeledStatement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as LabeledStatement).label) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as LabeledStatement).statement);
            case SyntaxKind.ThrowStatement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ThrowStatement).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.TryStatement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as TryStatement).tryBlock) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as TryStatement).catchClause) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as TryStatement).finallyBlock);
            case SyntaxKind.CatchClause:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as CatchClause).variableDeclaration) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as CatchClause).block);
            case SyntaxKind.Decorator:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as Decorator).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.ClassDeclaration:
            case SyntaxKind.ClassExpression:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ClassLikeDeclaration).name) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as ClassLikeDeclaration).typeParameters) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as ClassLikeDeclaration).heritageClauses) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as ClassLikeDeclaration).members);
            case SyntaxKind.InterfaceDeclaration:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as InterfaceDeclaration).name) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as InterfaceDeclaration).typeParameters) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as ClassDeclaration).heritageClauses) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as InterfaceDeclaration).members);
            case SyntaxKind.TypeAliasDeclaration:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as TypeAliasDeclaration).name) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as TypeAliasDeclaration).typeParameters) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as TypeAliasDeclaration).type);
            case SyntaxKind.EnumDeclaration:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as EnumDeclaration).name) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as EnumDeclaration).members);
            case SyntaxKind.EnumMember:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as EnumMember).name) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as EnumMember).initializer);
            case SyntaxKind.ModuleDeclaration:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ModuleDeclaration).name) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ModuleDeclaration).body);
            case SyntaxKind.ImportEqualsDeclaration:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ImportEqualsDeclaration).name) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ImportEqualsDeclaration).moduleReference);
            case SyntaxKind.ImportDeclaration:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ImportDeclaration).importClause) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ImportDeclaration).moduleSpecifier);
            case SyntaxKind.ImportClause:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ImportClause).name) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ImportClause).namedBindings);
            case SyntaxKind.NamespaceExportDeclaration:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as NamespaceExportDeclaration).name);

            case SyntaxKind.NamespaceImport:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as NamespaceImport).name);
            case SyntaxKind.NamespaceExport:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as NamespaceExport).name);
            case SyntaxKind.NamedImports:
            case SyntaxKind.NamedExports:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as NamedImportsOrExports).elements);
            case SyntaxKind.ExportDeclaration:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ExportDeclaration).exportClause) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ExportDeclaration).moduleSpecifier);
            case SyntaxKind.ImportSpecifier:
            case SyntaxKind.ExportSpecifier:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ImportOrExportSpecifier).propertyName) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ImportOrExportSpecifier).name);
            case SyntaxKind.ExportAssignment:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.modifiers) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as ExportAssignment).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.TemplateExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as TemplateExpression).head) || visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as TemplateExpression).templateSpans);
            case SyntaxKind.TemplateSpan:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as TemplateSpan).expression) || visitNode(cbNode, (node as TemplateSpan).literal);
            case SyntaxKind.TemplateLiteralType:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as TemplateLiteralTypeNode).head) || visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as TemplateLiteralTypeNode).templateSpans);
            case SyntaxKind.TemplateLiteralTypeSpan:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as TemplateLiteralTypeSpan).type) || visitNode(cbNode, (node as TemplateLiteralTypeSpan).literal);
            case SyntaxKind.ComputedPropertyName:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ComputedPropertyName).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.HeritageClause:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as HeritageClause).types);
            case SyntaxKind.ExpressionWithTypeArguments:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ExpressionWithTypeArguments).expression) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as ExpressionWithTypeArguments).typeArguments);
            case SyntaxKind.ExternalModuleReference:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as ExternalModuleReference).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.MissingDeclaration:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, node.decorators);
            case SyntaxKind.CommaListExpression:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as CommaListExpression).elements);

            case SyntaxKind.JsxElement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JsxElement).openingElement) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JsxElement).children) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as JsxElement).closingElement);
            case SyntaxKind.JsxFragment:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JsxFragment).openingFragment) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JsxFragment).children) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as JsxFragment).closingFragment);
            case SyntaxKind.JsxSelfClosingElement:
            case SyntaxKind.JsxOpeningElement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JsxOpeningLikeElement).tagName) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JsxOpeningLikeElement).typeArguments) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as JsxOpeningLikeElement).attributes);
            case SyntaxKind.JsxAttributes:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JsxAttributes).properties);
            case SyntaxKind.JsxAttribute:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JsxAttribute).name) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as JsxAttribute).initializer);
            case SyntaxKind.JsxSpreadAttribute:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JsxSpreadAttribute).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.JsxExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JsxExpression).dotDotDotToken) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as JsxExpression).expression);
            case SyntaxKind.JsxClosingElement:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JsxClosingElement).tagName);

            case SyntaxKind.OptionalType:
            case SyntaxKind.RestType:
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocTypeExpression:
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocNonNullableType:
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocNullableType:
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocOptionalType:
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocVariadicType:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as OptionalTypeNode | RestTypeNode | JSDocTypeExpression | JSDocTypeReferencingNode).type);
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocFunctionType:
                return visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JSDocFunctionType).parameters) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocFunctionType).type);
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocComment:
                return (typeof (node as JSDoc).comment === "string" ? undefined : visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JSDoc).comment as NodeArray<JSDocComment> | undefined))
                    || visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JSDoc).tags);
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocSeeTag:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocSeeTag).tagName) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocSeeTag).name) ||
                    (typeof (node as JSDoc).comment === "string" ? undefined : visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JSDoc).comment as NodeArray<JSDocComment> | undefined));
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocNameReference:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocNameReference).name);
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocMemberName:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocMemberName).left) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocMemberName).right);
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocParameterTag:
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocPropertyTag:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocTag).tagName) ||
                    ((node as JSDocPropertyLikeTag).isNameFirst
                        ? visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocPropertyLikeTag).name) ||
                            visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocPropertyLikeTag).typeExpression) ||
                            (typeof (node as JSDoc).comment === "string" ? undefined : visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JSDoc).comment as NodeArray<JSDocComment> | undefined))
                        : visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocPropertyLikeTag).typeExpression) ||
                            visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocPropertyLikeTag).name)) ||
                            (typeof (node as JSDoc).comment === "string" ? undefined : visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JSDoc).comment as NodeArray<JSDocComment> | undefined));
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocAuthorTag:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocTag).tagName) ||
                    (typeof (node as JSDoc).comment === "string" ? undefined : visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JSDoc).comment as NodeArray<JSDocComment> | undefined));
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocImplementsTag:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocTag).tagName) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocImplementsTag).class) ||
                    (typeof (node as JSDoc).comment === "string" ? undefined : visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JSDoc).comment as NodeArray<JSDocComment> | undefined));
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocAugmentsTag:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocTag).tagName) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocAugmentsTag).class) ||
                    (typeof (node as JSDoc).comment === "string" ? undefined : visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JSDoc).comment as NodeArray<JSDocComment> | undefined));
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocTemplateTag:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocTag).tagName) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocTemplateTag).constraint) ||
                    visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JSDocTemplateTag).typeParameters) ||
                    (typeof (node as JSDoc).comment === "string" ? undefined : visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JSDoc).comment as NodeArray<JSDocComment> | undefined));
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocTypedefTag:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocTag).tagName) ||
                    ((node as JSDocTypedefTag).typeExpression &&
                        (node as JSDocTypedefTag).typeExpression!.kind === SyntaxKind.JSDocTypeExpression
                        ? visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocTypedefTag).typeExpression) ||
                            visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocTypedefTag).fullName) ||
                            (typeof (node as JSDoc).comment === "string" ? undefined : visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JSDoc).comment as NodeArray<JSDocComment> | undefined))
                        : visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocTypedefTag).fullName) ||
                            visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocTypedefTag).typeExpression)) ||
                            (typeof (node as JSDoc).comment === "string" ? undefined : visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JSDoc).comment as NodeArray<JSDocComment> | undefined));
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocCallbackTag:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocTag).tagName) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocCallbackTag).fullName) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocCallbackTag).typeExpression) ||
                    (typeof (node as JSDoc).comment === "string" ? undefined : visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JSDoc).comment as NodeArray<JSDocComment> | undefined));
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocReturnTag:
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocTypeTag:
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocThisTag:
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocEnumTag:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocTag).tagName) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocReturnTag | JSDocTypeTag | JSDocThisTag | JSDocEnumTag).typeExpression) ||
                    (typeof (node as JSDoc).comment === "string" ? undefined : visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JSDoc).comment as NodeArray<JSDocComment> | undefined));
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocSignature:
                return forEach((node as JSDocSignature).typeParameters, cbNode) ||
                    forEach((node as JSDocSignature).parameters, cbNode) ||
                    visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocSignature).type);
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocLink:
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocLinkCode:
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocLinkPlain:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocLink | JSDocLinkCode | JSDocLinkPlain).name);
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocTypeLiteral:
                return forEach((node as JSDocTypeLiteral).jsDocPropertyTags, cbNode);
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocTag:
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocClassTag:
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocPublicTag:
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocPrivateTag:
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocProtectedTag:
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocReadonlyTag:
            case SyntaxKind.JSDocDeprecatedTag:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as JSDocTag).tagName)
                 || (typeof (node as JSDoc).comment === "string" ? undefined : visitNodes(cbNode, cbNodes, (node as JSDoc).comment as NodeArray<JSDocComment> | undefined));
            case SyntaxKind.PartiallyEmittedExpression:
                return visitNode(cbNode, (node as PartiallyEmittedExpression).expression);
        }
    }

    /** @internal */
    /**
     * Invokes a callback for each child of the given node. The 'cbNode' callback is invoked for all child nodes
     * stored in properties. If a 'cbNodes' callback is specified, it is invoked for embedded arrays; additionally,
     * unlike `forEachChild`, embedded arrays are flattened and the 'cbNode' callback is invoked for each element.
     *  If a callback returns a truthy value, iteration stops and that value is returned. Otherwise, undefined is returned.
     *
     * @param node a given node to visit its children
     * @param cbNode a callback to be invoked for all child nodes
     * @param cbNodes a callback to be invoked for embedded array
     *
     * @remarks Unlike `forEachChild`, `forEachChildRecursively` handles recursively invoking the traversal on each child node found,
     * and while doing so, handles traversing the structure without relying on the callstack to encode the tree structure.
     */
    export function forEachChildRecursively<T>(rootNode: Node, cbNode: (node: Node, parent: Node) => T | "skip" | undefined, cbNodes?: (nodes: NodeArray<Node>, parent: Node) => T | "skip" | undefined): T | undefined {
        const queue: (Node | NodeArray<Node>)[] = gatherPossibleChildren(rootNode);
        const parents: Node[] = []; // tracks parent references for elements in queue
        while (parents.length < queue.length) {
            parents.push(rootNode);
        }
        while (queue.length !== 0) {
            const current = queue.pop()!;
            const parent = parents.pop()!;
            if (isArray(current)) {
                if (cbNodes) {
                    const res = cbNodes(current, parent);
                    if (res) {
                        if (res === "skip") continue;
                        return res;
                    }
                }
                for (let i = current.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
                    queue.push(current[i]);
                    parents.push(parent);
                }
            }
            else {
                const res = cbNode(current, parent);
                if (res) {
                    if (res === "skip") continue;
                    return res;
                }
                if (current.kind >= SyntaxKind.FirstNode) {
                    // add children in reverse order to the queue, so popping gives the first child
                    for (const child of gatherPossibleChildren(current)) {
                        queue.push(child);
                        parents.push(current);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    function gatherPossibleChildren(node: Node) {
        const children: (Node | NodeArray<Node>)[] = [];
        forEachChild(node, addWorkItem, addWorkItem); // By using a stack above and `unshift` here, we emulate a depth-first preorder traversal
        return children;

        function addWorkItem(n: Node | NodeArray<Node>) {
            children.unshift(n);
        }
    }

    export function createSourceFile(fileName: string, sourceText: string, languageVersion: ScriptTarget, setParentNodes = false, scriptKind?: ScriptKind): SourceFile {
        tracing?.push(tracing.Phase.Parse, "createSourceFile", { path: fileName }, /*separateBeginAndEnd*/ true);
        performance.mark("beforeParse");
        let result: SourceFile;

        perfLogger.logStartParseSourceFile(fileName);
        if (languageVersion === ScriptTarget.JSON) {
            result = Parser.parseSourceFile(fileName, sourceText, languageVersion, /*syntaxCursor*/ undefined, setParentNodes, ScriptKind.JSON);
        }
        else {
            result = Parser.parseSourceFile(fileName, sourceText, languageVersion, /*syntaxCursor*/ undefined, setParentNodes, scriptKind);
        }
        perfLogger.logStopParseSourceFile();

        performance.mark("afterParse");
        performance.measure("Parse", "beforeParse", "afterParse");
        tracing?.pop();
        return result;
    }

    export function parseIsolatedEntityName(text: string, languageVersion: ScriptTarget): EntityName | undefined {
        return Parser.parseIsolatedEntityName(text, languageVersion);
    }

    /**
     * Parse json text into SyntaxTree and return node and parse errors if any
     * @param fileName
     * @param sourceText
     */
    export function parseJsonText(fileName: string, sourceText: string): JsonSourceFile {
        return Parser.parseJsonText(fileName, sourceText);
    }

    // See also `isExternalOrCommonJsModule` in utilities.ts
    export function isExternalModule(file: SourceFile): boolean {
        return file.externalModuleIndicator !== undefined;
    }

    // Produces a new SourceFile for the 'newText' provided. The 'textChangeRange' parameter
    // indicates what changed between the 'text' that this SourceFile has and the 'newText'.
    // The SourceFile will be created with the compiler attempting to reuse as many nodes from
    // this file as possible.
    //
    // Note: this function mutates nodes from this SourceFile. That means any existing nodes
    // from this SourceFile that are being held onto may change as a result (including
    // becoming detached from any SourceFile).  It is recommended that this SourceFile not
    // be used once 'update' is called on it.
    export function updateSourceFile(sourceFile: SourceFile, newText: string, textChangeRange: TextChangeRange, aggressiveChecks = false): SourceFile {
        const newSourceFile = IncrementalParser.updateSourceFile(sourceFile, newText, textChangeRange, aggressiveChecks);
        // Because new source file node is created, it may not have the flag PossiblyContainDynamicImport. This is the case if there is no new edit to add dynamic import.
        // We will manually port the flag to the new source file.
        (newSourceFile as Mutable<SourceFile>).flags |= (sourceFile.flags & NodeFlags.PermanentlySetIncrementalFlags);
        return newSourceFile;
    }

    /* @internal */
    export function parseIsolatedJSDocComment(content: string, start?: number, length?: number) {
        const result = Parser.JSDocParser.parseIsolatedJSDocComment(content, start, length);
        if (result && result.jsDoc) {
            // because the jsDocComment was parsed out of the source file, it might
            // not be covered by the fixupParentReferences.
            Parser.fixupParentReferences(result.jsDoc);
        }

        return result;
    }

    /* @internal */
    // Exposed only for testing.
    export function parseJSDocTypeExpressionForTests(content: string, start?: number, length?: number) {
        return Parser.JSDocParser.parseJSDocTypeExpressionForTests(content, start, length);
    }

    // Implement the parser as a singleton module.  We do this for perf reasons because creating
    // parser instances can actually be expensive enough to impact us on projects with many source
    // files.
    namespace Parser {
        // Share a single scanner across all calls to parse a source file.  This helps speed things
        // up by avoiding the cost of creating/compiling scanners over and over again.
        const scanner = createScanner(ScriptTarget.Latest, /*skipTrivia*/ true);

        const disallowInAndDecoratorContext = NodeFlags.DisallowInContext | NodeFlags.DecoratorContext;

        // capture constructors in 'initializeState' to avoid null checks
        // tslint:disable variable-name
        let NodeConstructor: new (kind: SyntaxKind, pos: number, end: number) => Node;
        let TokenConstructor: new (kind: SyntaxKind, pos: number, end: number) => Node;
        let IdentifierConstructor: new (kind: SyntaxKind, pos: number, end: number) => Node;
        let PrivateIdentifierConstructor: new (kind: SyntaxKind, pos: number, end: number) => Node;
        let SourceFileConstructor: new (kind: SyntaxKind, pos: number, end: number) => Node;
        // tslint:enable variable-name

        function countNode(node: Node) {
            nodeCount++;
            return node;
        }

        // Rather than using `createBaseNodeFactory` here, we establish a `BaseNodeFactory` that closes over the
        // constructors above, which are reset each time `initializeState` is called.
        const baseNodeFactory: BaseNodeFactory = {
            createBaseSourceFileNode: kind => countNode(new SourceFileConstructor(kind, /*pos*/ 0, /*end*/ 0)),
            createBaseIdentifierNode: kind => countNode(new IdentifierConstructor(kind, /*pos*/ 0, /*end*/ 0)),
            createBasePrivateIdentifierNode: kind => countNode(new PrivateIdentifierConstructor(kind, /*pos*/ 0, /*end*/ 0)),
            createBaseTokenNode: kind => countNode(new TokenConstructor(kind, /*pos*/ 0, /*end*/ 0)),
            createBaseNode: kind => countNode(new NodeConstructor(kind, /*pos*/ 0, /*end*/ 0))
        };

        const factory = createNodeFactory(NodeFactoryFlags.NoParenthesizerRules | NodeFactoryFlags.NoNodeConverters | NodeFactoryFlags.NoOriginalNode, baseNodeFactory);

        let fileName: string;
        let sourceFlags: NodeFlags;
        let sourceText: string;
        let languageVersion: ScriptTarget;
        let scriptKind: ScriptKind;
        let languageVariant: LanguageVariant;
        let parseDiagnostics: DiagnosticWithDetachedLocation[];
        let jsDocDiagnostics: DiagnosticWithDetachedLocation[];
        let syntaxCursor: IncrementalParser.SyntaxCursor | undefined;

        let currentToken: SyntaxKind;
        let nodeCount: number;
        let identifiers: ESMap<string, string>;
        let privateIdentifiers: ESMap<string, string>;
        let identifierCount: number;

        let parsingContext: ParsingContext;

        let notParenthesizedArrow: Set<number> | undefined;

        // Flags that dictate what parsing context we're in.  For example:
        // Whether or not we are in strict parsing mode.  All that changes in strict parsing mode is
        // that some tokens that would be considered identifiers may be considered keywords.
        //
        // When adding more parser context flags, consider which is the more common case that the
        // flag will be in.  This should be the 'false' state for that flag.  The reason for this is
        // that we don't store data in our nodes unless the value is in the *non-default* state.  So,
        // for example, more often than code 'allows-in' (or doesn't 'disallow-in').  We opt for
        // 'disallow-in' set to 'false'.  Otherwise, if we had 'allowsIn' set to 'true', then almost
        // all nodes would need extra state on them to store this info.
        //
        // Note: 'allowIn' and 'allowYield' track 1:1 with the [in] and [yield] concepts in the ES6
        // grammar specification.
        //
        // An important thing about these context concepts.  By default they are effectively inherited
        // while parsing through every grammar production.  i.e. if you don't change them, then when
        // you parse a sub-production, it will have the same context values as the parent production.
        // This is great most of the time.  After all, consider all the 'expression' grammar productions
        // and how nearly all of them pass along the 'in' and 'yield' context values:
        //
        // EqualityExpression[In, Yield] :
        //      RelationalExpression[?In, ?Yield]
        //      EqualityExpression[?In, ?Yield] == RelationalExpression[?In, ?Yield]
        //      EqualityExpression[?In, ?Yield] != RelationalExpression[?In, ?Yield]
        //      EqualityExpression[?In, ?Yield] === RelationalExpression[?In, ?Yield]
        //      EqualityExpression[?In, ?Yield] !== RelationalExpression[?In, ?Yield]
        //
        // Where you have to be careful is then understanding what the points are in the grammar
        // where the values are *not* passed along.  For example:
        //
        // SingleNameBinding[Yield,GeneratorParameter]
        //      [+GeneratorParameter]BindingIdentifier[Yield] Initializer[In]opt
        //      [~GeneratorParameter]BindingIdentifier[?Yield]Initializer[In, ?Yield]opt
        //
        // Here this is saying that if the GeneratorParameter context flag is set, that we should
        // explicitly set the 'yield' context flag to false before calling into the BindingIdentifier
        // and we should explicitly unset the 'yield' context flag before calling into the Initializer.
        // production.  Conversely, if the GeneratorParameter context flag is not set, then we
        // should leave the 'yield' context flag alone.
        //
        // Getting this all correct is tricky and requires careful reading of the grammar to
        // understand when these values should be changed versus when they should be inherited.
        //
        // Note: it should not be necessary to save/restore these flags during speculative/lookahead
        // parsing.  These context flags are naturally stored and restored through normal recursive
        // descent parsing and unwinding.
        let contextFlags: NodeFlags;

        // Indicates whether we are currently parsing top-level statements.
        let topLevel = true;

        // Whether or not we've had a parse error since creating the last AST node.  If we have
        // encountered an error, it will be stored on the next AST node we create.  Parse errors
        // can be broken down into three categories:
        //
        // 1) An error that occurred during scanning.  For example, an unterminated literal, or a
        //    character that was completely not understood.
        //
        // 2) A token was expected, but was not present.  This type of error is commonly produced
        //    by the 'parseExpected' function.
        //
        // 3) A token was present that no parsing function was able to consume.  This type of error
        //    only occurs in the 'abortParsingListOrMoveToNextToken' function when the parser
        //    decides to skip the token.
        //
        // In all of these cases, we want to mark the next node as having had an error before it.
        // With this mark, we can know in incremental settings if this node can be reused, or if
        // we have to reparse it.  If we don't keep this information around, we may just reuse the
        // node.  in that event we would then not produce the same errors as we did before, causing
        // significant confusion problems.
        //
        // Note: it is necessary that this value be saved/restored during speculative/lookahead
        // parsing.  During lookahead parsing, we will often create a node.  That node will have
        // this value attached, and then this value will be set back to 'false'.  If we decide to
        // rewind, we must get back to the same value we had prior to the lookahead.
        //
        // Note: any errors at the end of the file that do not precede a regular node, should get
        // attached to the EOF token.
        let parseErrorBeforeNextFinishedNode = false;

        export function parseSourceFile(fileName: string, sourceText: string, languageVersion: ScriptTarget, syntaxCursor: IncrementalParser.SyntaxCursor | undefined, setParentNodes = false, scriptKind?: ScriptKind): SourceFile {
            scriptKind = ensureScriptKind(fileName, scriptKind);
            if (scriptKind === ScriptKind.JSON) {
                const result = parseJsonText(fileName, sourceText, languageVersion, syntaxCursor, setParentNodes);
                convertToObjectWorker(result, result.statements[0]?.expression, result.parseDiagnostics, /*returnValue*/ false, /*knownRootOptions*/ undefined, /*jsonConversionNotifier*/ undefined);
                result.referencedFiles = emptyArray;
                result.typeReferenceDirectives = emptyArray;
                result.libReferenceDirectives = emptyArray;
                result.amdDependencies = emptyArray;
                result.hasNoDefaultLib = false;
                result.pragmas = emptyMap as ReadonlyPragmaMap;
                return result;
            }

            initializeState(fileName, sourceText, languageVersion, syntaxCursor, scriptKind);

            const result = parseSourceFileWorker(languageVersion, setParentNodes, scriptKind);

            clearState();

            return result;
        }

        export function parseIsolatedEntityName(content: string, languageVersion: ScriptTarget): EntityName | undefined {
            // Choice of `isDeclarationFile` should be arbitrary
            initializeState("", content, languageVersion, /*syntaxCursor*/ undefined, ScriptKind.JS);
            // Prime the scanner.
            nextToken();
            const entityName = parseEntityName(/*allowReservedWords*/ true);
            const isInvalid = token() === SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken && !parseDiagnostics.length;
            clearState();
            return isInvalid ? entityName : undefined;
        }

        export function parseJsonText(fileName: string, sourceText: string, languageVersion: ScriptTarget = ScriptTarget.ES2015, syntaxCursor?: IncrementalParser.SyntaxCursor, setParentNodes = false): JsonSourceFile {
            initializeState(fileName, sourceText, languageVersion, syntaxCursor, ScriptKind.JSON);
            sourceFlags = contextFlags;

            // Prime the scanner.
            nextToken();
            const pos = getNodePos();
            let statements, endOfFileToken;
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken) {
                statements = createNodeArray([], pos, pos);
                endOfFileToken = parseTokenNode<EndOfFileToken>();
            }
            else {
                // Loop and synthesize an ArrayLiteralExpression if there are more than
                // one top-level expressions to ensure all input text is consumed.
                let expressions: Expression[] | Expression | undefined;
                while (token() !== SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken) {
                    let expression;
                    switch (token()) {
                        case SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken:
                            expression = parseArrayLiteralExpression();
                            break;
                        case SyntaxKind.TrueKeyword:
                        case SyntaxKind.FalseKeyword:
                        case SyntaxKind.NullKeyword:
                            expression = parseTokenNode<BooleanLiteral | NullLiteral>();
                            break;
                        case SyntaxKind.MinusToken:
                            if (lookAhead(() => nextToken() === SyntaxKind.NumericLiteral && nextToken() !== SyntaxKind.ColonToken)) {
                                expression = parsePrefixUnaryExpression() as JsonMinusNumericLiteral;
                            }
                            else {
                                expression = parseObjectLiteralExpression();
                            }
                            break;
                        case SyntaxKind.NumericLiteral:
                        case SyntaxKind.StringLiteral:
                            if (lookAhead(() => nextToken() !== SyntaxKind.ColonToken)) {
                                expression = parseLiteralNode() as StringLiteral | NumericLiteral;
                                break;
                            }
                            // falls through
                        default:
                            expression = parseObjectLiteralExpression();
                            break;
                    }

                    // Error recovery: collect multiple top-level expressions
                    if (expressions && isArray(expressions)) {
                        expressions.push(expression);
                    }
                    else if (expressions) {
                        expressions = [expressions, expression];
                    }
                    else {
                        expressions = expression;
                        if (token() !== SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken) {
                            parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Unexpected_token);
                        }
                    }
                }

                const expression = isArray(expressions) ? finishNode(factory.createArrayLiteralExpression(expressions), pos) : Debug.checkDefined(expressions);
                const statement = factory.createExpressionStatement(expression) as JsonObjectExpressionStatement;
                finishNode(statement, pos);
                statements = createNodeArray([statement], pos);
                endOfFileToken = parseExpectedToken(SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken, Diagnostics.Unexpected_token);
            }

            // Set source file so that errors will be reported with this file name
            const sourceFile = createSourceFile(fileName, ScriptTarget.ES2015, ScriptKind.JSON, /*isDeclaration*/ false, statements, endOfFileToken, sourceFlags);

            if (setParentNodes) {
                fixupParentReferences(sourceFile);
            }

            sourceFile.nodeCount = nodeCount;
            sourceFile.identifierCount = identifierCount;
            sourceFile.identifiers = identifiers;
            sourceFile.parseDiagnostics = attachFileToDiagnostics(parseDiagnostics, sourceFile);
            if (jsDocDiagnostics) {
                sourceFile.jsDocDiagnostics = attachFileToDiagnostics(jsDocDiagnostics, sourceFile);
            }

            const result = sourceFile as JsonSourceFile;
            clearState();
            return result;
        }

        function initializeState(_fileName: string, _sourceText: string, _languageVersion: ScriptTarget, _syntaxCursor: IncrementalParser.SyntaxCursor | undefined, _scriptKind: ScriptKind) {
            NodeConstructor = objectAllocator.getNodeConstructor();
            TokenConstructor = objectAllocator.getTokenConstructor();
            IdentifierConstructor = objectAllocator.getIdentifierConstructor();
            PrivateIdentifierConstructor = objectAllocator.getPrivateIdentifierConstructor();
            SourceFileConstructor = objectAllocator.getSourceFileConstructor();

            fileName = normalizePath(_fileName);
            sourceText = _sourceText;
            languageVersion = _languageVersion;
            syntaxCursor = _syntaxCursor;
            scriptKind = _scriptKind;
            languageVariant = getLanguageVariant(_scriptKind);

            parseDiagnostics = [];
            parsingContext = 0;
            identifiers = new Map<string, string>();
            privateIdentifiers = new Map<string, string>();
            identifierCount = 0;
            nodeCount = 0;
            sourceFlags = 0;
            topLevel = true;

            switch (scriptKind) {
                case ScriptKind.JS:
                case ScriptKind.JSX:
                    contextFlags = NodeFlags.JavaScriptFile;
                    break;
                case ScriptKind.JSON:
                    contextFlags = NodeFlags.JavaScriptFile | NodeFlags.JsonFile;
                    break;
                default:
                    contextFlags = NodeFlags.None;
                    break;
            }
            parseErrorBeforeNextFinishedNode = false;

            // Initialize and prime the scanner before parsing the source elements.
            scanner.setText(sourceText);
            scanner.setOnError(scanError);
            scanner.setScriptTarget(languageVersion);
            scanner.setLanguageVariant(languageVariant);
        }

        function clearState() {
            // Clear out the text the scanner is pointing at, so it doesn't keep anything alive unnecessarily.
            scanner.clearCommentDirectives();
            scanner.setText("");
            scanner.setOnError(undefined);

            // Clear any data.  We don't want to accidentally hold onto it for too long.
            sourceText = undefined!;
            languageVersion = undefined!;
            syntaxCursor = undefined;
            scriptKind = undefined!;
            languageVariant = undefined!;
            sourceFlags = 0;
            parseDiagnostics = undefined!;
            jsDocDiagnostics = undefined!;
            parsingContext = 0;
            identifiers = undefined!;
            notParenthesizedArrow = undefined;
            topLevel = true;
        }

        function parseSourceFileWorker(languageVersion: ScriptTarget, setParentNodes: boolean, scriptKind: ScriptKind): SourceFile {
            const isDeclarationFile = isDeclarationFileName(fileName);
            if (isDeclarationFile) {
                contextFlags |= NodeFlags.Ambient;
            }

            sourceFlags = contextFlags;

            // Prime the scanner.
            nextToken();

            const statements = parseList(ParsingContext.SourceElements, parseStatement);
            Debug.assert(token() === SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken);
            const endOfFileToken = addJSDocComment(parseTokenNode<EndOfFileToken>());

            const sourceFile = createSourceFile(fileName, languageVersion, scriptKind, isDeclarationFile, statements, endOfFileToken, sourceFlags);

            // A member of ReadonlyArray<T> isn't assignable to a member of T[] (and prevents a direct cast) - but this is where we set up those members so they can be readonly in the future
            processCommentPragmas(sourceFile as {} as PragmaContext, sourceText);
            processPragmasIntoFields(sourceFile as {} as PragmaContext, reportPragmaDiagnostic);

            sourceFile.commentDirectives = scanner.getCommentDirectives();
            sourceFile.nodeCount = nodeCount;
            sourceFile.identifierCount = identifierCount;
            sourceFile.identifiers = identifiers;
            sourceFile.parseDiagnostics = attachFileToDiagnostics(parseDiagnostics, sourceFile);
            if (jsDocDiagnostics) {
                sourceFile.jsDocDiagnostics = attachFileToDiagnostics(jsDocDiagnostics, sourceFile);
            }

            if (setParentNodes) {
                fixupParentReferences(sourceFile);
            }

            return sourceFile;

            function reportPragmaDiagnostic(pos: number, end: number, diagnostic: DiagnosticMessage) {
                parseDiagnostics.push(createDetachedDiagnostic(fileName, pos, end, diagnostic));
            }
        }

        function withJSDoc<T extends HasJSDoc>(node: T, hasJSDoc: boolean): T {
            return hasJSDoc ? addJSDocComment(node) : node;
        }

        let hasDeprecatedTag = false;
        function addJSDocComment<T extends HasJSDoc>(node: T): T {
            Debug.assert(!node.jsDoc); // Should only be called once per node
            const jsDoc = mapDefined(getJSDocCommentRanges(node, sourceText), comment => JSDocParser.parseJSDocComment(node, comment.pos, comment.end - comment.pos));
            if (jsDoc.length) node.jsDoc = jsDoc;
            if (hasDeprecatedTag) {
                hasDeprecatedTag = false;
                (node as Mutable<T>).flags |= NodeFlags.Deprecated;
            }
            return node;
        }

        function reparseTopLevelAwait(sourceFile: SourceFile) {
            const savedSyntaxCursor = syntaxCursor;
            const baseSyntaxCursor = IncrementalParser.createSyntaxCursor(sourceFile);
            syntaxCursor = { currentNode };

            const statements: Statement[] = [];
            const savedParseDiagnostics = parseDiagnostics;

            parseDiagnostics = [];

            let pos = 0;
            let start = findNextStatementWithAwait(sourceFile.statements, 0);
            while (start !== -1) {
                // append all statements between pos and start
                const prevStatement = sourceFile.statements[pos];
                const nextStatement = sourceFile.statements[start];
                addRange(statements, sourceFile.statements, pos, start);
                pos = findNextStatementWithoutAwait(sourceFile.statements, start);

                // append all diagnostics associated with the copied range
                const diagnosticStart = findIndex(savedParseDiagnostics, diagnostic => diagnostic.start >= prevStatement.pos);
                const diagnosticEnd = diagnosticStart >= 0 ? findIndex(savedParseDiagnostics, diagnostic => diagnostic.start >= nextStatement.pos, diagnosticStart) : -1;
                if (diagnosticStart >= 0) {
                    addRange(parseDiagnostics, savedParseDiagnostics, diagnosticStart, diagnosticEnd >= 0 ? diagnosticEnd : undefined);
                }

                // reparse all statements between start and pos. We skip existing diagnostics for the same range and allow the parser to generate new ones.
                speculationHelper(() => {
                    const savedContextFlags = contextFlags;
                    contextFlags |= NodeFlags.AwaitContext;
                    scanner.setTextPos(nextStatement.pos);
                    nextToken();

                    while (token() !== SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken) {
                        const startPos = scanner.getStartPos();
                        const statement = parseListElement(ParsingContext.SourceElements, parseStatement);
                        statements.push(statement);
                        if (startPos === scanner.getStartPos()) {
                            nextToken();
                        }

                        if (pos >= 0) {
                            const nonAwaitStatement = sourceFile.statements[pos];
                            if (statement.end === nonAwaitStatement.pos) {
                                // done reparsing this section
                                break;
                            }
                            if (statement.end > nonAwaitStatement.pos) {
                                // we ate into the next statement, so we must reparse it.
                                pos = findNextStatementWithoutAwait(sourceFile.statements, pos + 1);
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    contextFlags = savedContextFlags;
                }, SpeculationKind.Reparse);

                // find the next statement containing an `await`
                start = pos >= 0 ? findNextStatementWithAwait(sourceFile.statements, pos) : -1;
            }

            // append all statements between pos and the end of the list
            if (pos >= 0) {
                const prevStatement = sourceFile.statements[pos];
                addRange(statements, sourceFile.statements, pos);

                // append all diagnostics associated with the copied range
                const diagnosticStart = findIndex(savedParseDiagnostics, diagnostic => diagnostic.start >= prevStatement.pos);
                if (diagnosticStart >= 0) {
                    addRange(parseDiagnostics, savedParseDiagnostics, diagnosticStart);
                }
            }

            syntaxCursor = savedSyntaxCursor;
            return factory.updateSourceFile(sourceFile, setTextRange(factory.createNodeArray(statements), sourceFile.statements));

            function containsPossibleTopLevelAwait(node: Node) {
                return !(node.flags & NodeFlags.AwaitContext)
                    && !!(node.transformFlags & TransformFlags.ContainsPossibleTopLevelAwait);
            }

            function findNextStatementWithAwait(statements: NodeArray<Statement>, start: number) {
                for (let i = start; i < statements.length; i++) {
                    if (containsPossibleTopLevelAwait(statements[i])) {
                        return i;
                    }
                }
                return -1;
            }

            function findNextStatementWithoutAwait(statements: NodeArray<Statement>, start: number) {
                for (let i = start; i < statements.length; i++) {
                    if (!containsPossibleTopLevelAwait(statements[i])) {
                        return i;
                    }
                }
                return -1;
            }

            function currentNode(position: number) {
                const node = baseSyntaxCursor.currentNode(position);
                if (topLevel && node && containsPossibleTopLevelAwait(node)) {
                    node.intersectsChange = true;
                }
                return node;
            }

        }

        export function fixupParentReferences(rootNode: Node) {
            // normally parent references are set during binding. However, for clients that only need
            // a syntax tree, and no semantic features, then the binding process is an unnecessary
            // overhead.  This functions allows us to set all the parents, without all the expense of
            // binding.
            setParentRecursive(rootNode, /*incremental*/ true);
        }

        function createSourceFile(fileName: string, languageVersion: ScriptTarget, scriptKind: ScriptKind, isDeclarationFile: boolean, statements: readonly Statement[], endOfFileToken: EndOfFileToken, flags: NodeFlags): SourceFile {
            // code from createNode is inlined here so createNode won't have to deal with special case of creating source files
            // this is quite rare comparing to other nodes and createNode should be as fast as possible
            let sourceFile = factory.createSourceFile(statements, endOfFileToken, flags);
            setTextRangePosWidth(sourceFile, 0, sourceText.length);
            setExternalModuleIndicator(sourceFile);

            // If we parsed this as an external module, it may contain top-level await
            if (!isDeclarationFile && isExternalModule(sourceFile) && sourceFile.transformFlags & TransformFlags.ContainsPossibleTopLevelAwait) {
                sourceFile = reparseTopLevelAwait(sourceFile);
            }

            sourceFile.text = sourceText;
            sourceFile.bindDiagnostics = [];
            sourceFile.bindSuggestionDiagnostics = undefined;
            sourceFile.languageVersion = languageVersion;
            sourceFile.fileName = fileName;
            sourceFile.languageVariant = getLanguageVariant(scriptKind);
            sourceFile.isDeclarationFile = isDeclarationFile;
            sourceFile.scriptKind = scriptKind;

            return sourceFile;
        }

        function setContextFlag(val: boolean, flag: NodeFlags) {
            if (val) {
                contextFlags |= flag;
            }
            else {
                contextFlags &= ~flag;
            }
        }

        function setDisallowInContext(val: boolean) {
            setContextFlag(val, NodeFlags.DisallowInContext);
        }

        function setYieldContext(val: boolean) {
            setContextFlag(val, NodeFlags.YieldContext);
        }

        function setDecoratorContext(val: boolean) {
            setContextFlag(val, NodeFlags.DecoratorContext);
        }

        function setAwaitContext(val: boolean) {
            setContextFlag(val, NodeFlags.AwaitContext);
        }

        function doOutsideOfContext<T>(context: NodeFlags, func: () => T): T {
            // contextFlagsToClear will contain only the context flags that are
            // currently set that we need to temporarily clear
            // We don't just blindly reset to the previous flags to ensure
            // that we do not mutate cached flags for the incremental
            // parser (ThisNodeHasError, ThisNodeOrAnySubNodesHasError, and
            // HasAggregatedChildData).
            const contextFlagsToClear = context & contextFlags;
            if (contextFlagsToClear) {
                // clear the requested context flags
                setContextFlag(/*val*/ false, contextFlagsToClear);
                const result = func();
                // restore the context flags we just cleared
                setContextFlag(/*val*/ true, contextFlagsToClear);
                return result;
            }

            // no need to do anything special as we are not in any of the requested contexts
            return func();
        }

        function doInsideOfContext<T>(context: NodeFlags, func: () => T): T {
            // contextFlagsToSet will contain only the context flags that
            // are not currently set that we need to temporarily enable.
            // We don't just blindly reset to the previous flags to ensure
            // that we do not mutate cached flags for the incremental
            // parser (ThisNodeHasError, ThisNodeOrAnySubNodesHasError, and
            // HasAggregatedChildData).
            const contextFlagsToSet = context & ~contextFlags;
            if (contextFlagsToSet) {
                // set the requested context flags
                setContextFlag(/*val*/ true, contextFlagsToSet);
                const result = func();
                // reset the context flags we just set
                setContextFlag(/*val*/ false, contextFlagsToSet);
                return result;
            }

            // no need to do anything special as we are already in all of the requested contexts
            return func();
        }

        function allowInAnd<T>(func: () => T): T {
            return doOutsideOfContext(NodeFlags.DisallowInContext, func);
        }

        function disallowInAnd<T>(func: () => T): T {
            return doInsideOfContext(NodeFlags.DisallowInContext, func);
        }

        function doInYieldContext<T>(func: () => T): T {
            return doInsideOfContext(NodeFlags.YieldContext, func);
        }

        function doInDecoratorContext<T>(func: () => T): T {
            return doInsideOfContext(NodeFlags.DecoratorContext, func);
        }

        function doInAwaitContext<T>(func: () => T): T {
            return doInsideOfContext(NodeFlags.AwaitContext, func);
        }

        function doOutsideOfAwaitContext<T>(func: () => T): T {
            return doOutsideOfContext(NodeFlags.AwaitContext, func);
        }

        function doInYieldAndAwaitContext<T>(func: () => T): T {
            return doInsideOfContext(NodeFlags.YieldContext | NodeFlags.AwaitContext, func);
        }

        function doOutsideOfYieldAndAwaitContext<T>(func: () => T): T {
            return doOutsideOfContext(NodeFlags.YieldContext | NodeFlags.AwaitContext, func);
        }

        function inContext(flags: NodeFlags) {
            return (contextFlags & flags) !== 0;
        }

        function inYieldContext() {
            return inContext(NodeFlags.YieldContext);
        }

        function inDisallowInContext() {
            return inContext(NodeFlags.DisallowInContext);
        }

        function inDecoratorContext() {
            return inContext(NodeFlags.DecoratorContext);
        }

        function inAwaitContext() {
            return inContext(NodeFlags.AwaitContext);
        }

        function parseErrorAtCurrentToken(message: DiagnosticMessage, arg0?: any): DiagnosticWithDetachedLocation | undefined {
            return parseErrorAt(scanner.getTokenPos(), scanner.getTextPos(), message, arg0);
        }

        function parseErrorAtPosition(start: number, length: number, message: DiagnosticMessage, arg0?: any): DiagnosticWithDetachedLocation | undefined {
            // Don't report another error if it would just be at the same position as the last error.
            const lastError = lastOrUndefined(parseDiagnostics);
            let result: DiagnosticWithDetachedLocation | undefined;
            if (!lastError || start !== lastError.start) {
                result = createDetachedDiagnostic(fileName, start, length, message, arg0);
                parseDiagnostics.push(result);
            }

            // Mark that we've encountered an error.  We'll set an appropriate bit on the next
            // node we finish so that it can't be reused incrementally.
            parseErrorBeforeNextFinishedNode = true;
            return result;
        }

        function parseErrorAt(start: number, end: number, message: DiagnosticMessage, arg0?: any): DiagnosticWithDetachedLocation | undefined {
            return parseErrorAtPosition(start, end - start, message, arg0);
        }

        function parseErrorAtRange(range: TextRange, message: DiagnosticMessage, arg0?: any): void {
            parseErrorAt(range.pos, range.end, message, arg0);
        }

        function scanError(message: DiagnosticMessage, length: number): void {
            parseErrorAtPosition(scanner.getTextPos(), length, message);
        }

        function getNodePos(): number {
            return scanner.getStartPos();
        }

        function hasPrecedingJSDocComment() {
            return scanner.hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
        }

        // Use this function to access the current token instead of reading the currentToken
        // variable. Since function results aren't narrowed in control flow analysis, this ensures
        // that the type checker doesn't make wrong assumptions about the type of the current
        // token (e.g. a call to nextToken() changes the current token but the checker doesn't
        // reason about this side effect).  Mainstream VMs inline simple functions like this, so
        // there is no performance penalty.
        function token(): SyntaxKind {
            return currentToken;
        }

        function nextTokenWithoutCheck() {
            return currentToken = scanner.scan();
        }

        function nextTokenAnd<T>(func: () => T): T {
            nextToken();
            return func();
        }

        function nextToken(): SyntaxKind {
            // if the keyword had an escape
            if (isKeyword(currentToken) && (scanner.hasUnicodeEscape() || scanner.hasExtendedUnicodeEscape())) {
                // issue a parse error for the escape
                parseErrorAt(scanner.getTokenPos(), scanner.getTextPos(), Diagnostics.Keywords_cannot_contain_escape_characters);
            }
            return nextTokenWithoutCheck();
        }

        function nextTokenJSDoc(): JSDocSyntaxKind {
            return currentToken = scanner.scanJsDocToken();
        }

        function reScanGreaterToken(): SyntaxKind {
            return currentToken = scanner.reScanGreaterToken();
        }

        function reScanSlashToken(): SyntaxKind {
            return currentToken = scanner.reScanSlashToken();
        }

        function reScanTemplateToken(isTaggedTemplate: boolean): SyntaxKind {
            return currentToken = scanner.reScanTemplateToken(isTaggedTemplate);
        }

        function reScanTemplateHeadOrNoSubstitutionTemplate(): SyntaxKind {
            return currentToken = scanner.reScanTemplateHeadOrNoSubstitutionTemplate();
        }

        function reScanLessThanToken(): SyntaxKind {
            return currentToken = scanner.reScanLessThanToken();
        }

        function reScanHashToken(): SyntaxKind {
            return currentToken = scanner.reScanHashToken();
        }

        function scanJsxIdentifier(): SyntaxKind {
            return currentToken = scanner.scanJsxIdentifier();
        }

        function scanJsxText(): SyntaxKind {
            return currentToken = scanner.scanJsxToken();
        }

        function scanJsxAttributeValue(): SyntaxKind {
            return currentToken = scanner.scanJsxAttributeValue();
        }

        function speculationHelper<T>(callback: () => T, speculationKind: SpeculationKind): T {
            // Keep track of the state we'll need to rollback to if lookahead fails (or if the
            // caller asked us to always reset our state).
            const saveToken = currentToken;
            const saveParseDiagnosticsLength = parseDiagnostics.length;
            const saveParseErrorBeforeNextFinishedNode = parseErrorBeforeNextFinishedNode;

            // Note: it is not actually necessary to save/restore the context flags here.  That's
            // because the saving/restoring of these flags happens naturally through the recursive
            // descent nature of our parser.  However, we still store this here just so we can
            // assert that invariant holds.
            const saveContextFlags = contextFlags;

            // If we're only looking ahead, then tell the scanner to only lookahead as well.
            // Otherwise, if we're actually speculatively parsing, then tell the scanner to do the
            // same.
            const result = speculationKind !== SpeculationKind.TryParse
                ? scanner.lookAhead(callback)
                : scanner.tryScan(callback);

            Debug.assert(saveContextFlags === contextFlags);

            // If our callback returned something 'falsy' or we're just looking ahead,
            // then unconditionally restore us to where we were.
            if (!result || speculationKind !== SpeculationKind.TryParse) {
                currentToken = saveToken;
                if (speculationKind !== SpeculationKind.Reparse) {
                    parseDiagnostics.length = saveParseDiagnosticsLength;
                }
                parseErrorBeforeNextFinishedNode = saveParseErrorBeforeNextFinishedNode;
            }

            return result;
        }

        /** Invokes the provided callback then unconditionally restores the parser to the state it
         * was in immediately prior to invoking the callback.  The result of invoking the callback
         * is returned from this function.
         */
        function lookAhead<T>(callback: () => T): T {
            return speculationHelper(callback, SpeculationKind.Lookahead);
        }

        /** Invokes the provided callback.  If the callback returns something falsy, then it restores
         * the parser to the state it was in immediately prior to invoking the callback.  If the
         * callback returns something truthy, then the parser state is not rolled back.  The result
         * of invoking the callback is returned from this function.
         */
        function tryParse<T>(callback: () => T): T {
            return speculationHelper(callback, SpeculationKind.TryParse);
        }

        function isBindingIdentifier(): boolean {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.Identifier) {
                return true;
            }
            return token() > SyntaxKind.LastReservedWord;
        }

        // Ignore strict mode flag because we will report an error in type checker instead.
        function isIdentifier(): boolean {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.Identifier) {
                return true;
            }

            // If we have a 'yield' keyword, and we're in the [yield] context, then 'yield' is
            // considered a keyword and is not an identifier.
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.YieldKeyword && inYieldContext()) {
                return false;
            }

            // If we have a 'await' keyword, and we're in the [Await] context, then 'await' is
            // considered a keyword and is not an identifier.
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.AwaitKeyword && inAwaitContext()) {
                return false;
            }

            return token() > SyntaxKind.LastReservedWord;
        }

        function parseExpected(kind: SyntaxKind, diagnosticMessage?: DiagnosticMessage, shouldAdvance = true): boolean {
            if (token() === kind) {
                if (shouldAdvance) {
                    nextToken();
                }
                return true;
            }

            // Report specific message if provided with one.  Otherwise, report generic fallback message.
            if (diagnosticMessage) {
                parseErrorAtCurrentToken(diagnosticMessage);
            }
            else {
                parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics._0_expected, tokenToString(kind));
            }
            return false;
        }

        function parseExpectedJSDoc(kind: JSDocSyntaxKind) {
            if (token() === kind) {
                nextTokenJSDoc();
                return true;
            }
            parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics._0_expected, tokenToString(kind));
            return false;
        }

        function parseExpectedMatchingBrackets(openKind: SyntaxKind, closeKind: SyntaxKind, openParsed: boolean, openPosition: number) {
            if (token() === closeKind) {
                nextToken();
                return;
            }
            const lastError = parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics._0_expected, tokenToString(closeKind));
            if (!openParsed) {
                return;
            }
            if (lastError) {
                addRelatedInfo(
                    lastError,
                    createDetachedDiagnostic(fileName, openPosition, 1, Diagnostics.The_parser_expected_to_find_a_1_to_match_the_0_token_here, tokenToString(openKind), tokenToString(closeKind))
                );
            }
        }

        function parseOptional(t: SyntaxKind): boolean {
            if (token() === t) {
                nextToken();
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        function parseOptionalToken<TKind extends SyntaxKind>(t: TKind): Token<TKind>;
        function parseOptionalToken(t: SyntaxKind): Node | undefined {
            if (token() === t) {
                return parseTokenNode();
            }
            return undefined;
        }

        function parseOptionalTokenJSDoc<TKind extends JSDocSyntaxKind>(t: TKind): Token<TKind>;
        function parseOptionalTokenJSDoc(t: JSDocSyntaxKind): Node | undefined {
            if (token() === t) {
                return parseTokenNodeJSDoc();
            }
            return undefined;
        }

        function parseExpectedToken<TKind extends SyntaxKind>(t: TKind, diagnosticMessage?: DiagnosticMessage, arg0?: any): Token<TKind>;
        function parseExpectedToken(t: SyntaxKind, diagnosticMessage?: DiagnosticMessage, arg0?: any): Node {
            return parseOptionalToken(t) ||
                createMissingNode(t, /*reportAtCurrentPosition*/ false, diagnosticMessage || Diagnostics._0_expected, arg0 || tokenToString(t));
        }

        function parseExpectedTokenJSDoc<TKind extends JSDocSyntaxKind>(t: TKind): Token<TKind>;
        function parseExpectedTokenJSDoc(t: JSDocSyntaxKind): Node {
            return parseOptionalTokenJSDoc(t) ||
                createMissingNode(t, /*reportAtCurrentPosition*/ false, Diagnostics._0_expected, tokenToString(t));
        }

        function parseTokenNode<T extends Node>(): T {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const kind = token();
            nextToken();
            return finishNode(factory.createToken(kind), pos) as T;
        }

        function parseTokenNodeJSDoc<T extends Node>(): T {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const kind = token();
            nextTokenJSDoc();
            return finishNode(factory.createToken(kind), pos) as T;
        }

        function canParseSemicolon() {
            // If there's a real semicolon, then we can always parse it out.
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken) {
                return true;
            }

            // We can parse out an optional semicolon in ASI cases in the following cases.
            return token() === SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken || token() === SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken || scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak();
        }

        function parseSemicolon(): boolean {
            if (canParseSemicolon()) {
                if (token() === SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken) {
                    // consume the semicolon if it was explicitly provided.
                    nextToken();
                }

                return true;
            }
            else {
                return parseExpected(SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken);
            }
        }

        function createNodeArray<T extends Node>(elements: T[], pos: number, end?: number, hasTrailingComma?: boolean): NodeArray<T> {
            const array = factory.createNodeArray(elements, hasTrailingComma);
            setTextRangePosEnd(array, pos, end ?? scanner.getStartPos());
            return array;
        }

        function finishNode<T extends Node>(node: T, pos: number, end?: number): T {
            setTextRangePosEnd(node, pos, end ?? scanner.getStartPos());
            if (contextFlags) {
                (node as Mutable<T>).flags |= contextFlags;
            }

            // Keep track on the node if we encountered an error while parsing it.  If we did, then
            // we cannot reuse the node incrementally.  Once we've marked this node, clear out the
            // flag so that we don't mark any subsequent nodes.
            if (parseErrorBeforeNextFinishedNode) {
                parseErrorBeforeNextFinishedNode = false;
                (node as Mutable<T>).flags |= NodeFlags.ThisNodeHasError;
            }

            return node;
        }

        function createMissingNode<T extends Node>(kind: T["kind"], reportAtCurrentPosition: false, diagnosticMessage?: DiagnosticMessage, arg0?: any): T;
        function createMissingNode<T extends Node>(kind: T["kind"], reportAtCurrentPosition: boolean, diagnosticMessage: DiagnosticMessage, arg0?: any): T;
        function createMissingNode<T extends Node>(kind: T["kind"], reportAtCurrentPosition: boolean, diagnosticMessage: DiagnosticMessage, arg0?: any): T {
            if (reportAtCurrentPosition) {
                parseErrorAtPosition(scanner.getStartPos(), 0, diagnosticMessage, arg0);
            }
            else if (diagnosticMessage) {
                parseErrorAtCurrentToken(diagnosticMessage, arg0);
            }

            const pos = getNodePos();
            const result =
                kind === SyntaxKind.Identifier ? factory.createIdentifier("", /*typeArguments*/ undefined, /*originalKeywordKind*/ undefined) :
                isTemplateLiteralKind(kind) ? factory.createTemplateLiteralLikeNode(kind, "", "", /*templateFlags*/ undefined) :
                kind === SyntaxKind.NumericLiteral ? factory.createNumericLiteral("", /*numericLiteralFlags*/ undefined) :
                kind === SyntaxKind.StringLiteral ? factory.createStringLiteral("", /*isSingleQuote*/ undefined) :
                kind === SyntaxKind.MissingDeclaration ? factory.createMissingDeclaration() :
                factory.createToken(kind);
            return finishNode(result, pos) as T;
        }

        function internIdentifier(text: string): string {
            let identifier = identifiers.get(text);
            if (identifier === undefined) {
                identifiers.set(text, identifier = text);
            }
            return identifier;
        }

        // An identifier that starts with two underscores has an extra underscore character prepended to it to avoid issues
        // with magic property names like '__proto__'. The 'identifiers' object is used to share a single string instance for
        // each identifier in order to reduce memory consumption.
        function createIdentifier(isIdentifier: boolean, diagnosticMessage?: DiagnosticMessage, privateIdentifierDiagnosticMessage?: DiagnosticMessage): Identifier {
            if (isIdentifier) {
                identifierCount++;
                const pos = getNodePos();
                // Store original token kind if it is not just an Identifier so we can report appropriate error later in type checker
                const originalKeywordKind = token();
                const text = internIdentifier(scanner.getTokenValue());
                nextTokenWithoutCheck();
                return finishNode(factory.createIdentifier(text, /*typeArguments*/ undefined, originalKeywordKind), pos);
            }

            if (token() === SyntaxKind.PrivateIdentifier) {
                parseErrorAtCurrentToken(privateIdentifierDiagnosticMessage || Diagnostics.Private_identifiers_are_not_allowed_outside_class_bodies);
                return createIdentifier(/*isIdentifier*/ true);
            }

            if (token() === SyntaxKind.Unknown && scanner.tryScan(() => scanner.reScanInvalidIdentifier() === SyntaxKind.Identifier)) {
                // Scanner has already recorded an 'Invalid character' error, so no need to add another from the parser.
                return createIdentifier(/*isIdentifier*/ true);
            }

            identifierCount++;
            // Only for end of file because the error gets reported incorrectly on embedded script tags.
            const reportAtCurrentPosition = token() === SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken;

            const isReservedWord = scanner.isReservedWord();
            const msgArg = scanner.getTokenText();

            const defaultMessage = isReservedWord ?
                Diagnostics.Identifier_expected_0_is_a_reserved_word_that_cannot_be_used_here :
                Diagnostics.Identifier_expected;

            return createMissingNode<Identifier>(SyntaxKind.Identifier, reportAtCurrentPosition, diagnosticMessage || defaultMessage, msgArg);
        }

        function parseBindingIdentifier(privateIdentifierDiagnosticMessage?: DiagnosticMessage) {
            return createIdentifier(isBindingIdentifier(), /*diagnosticMessage*/ undefined, privateIdentifierDiagnosticMessage);
        }

        function parseIdentifier(diagnosticMessage?: DiagnosticMessage, privateIdentifierDiagnosticMessage?: DiagnosticMessage): Identifier {
            return createIdentifier(isIdentifier(), diagnosticMessage, privateIdentifierDiagnosticMessage);
        }

        function parseIdentifierName(diagnosticMessage?: DiagnosticMessage): Identifier {
            return createIdentifier(tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(token()), diagnosticMessage);
        }

        function isLiteralPropertyName(): boolean {
            return tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(token()) ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.StringLiteral ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.NumericLiteral;
        }

        function parsePropertyNameWorker(allowComputedPropertyNames: boolean): PropertyName {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.StringLiteral || token() === SyntaxKind.NumericLiteral) {
                const node = parseLiteralNode() as StringLiteral | NumericLiteral;
                node.text = internIdentifier(node.text);
                return node;
            }
            if (allowComputedPropertyNames && token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken) {
                return parseComputedPropertyName();
            }
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.PrivateIdentifier) {
                return parsePrivateIdentifier();
            }
            return parseIdentifierName();
        }

        function parsePropertyName(): PropertyName {
            return parsePropertyNameWorker(/*allowComputedPropertyNames*/ true);
        }

        function parseComputedPropertyName(): ComputedPropertyName {
            // PropertyName [Yield]:
            //      LiteralPropertyName
            //      ComputedPropertyName[?Yield]
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken);
            // We parse any expression (including a comma expression). But the grammar
            // says that only an assignment expression is allowed, so the grammar checker
            // will error if it sees a comma expression.
            const expression = allowInAnd(parseExpression);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken);
            return finishNode(factory.createComputedPropertyName(expression), pos);
        }

        function internPrivateIdentifier(text: string): string {
            let privateIdentifier = privateIdentifiers.get(text);
            if (privateIdentifier === undefined) {
                privateIdentifiers.set(text, privateIdentifier = text);
            }
            return privateIdentifier;
        }

        function parsePrivateIdentifier(): PrivateIdentifier {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const node = factory.createPrivateIdentifier(internPrivateIdentifier(scanner.getTokenText()));
            nextToken();
            return finishNode(node, pos);
        }

        function parseContextualModifier(t: SyntaxKind): boolean {
            return token() === t && tryParse(nextTokenCanFollowModifier);
        }

        function nextTokenIsOnSameLineAndCanFollowModifier() {
            nextToken();
            if (scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak()) {
                return false;
            }
            return canFollowModifier();
        }

        function nextTokenCanFollowModifier() {
            switch (token()) {
                case SyntaxKind.ConstKeyword:
                    // 'const' is only a modifier if followed by 'enum'.
                    return nextToken() === SyntaxKind.EnumKeyword;
                case SyntaxKind.ExportKeyword:
                    nextToken();
                    if (token() === SyntaxKind.DefaultKeyword) {
                        return lookAhead(nextTokenCanFollowDefaultKeyword);
                    }
                    if (token() === SyntaxKind.TypeKeyword) {
                        return lookAhead(nextTokenCanFollowExportModifier);
                    }
                    return canFollowExportModifier();
                case SyntaxKind.DefaultKeyword:
                    return nextTokenCanFollowDefaultKeyword();
                case SyntaxKind.StaticKeyword:
                    return nextTokenIsOnSameLineAndCanFollowModifier();
                case SyntaxKind.GetKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.SetKeyword:
                    nextToken();
                    return canFollowModifier();
                default:
                    return nextTokenIsOnSameLineAndCanFollowModifier();
            }
        }

        function canFollowExportModifier(): boolean {
            return token() !== SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken
                && token() !== SyntaxKind.AsKeyword
                && token() !== SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken
                && canFollowModifier();
        }

        function nextTokenCanFollowExportModifier(): boolean {
            nextToken();
            return canFollowExportModifier();
        }

        function parseAnyContextualModifier(): boolean {
            return isModifierKind(token()) && tryParse(nextTokenCanFollowModifier);
        }

        function canFollowModifier(): boolean {
            return token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken
                || token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken
                || token() === SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken
                || token() === SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken
                || isLiteralPropertyName();
        }

        function nextTokenCanFollowDefaultKeyword(): boolean {
            nextToken();
            return token() === SyntaxKind.ClassKeyword || token() === SyntaxKind.FunctionKeyword ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.InterfaceKeyword ||
                (token() === SyntaxKind.AbstractKeyword && lookAhead(nextTokenIsClassKeywordOnSameLine)) ||
                (token() === SyntaxKind.AsyncKeyword && lookAhead(nextTokenIsFunctionKeywordOnSameLine));
        }

        // True if positioned at the start of a list element
        function isListElement(parsingContext: ParsingContext, inErrorRecovery: boolean): boolean {
            const node = currentNode(parsingContext);
            if (node) {
                return true;
            }

            switch (parsingContext) {
                case ParsingContext.SourceElements:
                case ParsingContext.BlockStatements:
                case ParsingContext.SwitchClauseStatements:
                    // If we're in error recovery, then we don't want to treat ';' as an empty statement.
                    // The problem is that ';' can show up in far too many contexts, and if we see one
                    // and assume it's a statement, then we may bail out inappropriately from whatever
                    // we're parsing.  For example, if we have a semicolon in the middle of a class, then
                    // we really don't want to assume the class is over and we're on a statement in the
                    // outer module.  We just want to consume and move on.
                    return !(token() === SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken && inErrorRecovery) && isStartOfStatement();
                case ParsingContext.SwitchClauses:
                    return token() === SyntaxKind.CaseKeyword || token() === SyntaxKind.DefaultKeyword;
                case ParsingContext.TypeMembers:
                    return lookAhead(isTypeMemberStart);
                case ParsingContext.ClassMembers:
                    // We allow semicolons as class elements (as specified by ES6) as long as we're
                    // not in error recovery.  If we're in error recovery, we don't want an errant
                    // semicolon to be treated as a class member (since they're almost always used
                    // for statements.
                    return lookAhead(isClassMemberStart) || (token() === SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken && !inErrorRecovery);
                case ParsingContext.EnumMembers:
                    // Include open bracket computed properties. This technically also lets in indexers,
                    // which would be a candidate for improved error reporting.
                    return token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken || isLiteralPropertyName();
                case ParsingContext.ObjectLiteralMembers:
                    switch (token()) {
                        case SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken:
                        case SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken:
                        case SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken:
                        case SyntaxKind.DotToken: // Not an object literal member, but don't want to close the object (see `tests/cases/fourslash/completionsDotInObjectLiteral.ts`)
                            return true;
                        default:
                            return isLiteralPropertyName();
                    }
                case ParsingContext.RestProperties:
                    return isLiteralPropertyName();
                case ParsingContext.ObjectBindingElements:
                    return token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken || token() === SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken || isLiteralPropertyName();
                case ParsingContext.HeritageClauseElement:
                    // If we see `{ ... }` then only consume it as an expression if it is followed by `,` or `{`
                    // That way we won't consume the body of a class in its heritage clause.
                    if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken) {
                        return lookAhead(isValidHeritageClauseObjectLiteral);
                    }

                    if (!inErrorRecovery) {
                        return isStartOfLeftHandSideExpression() && !isHeritageClauseExtendsOrImplementsKeyword();
                    }
                    else {
                        // If we're in error recovery we tighten up what we're willing to match.
                        // That way we don't treat something like "this" as a valid heritage clause
                        // element during recovery.
                        return isIdentifier() && !isHeritageClauseExtendsOrImplementsKeyword();
                    }
                case ParsingContext.VariableDeclarations:
                    return isBindingIdentifierOrPrivateIdentifierOrPattern();
                case ParsingContext.ArrayBindingElements:
                    return token() === SyntaxKind.CommaToken || token() === SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken || isBindingIdentifierOrPrivateIdentifierOrPattern();
                case ParsingContext.TypeParameters:
                    return isIdentifier();
                case ParsingContext.ArrayLiteralMembers:
                    switch (token()) {
                        case SyntaxKind.CommaToken:
                        case SyntaxKind.DotToken: // Not an array literal member, but don't want to close the array (see `tests/cases/fourslash/completionsDotInArrayLiteralInObjectLiteral.ts`)
                            return true;
                    }
                    // falls through
                case ParsingContext.ArgumentExpressions:
                    return token() === SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken || isStartOfExpression();
                case ParsingContext.Parameters:
                    return isStartOfParameter(/*isJSDocParameter*/ false);
                case ParsingContext.JSDocParameters:
                    return isStartOfParameter(/*isJSDocParameter*/ true);
                case ParsingContext.TypeArguments:
                case ParsingContext.TupleElementTypes:
                    return token() === SyntaxKind.CommaToken || isStartOfType();
                case ParsingContext.HeritageClauses:
                    return isHeritageClause();
                case ParsingContext.ImportOrExportSpecifiers:
                    return tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(token());
                case ParsingContext.JsxAttributes:
                    return tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(token()) || token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken;
                case ParsingContext.JsxChildren:
                    return true;
            }

            return Debug.fail("Non-exhaustive case in 'isListElement'.");
        }

        function isValidHeritageClauseObjectLiteral() {
            Debug.assert(token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken);
            if (nextToken() === SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken) {
                // if we see "extends {}" then only treat the {} as what we're extending (and not
                // the class body) if we have:
                //
                //      extends {} {
                //      extends {},
                //      extends {} extends
                //      extends {} implements

                const next = nextToken();
                return next === SyntaxKind.CommaToken || next === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken || next === SyntaxKind.ExtendsKeyword || next === SyntaxKind.ImplementsKeyword;
            }

            return true;
        }

        function nextTokenIsIdentifier() {
            nextToken();
            return isIdentifier();
        }

        function nextTokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword() {
            nextToken();
            return tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(token());
        }

        function nextTokenIsIdentifierOrKeywordOrGreaterThan() {
            nextToken();
            return tokenIsIdentifierOrKeywordOrGreaterThan(token());
        }

        function isHeritageClauseExtendsOrImplementsKeyword(): boolean {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.ImplementsKeyword ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.ExtendsKeyword) {

                return lookAhead(nextTokenIsStartOfExpression);
            }

            return false;
        }

        function nextTokenIsStartOfExpression() {
            nextToken();
            return isStartOfExpression();
        }

        function nextTokenIsStartOfType() {
            nextToken();
            return isStartOfType();
        }

        // True if positioned at a list terminator
        function isListTerminator(kind: ParsingContext): boolean {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken) {
                // Being at the end of the file ends all lists.
                return true;
            }

            switch (kind) {
                case ParsingContext.BlockStatements:
                case ParsingContext.SwitchClauses:
                case ParsingContext.TypeMembers:
                case ParsingContext.ClassMembers:
                case ParsingContext.EnumMembers:
                case ParsingContext.ObjectLiteralMembers:
                case ParsingContext.ObjectBindingElements:
                case ParsingContext.ImportOrExportSpecifiers:
                    return token() === SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken;
                case ParsingContext.SwitchClauseStatements:
                    return token() === SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken || token() === SyntaxKind.CaseKeyword || token() === SyntaxKind.DefaultKeyword;
                case ParsingContext.HeritageClauseElement:
                    return token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken || token() === SyntaxKind.ExtendsKeyword || token() === SyntaxKind.ImplementsKeyword;
                case ParsingContext.VariableDeclarations:
                    return isVariableDeclaratorListTerminator();
                case ParsingContext.TypeParameters:
                    // Tokens other than '>' are here for better error recovery
                    return token() === SyntaxKind.GreaterThanToken || token() === SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken || token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken || token() === SyntaxKind.ExtendsKeyword || token() === SyntaxKind.ImplementsKeyword;
                case ParsingContext.ArgumentExpressions:
                    // Tokens other than ')' are here for better error recovery
                    return token() === SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken || token() === SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken;
                case ParsingContext.ArrayLiteralMembers:
                case ParsingContext.TupleElementTypes:
                case ParsingContext.ArrayBindingElements:
                    return token() === SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken;
                case ParsingContext.JSDocParameters:
                case ParsingContext.Parameters:
                case ParsingContext.RestProperties:
                    // Tokens other than ')' and ']' (the latter for index signatures) are here for better error recovery
                    return token() === SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken || token() === SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken /*|| token === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken*/;
                case ParsingContext.TypeArguments:
                    // All other tokens should cause the type-argument to terminate except comma token
                    return token() !== SyntaxKind.CommaToken;
                case ParsingContext.HeritageClauses:
                    return token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken || token() === SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken;
                case ParsingContext.JsxAttributes:
                    return token() === SyntaxKind.GreaterThanToken || token() === SyntaxKind.SlashToken;
                case ParsingContext.JsxChildren:
                    return token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken && lookAhead(nextTokenIsSlash);
                default:
                    return false;
            }
        }

        function isVariableDeclaratorListTerminator(): boolean {
            // If we can consume a semicolon (either explicitly, or with ASI), then consider us done
            // with parsing the list of variable declarators.
            if (canParseSemicolon()) {
                return true;
            }

            // in the case where we're parsing the variable declarator of a 'for-in' statement, we
            // are done if we see an 'in' keyword in front of us. Same with for-of
            if (isInOrOfKeyword(token())) {
                return true;
            }

            // ERROR RECOVERY TWEAK:
            // For better error recovery, if we see an '=>' then we just stop immediately.  We've got an
            // arrow function here and it's going to be very unlikely that we'll resynchronize and get
            // another variable declaration.
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken) {
                return true;
            }

            // Keep trying to parse out variable declarators.
            return false;
        }

        // True if positioned at element or terminator of the current list or any enclosing list
        function isInSomeParsingContext(): boolean {
            for (let kind = 0; kind < ParsingContext.Count; kind++) {
                if (parsingContext & (1 << kind)) {
                    if (isListElement(kind, /*inErrorRecovery*/ true) || isListTerminator(kind)) {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }

            return false;
        }

        // Parses a list of elements
        function parseList<T extends Node>(kind: ParsingContext, parseElement: () => T): NodeArray<T> {
            const saveParsingContext = parsingContext;
            parsingContext |= 1 << kind;
            const list = [];
            const listPos = getNodePos();

            while (!isListTerminator(kind)) {
                if (isListElement(kind, /*inErrorRecovery*/ false)) {
                    list.push(parseListElement(kind, parseElement));

                    continue;
                }

                if (abortParsingListOrMoveToNextToken(kind)) {
                    break;
                }
            }

            parsingContext = saveParsingContext;
            return createNodeArray(list, listPos);
        }

        function parseListElement<T extends Node>(parsingContext: ParsingContext, parseElement: () => T): T {
            const node = currentNode(parsingContext);
            if (node) {
                return consumeNode(node) as T;
            }

            return parseElement();
        }

        function currentNode(parsingContext: ParsingContext): Node | undefined {
            // If we don't have a cursor or the parsing context isn't reusable, there's nothing to reuse.
            //
            // If there is an outstanding parse error that we've encountered, but not attached to
            // some node, then we cannot get a node from the old source tree.  This is because we
            // want to mark the next node we encounter as being unusable.
            //
            // Note: This may be too conservative.  Perhaps we could reuse the node and set the bit
            // on it (or its leftmost child) as having the error.  For now though, being conservative
            // is nice and likely won't ever affect perf.
            if (!syntaxCursor || !isReusableParsingContext(parsingContext) || parseErrorBeforeNextFinishedNode) {
                return undefined;
            }

            const node = syntaxCursor.currentNode(scanner.getStartPos());

            // Can't reuse a missing node.
            // Can't reuse a node that intersected the change range.
            // Can't reuse a node that contains a parse error.  This is necessary so that we
            // produce the same set of errors again.
            if (nodeIsMissing(node) || node.intersectsChange || containsParseError(node)) {
                return undefined;
            }

            // We can only reuse a node if it was parsed under the same strict mode that we're
            // currently in.  i.e. if we originally parsed a node in non-strict mode, but then
            // the user added 'using strict' at the top of the file, then we can't use that node
            // again as the presence of strict mode may cause us to parse the tokens in the file
            // differently.
            //
            // Note: we *can* reuse tokens when the strict mode changes.  That's because tokens
            // are unaffected by strict mode.  It's just the parser will decide what to do with it
            // differently depending on what mode it is in.
            //
            // This also applies to all our other context flags as well.
            const nodeContextFlags = node.flags & NodeFlags.ContextFlags;
            if (nodeContextFlags !== contextFlags) {
                return undefined;
            }

            // Ok, we have a node that looks like it could be reused.  Now verify that it is valid
            // in the current list parsing context that we're currently at.
            if (!canReuseNode(node, parsingContext)) {
                return undefined;
            }

            if ((node as JSDocContainer).jsDocCache) {
                // jsDocCache may include tags from parent nodes, which might have been modified.
                (node as JSDocContainer).jsDocCache = undefined;
            }

            return node;
        }

        function consumeNode(node: Node) {
            // Move the scanner so it is after the node we just consumed.
            scanner.setTextPos(node.end);
            nextToken();
            return node;
        }

        function isReusableParsingContext(parsingContext: ParsingContext): boolean {
            switch (parsingContext) {
                case ParsingContext.ClassMembers:
                case ParsingContext.SwitchClauses:
                case ParsingContext.SourceElements:
                case ParsingContext.BlockStatements:
                case ParsingContext.SwitchClauseStatements:
                case ParsingContext.EnumMembers:
                case ParsingContext.TypeMembers:
                case ParsingContext.VariableDeclarations:
                case ParsingContext.JSDocParameters:
                case ParsingContext.Parameters:
                    return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        function canReuseNode(node: Node, parsingContext: ParsingContext): boolean {
            switch (parsingContext) {
                case ParsingContext.ClassMembers:
                    return isReusableClassMember(node);

                case ParsingContext.SwitchClauses:
                    return isReusableSwitchClause(node);

                case ParsingContext.SourceElements:
                case ParsingContext.BlockStatements:
                case ParsingContext.SwitchClauseStatements:
                    return isReusableStatement(node);

                case ParsingContext.EnumMembers:
                    return isReusableEnumMember(node);

                case ParsingContext.TypeMembers:
                    return isReusableTypeMember(node);

                case ParsingContext.VariableDeclarations:
                    return isReusableVariableDeclaration(node);

                case ParsingContext.JSDocParameters:
                case ParsingContext.Parameters:
                    return isReusableParameter(node);

                // Any other lists we do not care about reusing nodes in.  But feel free to add if
                // you can do so safely.  Danger areas involve nodes that may involve speculative
                // parsing.  If speculative parsing is involved with the node, then the range the
                // parser reached while looking ahead might be in the edited range (see the example
                // in canReuseVariableDeclaratorNode for a good case of this).

                // case ParsingContext.HeritageClauses:
                // This would probably be safe to reuse.  There is no speculative parsing with
                // heritage clauses.

                // case ParsingContext.TypeParameters:
                // This would probably be safe to reuse.  There is no speculative parsing with
                // type parameters.  Note that that's because type *parameters* only occur in
                // unambiguous *type* contexts.  While type *arguments* occur in very ambiguous
                // *expression* contexts.

                // case ParsingContext.TupleElementTypes:
                // This would probably be safe to reuse.  There is no speculative parsing with
                // tuple types.

                // Technically, type argument list types are probably safe to reuse.  While
                // speculative parsing is involved with them (since type argument lists are only
                // produced from speculative parsing a < as a type argument list), we only have
                // the types because speculative parsing succeeded.  Thus, the lookahead never
                // went past the end of the list and rewound.
                // case ParsingContext.TypeArguments:

                // Note: these are almost certainly not safe to ever reuse.  Expressions commonly
                // need a large amount of lookahead, and we should not reuse them as they may
                // have actually intersected the edit.
                // case ParsingContext.ArgumentExpressions:

                // This is not safe to reuse for the same reason as the 'AssignmentExpression'
                // cases.  i.e. a property assignment may end with an expression, and thus might
                // have lookahead far beyond it's old node.
                // case ParsingContext.ObjectLiteralMembers:

                // This is probably not safe to reuse.  There can be speculative parsing with
                // type names in a heritage clause.  There can be generic names in the type
                // name list, and there can be left hand side expressions (which can have type
                // arguments.)
                // case ParsingContext.HeritageClauseElement:

                // Perhaps safe to reuse, but it's unlikely we'd see more than a dozen attributes
                // on any given element. Same for children.
                // case ParsingContext.JsxAttributes:
                // case ParsingContext.JsxChildren:

            }

            return false;
        }

        function isReusableClassMember(node: Node) {
            if (node) {
                switch (node.kind) {
                    case SyntaxKind.Constructor:
                    case SyntaxKind.IndexSignature:
                    case SyntaxKind.GetAccessor:
                    case SyntaxKind.SetAccessor:
                    case SyntaxKind.PropertyDeclaration:
                    case SyntaxKind.SemicolonClassElement:
                        return true;
                    case SyntaxKind.MethodDeclaration:
                        // Method declarations are not necessarily reusable.  An object-literal
                        // may have a method calls "constructor(...)" and we must reparse that
                        // into an actual .ConstructorDeclaration.
                        const methodDeclaration = node as MethodDeclaration;
                        const nameIsConstructor = methodDeclaration.name.kind === SyntaxKind.Identifier &&
                            methodDeclaration.name.originalKeywordKind === SyntaxKind.ConstructorKeyword;

                        return !nameIsConstructor;
                }
            }

            return false;
        }

        function isReusableSwitchClause(node: Node) {
            if (node) {
                switch (node.kind) {
                    case SyntaxKind.CaseClause:
                    case SyntaxKind.DefaultClause:
                        return true;
                }
            }

            return false;
        }

        function isReusableStatement(node: Node) {
            if (node) {
                switch (node.kind) {
                    case SyntaxKind.FunctionDeclaration:
                    case SyntaxKind.VariableStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.Block:
                    case SyntaxKind.IfStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.ExpressionStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.ThrowStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.ReturnStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.SwitchStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.BreakStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.ContinueStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.ForInStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.ForOfStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.ForStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.WhileStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.WithStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.EmptyStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.TryStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.LabeledStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.DoStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.DebuggerStatement:
                    case SyntaxKind.ImportDeclaration:
                    case SyntaxKind.ImportEqualsDeclaration:
                    case SyntaxKind.ExportDeclaration:
                    case SyntaxKind.ExportAssignment:
                    case SyntaxKind.ModuleDeclaration:
                    case SyntaxKind.ClassDeclaration:
                    case SyntaxKind.InterfaceDeclaration:
                    case SyntaxKind.EnumDeclaration:
                    case SyntaxKind.TypeAliasDeclaration:
                        return true;
                }
            }

            return false;
        }

        function isReusableEnumMember(node: Node) {
            return node.kind === SyntaxKind.EnumMember;
        }

        function isReusableTypeMember(node: Node) {
            if (node) {
                switch (node.kind) {
                    case SyntaxKind.ConstructSignature:
                    case SyntaxKind.MethodSignature:
                    case SyntaxKind.IndexSignature:
                    case SyntaxKind.PropertySignature:
                    case SyntaxKind.CallSignature:
                        return true;
                }
            }

            return false;
        }

        function isReusableVariableDeclaration(node: Node) {
            if (node.kind !== SyntaxKind.VariableDeclaration) {
                return false;
            }

            // Very subtle incremental parsing bug.  Consider the following code:
            //
            //      let v = new List < A, B
            //
            // This is actually legal code.  It's a list of variable declarators "v = new List<A"
            // on one side and "B" on the other. If you then change that to:
            //
            //      let v = new List < A, B >()
            //
            // then we have a problem.  "v = new List<A" doesn't intersect the change range, so we
            // start reparsing at "B" and we completely fail to handle this properly.
            //
            // In order to prevent this, we do not allow a variable declarator to be reused if it
            // has an initializer.
            const variableDeclarator = node as VariableDeclaration;
            return variableDeclarator.initializer === undefined;
        }

        function isReusableParameter(node: Node) {
            if (node.kind !== SyntaxKind.Parameter) {
                return false;
            }

            // See the comment in isReusableVariableDeclaration for why we do this.
            const parameter = node as ParameterDeclaration;
            return parameter.initializer === undefined;
        }

        // Returns true if we should abort parsing.
        function abortParsingListOrMoveToNextToken(kind: ParsingContext) {
            parsingContextErrors(kind);
            if (isInSomeParsingContext()) {
                return true;
            }

            nextToken();
            return false;
        }

        function parsingContextErrors(context: ParsingContext) {
            switch (context) {
                case ParsingContext.SourceElements: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Declaration_or_statement_expected);
                case ParsingContext.BlockStatements: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Declaration_or_statement_expected);
                case ParsingContext.SwitchClauses: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.case_or_default_expected);
                case ParsingContext.SwitchClauseStatements: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Statement_expected);
                case ParsingContext.RestProperties: // fallthrough
                case ParsingContext.TypeMembers: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Property_or_signature_expected);
                case ParsingContext.ClassMembers: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Unexpected_token_A_constructor_method_accessor_or_property_was_expected);
                case ParsingContext.EnumMembers: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Enum_member_expected);
                case ParsingContext.HeritageClauseElement: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Expression_expected);
                case ParsingContext.VariableDeclarations:
                    return isKeyword(token())
                        ? parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics._0_is_not_allowed_as_a_variable_declaration_name, tokenToString(token()))
                        : parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Variable_declaration_expected);
                case ParsingContext.ObjectBindingElements: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Property_destructuring_pattern_expected);
                case ParsingContext.ArrayBindingElements: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Array_element_destructuring_pattern_expected);
                case ParsingContext.ArgumentExpressions: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Argument_expression_expected);
                case ParsingContext.ObjectLiteralMembers: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Property_assignment_expected);
                case ParsingContext.ArrayLiteralMembers: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Expression_or_comma_expected);
                case ParsingContext.JSDocParameters: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Parameter_declaration_expected);
                case ParsingContext.Parameters: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Parameter_declaration_expected);
                case ParsingContext.TypeParameters: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Type_parameter_declaration_expected);
                case ParsingContext.TypeArguments: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Type_argument_expected);
                case ParsingContext.TupleElementTypes: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Type_expected);
                case ParsingContext.HeritageClauses: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Unexpected_token_expected);
                case ParsingContext.ImportOrExportSpecifiers: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Identifier_expected);
                case ParsingContext.JsxAttributes: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Identifier_expected);
                case ParsingContext.JsxChildren: return parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Identifier_expected);
                default: return [undefined!]; // TODO: GH#18217 `default: Debug.assertNever(context);`
            }
        }

        // Parses a comma-delimited list of elements
        function parseDelimitedList<T extends Node>(kind: ParsingContext, parseElement: () => T, considerSemicolonAsDelimiter?: boolean): NodeArray<T> {
            const saveParsingContext = parsingContext;
            parsingContext |= 1 << kind;
            const list = [];
            const listPos = getNodePos();

            let commaStart = -1; // Meaning the previous token was not a comma
            while (true) {
                if (isListElement(kind, /*inErrorRecovery*/ false)) {
                    const startPos = scanner.getStartPos();
                    list.push(parseListElement(kind, parseElement));
                    commaStart = scanner.getTokenPos();

                    if (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.CommaToken)) {
                        // No need to check for a zero length node since we know we parsed a comma
                        continue;
                    }

                    commaStart = -1; // Back to the state where the last token was not a comma
                    if (isListTerminator(kind)) {
                        break;
                    }

                    // We didn't get a comma, and the list wasn't terminated, explicitly parse
                    // out a comma so we give a good error message.
                    parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CommaToken, getExpectedCommaDiagnostic(kind));

                    // If the token was a semicolon, and the caller allows that, then skip it and
                    // continue.  This ensures we get back on track and don't result in tons of
                    // parse errors.  For example, this can happen when people do things like use
                    // a semicolon to delimit object literal members.   Note: we'll have already
                    // reported an error when we called parseExpected above.
                    if (considerSemicolonAsDelimiter && token() === SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken && !scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak()) {
                        nextToken();
                    }
                    if (startPos === scanner.getStartPos()) {
                        // What we're parsing isn't actually remotely recognizable as a element and we've consumed no tokens whatsoever
                        // Consume a token to advance the parser in some way and avoid an infinite loop
                        // This can happen when we're speculatively parsing parenthesized expressions which we think may be arrow functions,
                        // or when a modifier keyword which is disallowed as a parameter name (ie, `static` in strict mode) is supplied
                        nextToken();
                    }
                    continue;
                }

                if (isListTerminator(kind)) {
                    break;
                }

                if (abortParsingListOrMoveToNextToken(kind)) {
                    break;
                }
            }

            parsingContext = saveParsingContext;
            // Recording the trailing comma is deliberately done after the previous
            // loop, and not just if we see a list terminator. This is because the list
            // may have ended incorrectly, but it is still important to know if there
            // was a trailing comma.
            // Check if the last token was a comma.
            // Always preserve a trailing comma by marking it on the NodeArray
            return createNodeArray(list, listPos, /*end*/ undefined, commaStart >= 0);
        }

        function getExpectedCommaDiagnostic(kind: ParsingContext) {
            return kind === ParsingContext.EnumMembers ? Diagnostics.An_enum_member_name_must_be_followed_by_a_or : undefined;
        }

        interface MissingList<T extends Node> extends NodeArray<T> {
            isMissingList: true;
        }

        function createMissingList<T extends Node>(): MissingList<T> {
            const list = createNodeArray<T>([], getNodePos()) as MissingList<T>;
            list.isMissingList = true;
            return list;
        }

        function isMissingList(arr: NodeArray<Node>): boolean {
            return !!(arr as MissingList<Node>).isMissingList;
        }

        function parseBracketedList<T extends Node>(kind: ParsingContext, parseElement: () => T, open: SyntaxKind, close: SyntaxKind): NodeArray<T> {
            if (parseExpected(open)) {
                const result = parseDelimitedList(kind, parseElement);
                parseExpected(close);
                return result;
            }

            return createMissingList<T>();
        }

        function parseEntityName(allowReservedWords: boolean, diagnosticMessage?: DiagnosticMessage): EntityName {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            let entity: EntityName = allowReservedWords ? parseIdentifierName(diagnosticMessage) : parseIdentifier(diagnosticMessage);
            let dotPos = getNodePos();
            while (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.DotToken)) {
                if (token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken) {
                    // the entity is part of a JSDoc-style generic, so record the trailing dot for later error reporting
                    entity.jsdocDotPos = dotPos;
                    break;
                }
                dotPos = getNodePos();
                entity = finishNode(
                    factory.createQualifiedName(
                        entity,
                        parseRightSideOfDot(allowReservedWords, /* allowPrivateIdentifiers */ false) as Identifier
                    ),
                    pos
                );
            }
            return entity;
        }

        function createQualifiedName(entity: EntityName, name: Identifier): QualifiedName {
            return finishNode(factory.createQualifiedName(entity, name), entity.pos);
        }

        function parseRightSideOfDot(allowIdentifierNames: boolean, allowPrivateIdentifiers: boolean): Identifier | PrivateIdentifier {
            // Technically a keyword is valid here as all identifiers and keywords are identifier names.
            // However, often we'll encounter this in error situations when the identifier or keyword
            // is actually starting another valid construct.
            //
            // So, we check for the following specific case:
            //
            //      name.
            //      identifierOrKeyword identifierNameOrKeyword
            //
            // Note: the newlines are important here.  For example, if that above code
            // were rewritten into:
            //
            //      name.identifierOrKeyword
            //      identifierNameOrKeyword
            //
            // Then we would consider it valid.  That's because ASI would take effect and
            // the code would be implicitly: "name.identifierOrKeyword; identifierNameOrKeyword".
            // In the first case though, ASI will not take effect because there is not a
            // line terminator after the identifier or keyword.
            if (scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak() && tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(token())) {
                const matchesPattern = lookAhead(nextTokenIsIdentifierOrKeywordOnSameLine);

                if (matchesPattern) {
                    // Report that we need an identifier.  However, report it right after the dot,
                    // and not on the next token.  This is because the next token might actually
                    // be an identifier and the error would be quite confusing.
                    return createMissingNode<Identifier>(SyntaxKind.Identifier, /*reportAtCurrentPosition*/ true, Diagnostics.Identifier_expected);
                }
            }

            if (token() === SyntaxKind.PrivateIdentifier) {
                const node = parsePrivateIdentifier();
                return allowPrivateIdentifiers ? node : createMissingNode<Identifier>(SyntaxKind.Identifier, /*reportAtCurrentPosition*/ true, Diagnostics.Identifier_expected);
            }

            return allowIdentifierNames ? parseIdentifierName() : parseIdentifier();
        }

        function parseTemplateSpans(isTaggedTemplate: boolean) {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const list = [];
            let node: TemplateSpan;
            do {
                node = parseTemplateSpan(isTaggedTemplate);
                list.push(node);
            }
            while (node.literal.kind === SyntaxKind.TemplateMiddle);
            return createNodeArray(list, pos);
        }

        function parseTemplateExpression(isTaggedTemplate: boolean): TemplateExpression {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            return finishNode(
                factory.createTemplateExpression(
                    parseTemplateHead(isTaggedTemplate),
                    parseTemplateSpans(isTaggedTemplate)
                ),
                pos
            );
        }

        function parseTemplateType(): TemplateLiteralTypeNode {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            return finishNode(
                factory.createTemplateLiteralType(
                    parseTemplateHead(/*isTaggedTemplate*/ false),
                    parseTemplateTypeSpans()
                ),
                pos
            );
        }

        function parseTemplateTypeSpans() {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const list = [];
            let node: TemplateLiteralTypeSpan;
            do {
                node = parseTemplateTypeSpan();
                list.push(node);
            }
            while (node.literal.kind === SyntaxKind.TemplateMiddle);
            return createNodeArray(list, pos);
        }

        function parseTemplateTypeSpan(): TemplateLiteralTypeSpan {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            return finishNode(
                factory.createTemplateLiteralTypeSpan(
                    parseType(),
                    parseLiteralOfTemplateSpan(/*isTaggedTemplate*/ false)
                ),
                pos
            );
        }

        function parseLiteralOfTemplateSpan(isTaggedTemplate: boolean) {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken) {
                reScanTemplateToken(isTaggedTemplate);
                return parseTemplateMiddleOrTemplateTail();
            }
            else {
                // TODO(rbuckton): Do we need to call `parseExpectedToken` or can we just call `createMissingNode` directly?
                return parseExpectedToken(SyntaxKind.TemplateTail, Diagnostics._0_expected, tokenToString(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken)) as TemplateTail;
            }
        }

        function parseTemplateSpan(isTaggedTemplate: boolean): TemplateSpan {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            return finishNode(
                factory.createTemplateSpan(
                    allowInAnd(parseExpression),
                    parseLiteralOfTemplateSpan(isTaggedTemplate)
                ),
                pos
            );
        }

        function parseLiteralNode(): LiteralExpression {
            return parseLiteralLikeNode(token()) as LiteralExpression;
        }

        function parseTemplateHead(isTaggedTemplate: boolean): TemplateHead {
            if (isTaggedTemplate) {
                reScanTemplateHeadOrNoSubstitutionTemplate();
            }
            const fragment = parseLiteralLikeNode(token());
            Debug.assert(fragment.kind === SyntaxKind.TemplateHead, "Template head has wrong token kind");
            return fragment as TemplateHead;
        }

        function parseTemplateMiddleOrTemplateTail(): TemplateMiddle | TemplateTail {
            const fragment = parseLiteralLikeNode(token());
            Debug.assert(fragment.kind === SyntaxKind.TemplateMiddle || fragment.kind === SyntaxKind.TemplateTail, "Template fragment has wrong token kind");
            return fragment as TemplateMiddle | TemplateTail;
        }

        function getTemplateLiteralRawText(kind: TemplateLiteralToken["kind"]) {
            const isLast = kind === SyntaxKind.NoSubstitutionTemplateLiteral || kind === SyntaxKind.TemplateTail;
            const tokenText = scanner.getTokenText();
            return tokenText.substring(1, tokenText.length - (scanner.isUnterminated() ? 0 : isLast ? 1 : 2));
        }

        function parseLiteralLikeNode(kind: SyntaxKind): LiteralLikeNode {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const node =
                isTemplateLiteralKind(kind) ? factory.createTemplateLiteralLikeNode(kind, scanner.getTokenValue(), getTemplateLiteralRawText(kind), scanner.getTokenFlags() & TokenFlags.TemplateLiteralLikeFlags) :
                // Octal literals are not allowed in strict mode or ES5
                // Note that theoretically the following condition would hold true literals like 009,
                // which is not octal. But because of how the scanner separates the tokens, we would
                // never get a token like this. Instead, we would get 00 and 9 as two separate tokens.
                // We also do not need to check for negatives because any prefix operator would be part of a
                // parent unary expression.
                kind === SyntaxKind.NumericLiteral ? factory.createNumericLiteral(scanner.getTokenValue(), scanner.getNumericLiteralFlags()) :
                kind === SyntaxKind.StringLiteral ? factory.createStringLiteral(scanner.getTokenValue(), /*isSingleQuote*/ undefined, scanner.hasExtendedUnicodeEscape()) :
                isLiteralKind(kind) ? factory.createLiteralLikeNode(kind, scanner.getTokenValue()) :
                Debug.fail();

            if (scanner.hasExtendedUnicodeEscape()) {
                node.hasExtendedUnicodeEscape = true;
            }

            if (scanner.isUnterminated()) {
                node.isUnterminated = true;
            }

            nextToken();
            return finishNode(node, pos);
        }

        // TYPES

        function parseEntityNameOfTypeReference() {
            return parseEntityName(/*allowReservedWords*/ true, Diagnostics.Type_expected);
        }

        function parseTypeArgumentsOfTypeReference() {
            if (!scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak() && reScanLessThanToken() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken) {
                return parseBracketedList(ParsingContext.TypeArguments, parseType, SyntaxKind.LessThanToken, SyntaxKind.GreaterThanToken);
            }
        }

        function parseTypeReference(): TypeReferenceNode {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            return finishNode(
                factory.createTypeReferenceNode(
                    parseEntityNameOfTypeReference(),
                    parseTypeArgumentsOfTypeReference()
                ),
                pos
            );
        }

        // If true, we should abort parsing an error function.
        function typeHasArrowFunctionBlockingParseError(node: TypeNode): boolean {
            switch (node.kind) {
                case SyntaxKind.TypeReference:
                    return nodeIsMissing((node as TypeReferenceNode).typeName);
                case SyntaxKind.FunctionType:
                case SyntaxKind.ConstructorType: {
                    const { parameters, type } = node as FunctionOrConstructorTypeNode;
                    return isMissingList(parameters) || typeHasArrowFunctionBlockingParseError(type);
                }
                case SyntaxKind.ParenthesizedType:
                    return typeHasArrowFunctionBlockingParseError((node as ParenthesizedTypeNode).type);
                default:
                    return false;
            }
        }

        function parseThisTypePredicate(lhs: ThisTypeNode): TypePredicateNode {
            nextToken();
            return finishNode(factory.createTypePredicateNode(/*assertsModifier*/ undefined, lhs, parseType()), lhs.pos);
        }

        function parseThisTypeNode(): ThisTypeNode {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            nextToken();
            return finishNode(factory.createThisTypeNode(), pos);
        }

        function parseJSDocAllType(): JSDocAllType | JSDocOptionalType {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            nextToken();
            return finishNode(factory.createJSDocAllType(), pos);
        }

        function parseJSDocNonNullableType(): TypeNode {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            nextToken();
            return finishNode(factory.createJSDocNonNullableType(parseNonArrayType()), pos);
        }

        function parseJSDocUnknownOrNullableType(): JSDocUnknownType | JSDocNullableType {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            // skip the ?
            nextToken();

            // Need to lookahead to decide if this is a nullable or unknown type.

            // Here are cases where we'll pick the unknown type:
            //
            //      Foo(?,
            //      { a: ? }
            //      Foo(?)
            //      Foo<?>
            //      Foo(?=
            //      (?|
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.CommaToken ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.GreaterThanToken ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.EqualsToken ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.BarToken) {
                return finishNode(factory.createJSDocUnknownType(), pos);
            }
            else {
                return finishNode(factory.createJSDocNullableType(parseType()), pos);
            }
        }

        function parseJSDocFunctionType(): JSDocFunctionType | TypeReferenceNode {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            if (lookAhead(nextTokenIsOpenParen)) {
                nextToken();
                const parameters = parseParameters(SignatureFlags.Type | SignatureFlags.JSDoc);
                const type = parseReturnType(SyntaxKind.ColonToken, /*isType*/ false);
                return withJSDoc(finishNode(factory.createJSDocFunctionType(parameters, type), pos), hasJSDoc);
            }
            return finishNode(factory.createTypeReferenceNode(parseIdentifierName(), /*typeArguments*/ undefined), pos);
        }

        function parseJSDocParameter(): ParameterDeclaration {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            let name: Identifier | undefined;
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.ThisKeyword || token() === SyntaxKind.NewKeyword) {
                name = parseIdentifierName();
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.ColonToken);
            }
            return finishNode(
                factory.createParameterDeclaration(
                    /*decorators*/ undefined,
                    /*modifiers*/ undefined,
                    /*dotDotDotToken*/ undefined,
                    // TODO(rbuckton): JSDoc parameters don't have names (except `this`/`new`), should we manufacture an empty identifier?
                    name!,
                    /*questionToken*/ undefined,
                    parseJSDocType(),
                    /*initializer*/ undefined
                ),
                pos
            );
        }

        function parseJSDocType(): TypeNode {
            scanner.setInJSDocType(true);
            const pos = getNodePos();
            if (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.ModuleKeyword)) {
                // TODO(rbuckton): We never set the type for a JSDocNamepathType. What should we put here?
                const moduleTag = factory.createJSDocNamepathType(/*type*/ undefined!);
                terminate: while (true) {
                    switch (token()) {
                        case SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken:
                        case SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken:
                        case SyntaxKind.CommaToken:
                        case SyntaxKind.WhitespaceTrivia:
                            break terminate;
                        default:
                            nextTokenJSDoc();
                    }
                }

                scanner.setInJSDocType(false);
                return finishNode(moduleTag, pos);
            }

            const hasDotDotDot = parseOptional(SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken);
            let type = parseTypeOrTypePredicate();
            scanner.setInJSDocType(false);
            if (hasDotDotDot) {
                type = finishNode(factory.createJSDocVariadicType(type), pos);
            }
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.EqualsToken) {
                nextToken();
                return finishNode(factory.createJSDocOptionalType(type), pos);
            }
            return type;
        }

        function parseTypeQuery(): TypeQueryNode {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.TypeOfKeyword);
            return finishNode(factory.createTypeQueryNode(parseEntityName(/*allowReservedWords*/ true)), pos);
        }

        function parseTypeParameter(): TypeParameterDeclaration {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const name = parseIdentifier();
            let constraint: TypeNode | undefined;
            let expression: Expression | undefined;
            if (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.ExtendsKeyword)) {
                // It's not uncommon for people to write improper constraints to a generic.  If the
                // user writes a constraint that is an expression and not an actual type, then parse
                // it out as an expression (so we can recover well), but report that a type is needed
                // instead.
                if (isStartOfType() || !isStartOfExpression()) {
                    constraint = parseType();
                }
                else {
                    // It was not a type, and it looked like an expression.  Parse out an expression
                    // here so we recover well.  Note: it is important that we call parseUnaryExpression
                    // and not parseExpression here.  If the user has:
                    //
                    //      <T extends "">
                    //
                    // We do *not* want to consume the `>` as we're consuming the expression for "".
                    expression = parseUnaryExpressionOrHigher();
                }
            }

            const defaultType = parseOptional(SyntaxKind.EqualsToken) ? parseType() : undefined;
            const node = factory.createTypeParameterDeclaration(name, constraint, defaultType);
            node.expression = expression;
            return finishNode(node, pos);
        }

        function parseTypeParameters(): NodeArray<TypeParameterDeclaration> | undefined {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken) {
                return parseBracketedList(ParsingContext.TypeParameters, parseTypeParameter, SyntaxKind.LessThanToken, SyntaxKind.GreaterThanToken);
            }
        }

        function isStartOfParameter(isJSDocParameter: boolean): boolean {
            return token() === SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken ||
                isBindingIdentifierOrPrivateIdentifierOrPattern() ||
                isModifierKind(token()) ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.AtToken ||
                isStartOfType(/*inStartOfParameter*/ !isJSDocParameter);
        }

        function parseNameOfParameter(modifiers: ModifiersArray | undefined) {
            // FormalParameter [Yield,Await]:
            //      BindingElement[?Yield,?Await]
            const name = parseIdentifierOrPattern(Diagnostics.Private_identifiers_cannot_be_used_as_parameters);
            if (getFullWidth(name) === 0 && !some(modifiers) && isModifierKind(token())) {
                // in cases like
                // 'use strict'
                // function foo(static)
                // isParameter('static') === true, because of isModifier('static')
                // however 'static' is not a legal identifier in a strict mode.
                // so result of this function will be ParameterDeclaration (flags = 0, name = missing, type = undefined, initializer = undefined)
                // and current token will not change => parsing of the enclosing parameter list will last till the end of time (or OOM)
                // to avoid this we'll advance cursor to the next token.
                nextToken();
            }
            return name;
        }

        function parseParameterInOuterAwaitContext() {
            return parseParameterWorker(/*inOuterAwaitContext*/ true);
        }

        function parseParameter(): ParameterDeclaration {
            return parseParameterWorker(/*inOuterAwaitContext*/ false);
        }

        function parseParameterWorker(inOuterAwaitContext: boolean): ParameterDeclaration {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();

            // FormalParameter [Yield,Await]:
            //      BindingElement[?Yield,?Await]

            // Decorators are parsed in the outer [Await] context, the rest of the parameter is parsed in the function's [Await] context.
            const decorators = inOuterAwaitContext ? doInAwaitContext(parseDecorators) : parseDecorators();

            if (token() === SyntaxKind.ThisKeyword) {
                const node = factory.createParameterDeclaration(
                    decorators,
                    /*modifiers*/ undefined,
                    /*dotDotDotToken*/ undefined,
                    createIdentifier(/*isIdentifier*/ true),
                    /*questionToken*/ undefined,
                    parseTypeAnnotation(),
                    /*initializer*/ undefined
                );

                if (decorators) {
                    parseErrorAtRange(decorators[0], Diagnostics.Decorators_may_not_be_applied_to_this_parameters);
                }

                return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
            }

            const savedTopLevel = topLevel;
            topLevel = false;
            const modifiers = parseModifiers();
            const node = withJSDoc(
                finishNode(
                    factory.createParameterDeclaration(
                        decorators,
                        modifiers,
                        parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken),
                        parseNameOfParameter(modifiers),
                        parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.QuestionToken),
                        parseTypeAnnotation(),
                        parseInitializer()
                    ),
                    pos
                ),
                hasJSDoc
            );
            topLevel = savedTopLevel;
            return node;
        }

        function parseReturnType(returnToken: SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken, isType: boolean): TypeNode;
        function parseReturnType(returnToken: SyntaxKind.ColonToken | SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken, isType: boolean): TypeNode | undefined;
        function parseReturnType(returnToken: SyntaxKind.ColonToken | SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken, isType: boolean) {
            if (shouldParseReturnType(returnToken, isType)) {
                return parseTypeOrTypePredicate();
            }
        }

        function shouldParseReturnType(returnToken: SyntaxKind.ColonToken | SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken, isType: boolean): boolean {
            if (returnToken === SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken) {
                parseExpected(returnToken);
                return true;
            }
            else if (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.ColonToken)) {
                return true;
            }
            else if (isType && token() === SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken) {
                // This is easy to get backward, especially in type contexts, so parse the type anyway
                parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics._0_expected, tokenToString(SyntaxKind.ColonToken));
                nextToken();
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        function parseParametersWorker(flags: SignatureFlags) {
            // FormalParameters [Yield,Await]: (modified)
            //      [empty]
            //      FormalParameterList[?Yield,Await]
            //
            // FormalParameter[Yield,Await]: (modified)
            //      BindingElement[?Yield,Await]
            //
            // BindingElement [Yield,Await]: (modified)
            //      SingleNameBinding[?Yield,?Await]
            //      BindingPattern[?Yield,?Await]Initializer [In, ?Yield,?Await] opt
            //
            // SingleNameBinding [Yield,Await]:
            //      BindingIdentifier[?Yield,?Await]Initializer [In, ?Yield,?Await] opt
            const savedYieldContext = inYieldContext();
            const savedAwaitContext = inAwaitContext();

            setYieldContext(!!(flags & SignatureFlags.Yield));
            setAwaitContext(!!(flags & SignatureFlags.Await));

            const parameters = flags & SignatureFlags.JSDoc ?
                parseDelimitedList(ParsingContext.JSDocParameters, parseJSDocParameter) :
                parseDelimitedList(ParsingContext.Parameters, savedAwaitContext ? parseParameterInOuterAwaitContext : parseParameter);

            setYieldContext(savedYieldContext);
            setAwaitContext(savedAwaitContext);

            return parameters;
        }

        function parseParameters(flags: SignatureFlags): NodeArray<ParameterDeclaration> {
            // FormalParameters [Yield,Await]: (modified)
            //      [empty]
            //      FormalParameterList[?Yield,Await]
            //
            // FormalParameter[Yield,Await]: (modified)
            //      BindingElement[?Yield,Await]
            //
            // BindingElement [Yield,Await]: (modified)
            //      SingleNameBinding[?Yield,?Await]
            //      BindingPattern[?Yield,?Await]Initializer [In, ?Yield,?Await] opt
            //
            // SingleNameBinding [Yield,Await]:
            //      BindingIdentifier[?Yield,?Await]Initializer [In, ?Yield,?Await] opt
            if (!parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken)) {
                return createMissingList<ParameterDeclaration>();
            }

            const parameters = parseParametersWorker(flags);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken);
            return parameters;
        }

        function parseTypeMemberSemicolon() {
            // We allow type members to be separated by commas or (possibly ASI) semicolons.
            // First check if it was a comma.  If so, we're done with the member.
            if (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.CommaToken)) {
                return;
            }

            // Didn't have a comma.  We must have a (possible ASI) semicolon.
            parseSemicolon();
        }

        function parseSignatureMember(kind: SyntaxKind.CallSignature | SyntaxKind.ConstructSignature): CallSignatureDeclaration | ConstructSignatureDeclaration {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            if (kind === SyntaxKind.ConstructSignature) {
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.NewKeyword);
            }

            const typeParameters = parseTypeParameters();
            const parameters = parseParameters(SignatureFlags.Type);
            const type = parseReturnType(SyntaxKind.ColonToken, /*isType*/ true);
            parseTypeMemberSemicolon();
            const node = kind === SyntaxKind.CallSignature
                ? factory.createCallSignature(typeParameters, parameters, type)
                : factory.createConstructSignature(typeParameters, parameters, type);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function isIndexSignature(): boolean {
            return token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken && lookAhead(isUnambiguouslyIndexSignature);
        }

        function isUnambiguouslyIndexSignature() {
            // The only allowed sequence is:
            //
            //   [id:
            //
            // However, for error recovery, we also check the following cases:
            //
            //   [...
            //   [id,
            //   [id?,
            //   [id?:
            //   [id?]
            //   [public id
            //   [private id
            //   [protected id
            //   []
            //
            nextToken();
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken || token() === SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken) {
                return true;
            }

            if (isModifierKind(token())) {
                nextToken();
                if (isIdentifier()) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
            else if (!isIdentifier()) {
                return false;
            }
            else {
                // Skip the identifier
                nextToken();
            }

            // A colon signifies a well formed indexer
            // A comma should be a badly formed indexer because comma expressions are not allowed
            // in computed properties.
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.ColonToken || token() === SyntaxKind.CommaToken) {
                return true;
            }

            // Question mark could be an indexer with an optional property,
            // or it could be a conditional expression in a computed property.
            if (token() !== SyntaxKind.QuestionToken) {
                return false;
            }

            // If any of the following tokens are after the question mark, it cannot
            // be a conditional expression, so treat it as an indexer.
            nextToken();
            return token() === SyntaxKind.ColonToken || token() === SyntaxKind.CommaToken || token() === SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken;
        }

        function parseIndexSignatureDeclaration(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined): IndexSignatureDeclaration {
            const parameters = parseBracketedList(ParsingContext.Parameters, parseParameter, SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken, SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken);
            const type = parseTypeAnnotation();
            parseTypeMemberSemicolon();
            const node = factory.createIndexSignature(decorators, modifiers, parameters, type);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parsePropertyOrMethodSignature(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined): PropertySignature | MethodSignature {
            const name = parsePropertyName();
            const questionToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.QuestionToken);
            let node: PropertySignature | MethodSignature;
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken || token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken) {
                // Method signatures don't exist in expression contexts.  So they have neither
                // [Yield] nor [Await]
                const typeParameters = parseTypeParameters();
                const parameters = parseParameters(SignatureFlags.Type);
                const type = parseReturnType(SyntaxKind.ColonToken, /*isType*/ true);
                node = factory.createMethodSignature(modifiers, name, questionToken, typeParameters, parameters, type);
            }
            else {
                const type = parseTypeAnnotation();
                node = factory.createPropertySignature(modifiers, name, questionToken, type);
                // Although type literal properties cannot not have initializers, we attempt
                // to parse an initializer so we can report in the checker that an interface
                // property or type literal property cannot have an initializer.
                if (token() === SyntaxKind.EqualsToken) node.initializer = parseInitializer();
            }
            parseTypeMemberSemicolon();
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function isTypeMemberStart(): boolean {
            // Return true if we have the start of a signature member
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.GetKeyword ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.SetKeyword) {
                return true;
            }
            let idToken = false;
            // Eat up all modifiers, but hold on to the last one in case it is actually an identifier
            while (isModifierKind(token())) {
                idToken = true;
                nextToken();
            }
            // Index signatures and computed property names are type members
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken) {
                return true;
            }
            // Try to get the first property-like token following all modifiers
            if (isLiteralPropertyName()) {
                idToken = true;
                nextToken();
            }
            // If we were able to get any potential identifier, check that it is
            // the start of a member declaration
            if (idToken) {
                return token() === SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken ||
                    token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken ||
                    token() === SyntaxKind.QuestionToken ||
                    token() === SyntaxKind.ColonToken ||
                    token() === SyntaxKind.CommaToken ||
                    canParseSemicolon();
            }
            return false;
        }

        function parseTypeMember(): TypeElement {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken || token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken) {
                return parseSignatureMember(SyntaxKind.CallSignature);
            }
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.NewKeyword && lookAhead(nextTokenIsOpenParenOrLessThan)) {
                return parseSignatureMember(SyntaxKind.ConstructSignature);
            }
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            const modifiers = parseModifiers();
            if (parseContextualModifier(SyntaxKind.GetKeyword)) {
                return parseAccessorDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, /*decorators*/ undefined, modifiers, SyntaxKind.GetAccessor);
            }

            if (parseContextualModifier(SyntaxKind.SetKeyword)) {
                return parseAccessorDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, /*decorators*/ undefined, modifiers, SyntaxKind.SetAccessor);
            }

            if (isIndexSignature()) {
                return parseIndexSignatureDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, /*decorators*/ undefined, modifiers);
            }
            return parsePropertyOrMethodSignature(pos, hasJSDoc, modifiers);
        }

        function nextTokenIsOpenParenOrLessThan() {
            nextToken();
            return token() === SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken || token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken;
        }

        function nextTokenIsDot() {
            return nextToken() === SyntaxKind.DotToken;
        }

        function nextTokenIsOpenParenOrLessThanOrDot() {
            switch (nextToken()) {
                case SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken:
                case SyntaxKind.LessThanToken:
                case SyntaxKind.DotToken:
                    return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        function parseTypeLiteral(): TypeLiteralNode {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            return finishNode(factory.createTypeLiteralNode(parseObjectTypeMembers()), pos);
        }

        function parseObjectTypeMembers(): NodeArray<TypeElement> {
            let members: NodeArray<TypeElement>;
            if (parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken)) {
                members = parseList(ParsingContext.TypeMembers, parseTypeMember);
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
            }
            else {
                members = createMissingList<TypeElement>();
            }

            return members;
        }

        function isStartOfMappedType() {
            nextToken();
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.PlusToken || token() === SyntaxKind.MinusToken) {
                return nextToken() === SyntaxKind.ReadonlyKeyword;
            }
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.ReadonlyKeyword) {
                nextToken();
            }
            return token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken && nextTokenIsIdentifier() && nextToken() === SyntaxKind.InKeyword;
        }

        function parseMappedTypeParameter() {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const name = parseIdentifierName();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.InKeyword);
            const type = parseType();
            return finishNode(factory.createTypeParameterDeclaration(name, type, /*defaultType*/ undefined), pos);
        }

        function parseMappedType() {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken);
            let readonlyToken: ReadonlyKeyword | PlusToken | MinusToken | undefined;
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.ReadonlyKeyword || token() === SyntaxKind.PlusToken || token() === SyntaxKind.MinusToken) {
                readonlyToken = parseTokenNode<ReadonlyKeyword | PlusToken | MinusToken>();
                if (readonlyToken.kind !== SyntaxKind.ReadonlyKeyword) {
                    parseExpected(SyntaxKind.ReadonlyKeyword);
                }
            }
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken);
            const typeParameter = parseMappedTypeParameter();
            const nameType = parseOptional(SyntaxKind.AsKeyword) ? parseType() : undefined;
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken);
            let questionToken: QuestionToken | PlusToken | MinusToken | undefined;
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.QuestionToken || token() === SyntaxKind.PlusToken || token() === SyntaxKind.MinusToken) {
                questionToken = parseTokenNode<QuestionToken | PlusToken | MinusToken>();
                if (questionToken.kind !== SyntaxKind.QuestionToken) {
                    parseExpected(SyntaxKind.QuestionToken);
                }
            }
            const type = parseTypeAnnotation();
            parseSemicolon();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
            return finishNode(factory.createMappedTypeNode(readonlyToken, typeParameter, nameType, questionToken, type), pos);
        }

        function parseTupleElementType() {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            if (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken)) {
                return finishNode(factory.createRestTypeNode(parseType()), pos);
            }
            const type = parseType();
            if (isJSDocNullableType(type) && type.pos === type.type.pos) {
                const node = factory.createOptionalTypeNode(type.type);
                setTextRange(node, type);
                (node as Mutable<Node>).flags = type.flags;
                return node;
            }
            return type;
        }

        function isNextTokenColonOrQuestionColon() {
            return nextToken() === SyntaxKind.ColonToken || (token() === SyntaxKind.QuestionToken && nextToken() === SyntaxKind.ColonToken);
        }

        function isTupleElementName() {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken) {
                return tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(nextToken()) && isNextTokenColonOrQuestionColon();
            }
            return tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(token()) && isNextTokenColonOrQuestionColon();
        }

        function parseTupleElementNameOrTupleElementType() {
            if (lookAhead(isTupleElementName)) {
                const pos = getNodePos();
                const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
                const dotDotDotToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken);
                const name = parseIdentifierName();
                const questionToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.QuestionToken);
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.ColonToken);
                const type = parseTupleElementType();
                const node = factory.createNamedTupleMember(dotDotDotToken, name, questionToken, type);
                return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
            }
            return parseTupleElementType();
        }

        function parseTupleType(): TupleTypeNode {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            return finishNode(
                factory.createTupleTypeNode(
                    parseBracketedList(ParsingContext.TupleElementTypes, parseTupleElementNameOrTupleElementType, SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken, SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken)
                ),
                pos
            );
        }

        function parseParenthesizedType(): TypeNode {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken);
            const type = parseType();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken);
            return finishNode(factory.createParenthesizedType(type), pos);
        }

        function parseModifiersForConstructorType(): NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined {
            let modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined;
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.AbstractKeyword) {
                const pos = getNodePos();
                nextToken();
                const modifier = finishNode(factory.createToken(SyntaxKind.AbstractKeyword), pos);
                modifiers = createNodeArray<Modifier>([modifier], pos);
            }
            return modifiers;
        }

        function parseFunctionOrConstructorType(): TypeNode {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            const modifiers = parseModifiersForConstructorType();
            const isConstructorType = parseOptional(SyntaxKind.NewKeyword);
            const typeParameters = parseTypeParameters();
            const parameters = parseParameters(SignatureFlags.Type);
            const type = parseReturnType(SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken, /*isType*/ false);
            const node = isConstructorType
                ? factory.createConstructorTypeNode(modifiers, typeParameters, parameters, type)
                : factory.createFunctionTypeNode(typeParameters, parameters, type);
            if (!isConstructorType) (node as Mutable<Node>).modifiers = modifiers;
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseKeywordAndNoDot(): TypeNode | undefined {
            const node = parseTokenNode<TypeNode>();
            return token() === SyntaxKind.DotToken ? undefined : node;
        }

        function parseLiteralTypeNode(negative?: boolean): LiteralTypeNode {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            if (negative) {
                nextToken();
            }
            let expression: BooleanLiteral | NullLiteral | LiteralExpression | PrefixUnaryExpression =
                token() === SyntaxKind.TrueKeyword || token() === SyntaxKind.FalseKeyword || token() === SyntaxKind.NullKeyword ?
                    parseTokenNode<BooleanLiteral | NullLiteral>() :
                    parseLiteralLikeNode(token()) as LiteralExpression;
            if (negative) {
                expression = finishNode(factory.createPrefixUnaryExpression(SyntaxKind.MinusToken, expression), pos);
            }
            return finishNode(factory.createLiteralTypeNode(expression), pos);
        }

        function isStartOfTypeOfImportType() {
            nextToken();
            return token() === SyntaxKind.ImportKeyword;
        }

        function parseImportType(): ImportTypeNode {
            sourceFlags |= NodeFlags.PossiblyContainsDynamicImport;
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const isTypeOf = parseOptional(SyntaxKind.TypeOfKeyword);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.ImportKeyword);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken);
            const type = parseType();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken);
            const qualifier = parseOptional(SyntaxKind.DotToken) ? parseEntityNameOfTypeReference() : undefined;
            const typeArguments = parseTypeArgumentsOfTypeReference();
            return finishNode(factory.createImportTypeNode(type, qualifier, typeArguments, isTypeOf), pos);
        }

        function nextTokenIsNumericOrBigIntLiteral() {
            nextToken();
            return token() === SyntaxKind.NumericLiteral || token() === SyntaxKind.BigIntLiteral;
        }

        function parseNonArrayType(): TypeNode {
            switch (token()) {
                case SyntaxKind.AnyKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.UnknownKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.StringKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.NumberKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.BigIntKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.SymbolKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.BooleanKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.UndefinedKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.NeverKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ObjectKeyword:
                    // If these are followed by a dot, then parse these out as a dotted type reference instead.
                    return tryParse(parseKeywordAndNoDot) || parseTypeReference();
                case SyntaxKind.AsteriskEqualsToken:
                    // If there is '*=', treat it as * followed by postfix =
                    scanner.reScanAsteriskEqualsToken();
                    // falls through
                case SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken:
                    return parseJSDocAllType();
                case SyntaxKind.QuestionQuestionToken:
                    // If there is '??', treat it as prefix-'?' in JSDoc type.
                    scanner.reScanQuestionToken();
                    // falls through
                case SyntaxKind.QuestionToken:
                    return parseJSDocUnknownOrNullableType();
                case SyntaxKind.FunctionKeyword:
                    return parseJSDocFunctionType();
                case SyntaxKind.ExclamationToken:
                    return parseJSDocNonNullableType();
                case SyntaxKind.NoSubstitutionTemplateLiteral:
                case SyntaxKind.StringLiteral:
                case SyntaxKind.NumericLiteral:
                case SyntaxKind.BigIntLiteral:
                case SyntaxKind.TrueKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.FalseKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.NullKeyword:
                    return parseLiteralTypeNode();
                case SyntaxKind.MinusToken:
                    return lookAhead(nextTokenIsNumericOrBigIntLiteral) ? parseLiteralTypeNode(/*negative*/ true) : parseTypeReference();
                case SyntaxKind.VoidKeyword:
                    return parseTokenNode<TypeNode>();
                case SyntaxKind.ThisKeyword: {
                    const thisKeyword = parseThisTypeNode();
                    if (token() === SyntaxKind.IsKeyword && !scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak()) {
                        return parseThisTypePredicate(thisKeyword);
                    }
                    else {
                        return thisKeyword;
                    }
                }
                case SyntaxKind.TypeOfKeyword:
                    return lookAhead(isStartOfTypeOfImportType) ? parseImportType() : parseTypeQuery();
                case SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken:
                    return lookAhead(isStartOfMappedType) ? parseMappedType() : parseTypeLiteral();
                case SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken:
                    return parseTupleType();
                case SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken:
                    return parseParenthesizedType();
                case SyntaxKind.ImportKeyword:
                    return parseImportType();
                case SyntaxKind.AssertsKeyword:
                    return lookAhead(nextTokenIsIdentifierOrKeywordOnSameLine) ? parseAssertsTypePredicate() : parseTypeReference();
                case SyntaxKind.TemplateHead:
                    return parseTemplateType();
                default:
                    return parseTypeReference();
            }
        }

        function isStartOfType(inStartOfParameter?: boolean): boolean {
            switch (token()) {
                case SyntaxKind.AnyKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.UnknownKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.StringKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.NumberKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.BigIntKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.BooleanKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ReadonlyKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.SymbolKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.UniqueKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.VoidKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.UndefinedKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.NullKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ThisKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.TypeOfKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.NeverKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken:
                case SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken:
                case SyntaxKind.LessThanToken:
                case SyntaxKind.BarToken:
                case SyntaxKind.AmpersandToken:
                case SyntaxKind.NewKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.StringLiteral:
                case SyntaxKind.NumericLiteral:
                case SyntaxKind.BigIntLiteral:
                case SyntaxKind.TrueKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.FalseKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ObjectKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken:
                case SyntaxKind.QuestionToken:
                case SyntaxKind.ExclamationToken:
                case SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken:
                case SyntaxKind.InferKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ImportKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.AssertsKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.NoSubstitutionTemplateLiteral:
                case SyntaxKind.TemplateHead:
                    return true;
                case SyntaxKind.FunctionKeyword:
                    return !inStartOfParameter;
                case SyntaxKind.MinusToken:
                    return !inStartOfParameter && lookAhead(nextTokenIsNumericOrBigIntLiteral);
                case SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken:
                    // Only consider '(' the start of a type if followed by ')', '...', an identifier, a modifier,
                    // or something that starts a type. We don't want to consider things like '(1)' a type.
                    return !inStartOfParameter && lookAhead(isStartOfParenthesizedOrFunctionType);
                default:
                    return isIdentifier();
            }
        }

        function isStartOfParenthesizedOrFunctionType() {
            nextToken();
            return token() === SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken || isStartOfParameter(/*isJSDocParameter*/ false) || isStartOfType();
        }

        function parsePostfixTypeOrHigher(): TypeNode {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            let type = parseNonArrayType();
            while (!scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak()) {
                switch (token()) {
                    case SyntaxKind.ExclamationToken:
                        nextToken();
                        type = finishNode(factory.createJSDocNonNullableType(type), pos);
                        break;
                    case SyntaxKind.QuestionToken:
                        // If next token is start of a type we have a conditional type
                        if (lookAhead(nextTokenIsStartOfType)) {
                            return type;
                        }
                        nextToken();
                        type = finishNode(factory.createJSDocNullableType(type), pos);
                        break;
                    case SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken:
                        parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken);
                        if (isStartOfType()) {
                            const indexType = parseType();
                            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken);
                            type = finishNode(factory.createIndexedAccessTypeNode(type, indexType), pos);
                        }
                        else {
                            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken);
                            type = finishNode(factory.createArrayTypeNode(type), pos);
                        }
                        break;
                    default:
                        return type;
                }
            }
            return type;
        }

        function parseTypeOperator(operator: SyntaxKind.KeyOfKeyword | SyntaxKind.UniqueKeyword | SyntaxKind.ReadonlyKeyword) {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(operator);
            return finishNode(factory.createTypeOperatorNode(operator, parseTypeOperatorOrHigher()), pos);
        }

        function parseTypeParameterOfInferType() {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            return finishNode(
                factory.createTypeParameterDeclaration(
                    parseIdentifier(),
                    /*constraint*/ undefined,
                    /*defaultType*/ undefined
                ),
                pos
            );
        }

        function parseInferType(): InferTypeNode {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.InferKeyword);
            return finishNode(factory.createInferTypeNode(parseTypeParameterOfInferType()), pos);
        }

        function parseTypeOperatorOrHigher(): TypeNode {
            const operator = token();
            switch (operator) {
                case SyntaxKind.KeyOfKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.UniqueKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ReadonlyKeyword:
                    return parseTypeOperator(operator);
                case SyntaxKind.InferKeyword:
                    return parseInferType();
            }
            return parsePostfixTypeOrHigher();
        }

        function parseFunctionOrConstructorTypeToError(
            isInUnionType: boolean
        ): TypeNode | undefined {
            // the function type and constructor type shorthand notation
            // are not allowed directly in unions and intersections, but we'll
            // try to parse them gracefully and issue a helpful message.
            if (isStartOfFunctionTypeOrConstructorType()) {
                const type = parseFunctionOrConstructorType();
                let diagnostic: DiagnosticMessage;
                if (isFunctionTypeNode(type)) {
                    diagnostic = isInUnionType
                        ? Diagnostics.Function_type_notation_must_be_parenthesized_when_used_in_a_union_type
                        : Diagnostics.Function_type_notation_must_be_parenthesized_when_used_in_an_intersection_type;
                }
                else {
                    diagnostic = isInUnionType
                        ? Diagnostics.Constructor_type_notation_must_be_parenthesized_when_used_in_a_union_type
                        : Diagnostics.Constructor_type_notation_must_be_parenthesized_when_used_in_an_intersection_type;

                }
                parseErrorAtRange(type, diagnostic);
                return type;
            }
            return undefined;
        }

        function parseUnionOrIntersectionType(
            operator: SyntaxKind.BarToken | SyntaxKind.AmpersandToken,
            parseConstituentType: () => TypeNode,
            createTypeNode: (types: NodeArray<TypeNode>) => UnionOrIntersectionTypeNode
        ): TypeNode {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const isUnionType = operator === SyntaxKind.BarToken;
            const hasLeadingOperator = parseOptional(operator);
            let type = hasLeadingOperator && parseFunctionOrConstructorTypeToError(isUnionType)
                || parseConstituentType();
            if (token() === operator || hasLeadingOperator) {
                const types = [type];
                while (parseOptional(operator)) {
                    types.push(parseFunctionOrConstructorTypeToError(isUnionType) || parseConstituentType());
                }
                type = finishNode(createTypeNode(createNodeArray(types, pos)), pos);
            }
            return type;
        }

        function parseIntersectionTypeOrHigher(): TypeNode {
            return parseUnionOrIntersectionType(SyntaxKind.AmpersandToken, parseTypeOperatorOrHigher, factory.createIntersectionTypeNode);
        }

        function parseUnionTypeOrHigher(): TypeNode {
            return parseUnionOrIntersectionType(SyntaxKind.BarToken, parseIntersectionTypeOrHigher, factory.createUnionTypeNode);
        }

        function nextTokenIsNewKeyword(): boolean {
            nextToken();
            return token() === SyntaxKind.NewKeyword;
        }

        function isStartOfFunctionTypeOrConstructorType(): boolean {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken) {
                return true;
            }
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken && lookAhead(isUnambiguouslyStartOfFunctionType)) {
                return true;
            }
            return token() === SyntaxKind.NewKeyword ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.AbstractKeyword && lookAhead(nextTokenIsNewKeyword);
        }

        function skipParameterStart(): boolean {
            if (isModifierKind(token())) {
                // Skip modifiers
                parseModifiers();
            }
            if (isIdentifier() || token() === SyntaxKind.ThisKeyword) {
                nextToken();
                return true;
            }
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken || token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken) {
                // Return true if we can parse an array or object binding pattern with no errors
                const previousErrorCount = parseDiagnostics.length;
                parseIdentifierOrPattern();
                return previousErrorCount === parseDiagnostics.length;
            }
            return false;
        }

        function isUnambiguouslyStartOfFunctionType() {
            nextToken();
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken || token() === SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken) {
                // ( )
                // ( ...
                return true;
            }
            if (skipParameterStart()) {
                // We successfully skipped modifiers (if any) and an identifier or binding pattern,
                // now see if we have something that indicates a parameter declaration
                if (token() === SyntaxKind.ColonToken || token() === SyntaxKind.CommaToken ||
                    token() === SyntaxKind.QuestionToken || token() === SyntaxKind.EqualsToken) {
                    // ( xxx :
                    // ( xxx ,
                    // ( xxx ?
                    // ( xxx =
                    return true;
                }
                if (token() === SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken) {
                    nextToken();
                    if (token() === SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken) {
                        // ( xxx ) =>
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
            return false;
        }

        function parseTypeOrTypePredicate(): TypeNode {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const typePredicateVariable = isIdentifier() && tryParse(parseTypePredicatePrefix);
            const type = parseType();
            if (typePredicateVariable) {
                return finishNode(factory.createTypePredicateNode(/*assertsModifier*/ undefined, typePredicateVariable, type), pos);
            }
            else {
                return type;
            }
        }

        function parseTypePredicatePrefix() {
            const id = parseIdentifier();
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.IsKeyword && !scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak()) {
                nextToken();
                return id;
            }
        }

        function parseAssertsTypePredicate(): TypeNode {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const assertsModifier = parseExpectedToken(SyntaxKind.AssertsKeyword);
            const parameterName = token() === SyntaxKind.ThisKeyword ? parseThisTypeNode() : parseIdentifier();
            const type = parseOptional(SyntaxKind.IsKeyword) ? parseType() : undefined;
            return finishNode(factory.createTypePredicateNode(assertsModifier, parameterName, type), pos);
        }

        function parseType(): TypeNode {
            // The rules about 'yield' only apply to actual code/expression contexts.  They don't
            // apply to 'type' contexts.  So we disable these parameters here before moving on.
            return doOutsideOfContext(NodeFlags.TypeExcludesFlags, parseTypeWorker);
        }

        function parseTypeWorker(noConditionalTypes?: boolean): TypeNode {
            if (isStartOfFunctionTypeOrConstructorType()) {
                return parseFunctionOrConstructorType();
            }
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const type = parseUnionTypeOrHigher();
            if (!noConditionalTypes && !scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak() && parseOptional(SyntaxKind.ExtendsKeyword)) {
                // The type following 'extends' is not permitted to be another conditional type
                const extendsType = parseTypeWorker(/*noConditionalTypes*/ true);
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.QuestionToken);
                const trueType = parseTypeWorker();
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.ColonToken);
                const falseType = parseTypeWorker();
                return finishNode(factory.createConditionalTypeNode(type, extendsType, trueType, falseType), pos);
            }
            return type;
        }

        function parseTypeAnnotation(): TypeNode | undefined {
            return parseOptional(SyntaxKind.ColonToken) ? parseType() : undefined;
        }

        // EXPRESSIONS
        function isStartOfLeftHandSideExpression(): boolean {
            switch (token()) {
                case SyntaxKind.ThisKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.SuperKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.NullKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.TrueKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.FalseKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.NumericLiteral:
                case SyntaxKind.BigIntLiteral:
                case SyntaxKind.StringLiteral:
                case SyntaxKind.NoSubstitutionTemplateLiteral:
                case SyntaxKind.TemplateHead:
                case SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken:
                case SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken:
                case SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken:
                case SyntaxKind.FunctionKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ClassKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.NewKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.SlashToken:
                case SyntaxKind.SlashEqualsToken:
                case SyntaxKind.Identifier:
                    return true;
                case SyntaxKind.ImportKeyword:
                    return lookAhead(nextTokenIsOpenParenOrLessThanOrDot);
                default:
                    return isIdentifier();
            }
        }

        function isStartOfExpression(): boolean {
            if (isStartOfLeftHandSideExpression()) {
                return true;
            }

            switch (token()) {
                case SyntaxKind.PlusToken:
                case SyntaxKind.MinusToken:
                case SyntaxKind.TildeToken:
                case SyntaxKind.ExclamationToken:
                case SyntaxKind.DeleteKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.TypeOfKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.VoidKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.PlusPlusToken:
                case SyntaxKind.MinusMinusToken:
                case SyntaxKind.LessThanToken:
                case SyntaxKind.AwaitKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.YieldKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.PrivateIdentifier:
                    // Yield/await always starts an expression.  Either it is an identifier (in which case
                    // it is definitely an expression).  Or it's a keyword (either because we're in
                    // a generator or async function, or in strict mode (or both)) and it started a yield or await expression.
                    return true;
                default:
                    // Error tolerance.  If we see the start of some binary operator, we consider
                    // that the start of an expression.  That way we'll parse out a missing identifier,
                    // give a good message about an identifier being missing, and then consume the
                    // rest of the binary expression.
                    if (isBinaryOperator()) {
                        return true;
                    }

                    return isIdentifier();
            }
        }

        function isStartOfExpressionStatement(): boolean {
            // As per the grammar, none of '{' or 'function' or 'class' can start an expression statement.
            return token() !== SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken &&
                token() !== SyntaxKind.FunctionKeyword &&
                token() !== SyntaxKind.ClassKeyword &&
                token() !== SyntaxKind.AtToken &&
                isStartOfExpression();
        }

        function parseExpression(): Expression {
            // Expression[in]:
            //      AssignmentExpression[in]
            //      Expression[in] , AssignmentExpression[in]

            // clear the decorator context when parsing Expression, as it should be unambiguous when parsing a decorator
            const saveDecoratorContext = inDecoratorContext();
            if (saveDecoratorContext) {
                setDecoratorContext(/*val*/ false);
            }

            const pos = getNodePos();
            let expr = parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher();
            let operatorToken: BinaryOperatorToken;
            while ((operatorToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.CommaToken))) {
                expr = makeBinaryExpression(expr, operatorToken, parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher(), pos);
            }

            if (saveDecoratorContext) {
                setDecoratorContext(/*val*/ true);
            }
            return expr;
        }

        function parseInitializer(): Expression | undefined {
            return parseOptional(SyntaxKind.EqualsToken) ? parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher() : undefined;
        }

        function parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher(): Expression {
            //  AssignmentExpression[in,yield]:
            //      1) ConditionalExpression[?in,?yield]
            //      2) LeftHandSideExpression = AssignmentExpression[?in,?yield]
            //      3) LeftHandSideExpression AssignmentOperator AssignmentExpression[?in,?yield]
            //      4) ArrowFunctionExpression[?in,?yield]
            //      5) AsyncArrowFunctionExpression[in,yield,await]
            //      6) [+Yield] YieldExpression[?In]
            //
            // Note: for ease of implementation we treat productions '2' and '3' as the same thing.
            // (i.e. they're both BinaryExpressions with an assignment operator in it).

            // First, do the simple check if we have a YieldExpression (production '6').
            if (isYieldExpression()) {
                return parseYieldExpression();
            }

            // Then, check if we have an arrow function (production '4' and '5') that starts with a parenthesized
            // parameter list or is an async arrow function.
            // AsyncArrowFunctionExpression:
            //      1) async[no LineTerminator here]AsyncArrowBindingIdentifier[?Yield][no LineTerminator here]=>AsyncConciseBody[?In]
            //      2) CoverCallExpressionAndAsyncArrowHead[?Yield, ?Await][no LineTerminator here]=>AsyncConciseBody[?In]
            // Production (1) of AsyncArrowFunctionExpression is parsed in "tryParseAsyncSimpleArrowFunctionExpression".
            // And production (2) is parsed in "tryParseParenthesizedArrowFunctionExpression".
            //
            // If we do successfully parse arrow-function, we must *not* recurse for productions 1, 2 or 3. An ArrowFunction is
            // not a LeftHandSideExpression, nor does it start a ConditionalExpression.  So we are done
            // with AssignmentExpression if we see one.
            const arrowExpression = tryParseParenthesizedArrowFunctionExpression() || tryParseAsyncSimpleArrowFunctionExpression();
            if (arrowExpression) {
                return arrowExpression;
            }

            // Now try to see if we're in production '1', '2' or '3'.  A conditional expression can
            // start with a LogicalOrExpression, while the assignment productions can only start with
            // LeftHandSideExpressions.
            //
            // So, first, we try to just parse out a BinaryExpression.  If we get something that is a
            // LeftHandSide or higher, then we can try to parse out the assignment expression part.
            // Otherwise, we try to parse out the conditional expression bit.  We want to allow any
            // binary expression here, so we pass in the 'lowest' precedence here so that it matches
            // and consumes anything.
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const expr = parseBinaryExpressionOrHigher(OperatorPrecedence.Lowest);

            // To avoid a look-ahead, we did not handle the case of an arrow function with a single un-parenthesized
            // parameter ('x => ...') above. We handle it here by checking if the parsed expression was a single
            // identifier and the current token is an arrow.
            if (expr.kind === SyntaxKind.Identifier && token() === SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken) {
                return parseSimpleArrowFunctionExpression(pos, expr as Identifier, /*asyncModifier*/ undefined);
            }

            // Now see if we might be in cases '2' or '3'.
            // If the expression was a LHS expression, and we have an assignment operator, then
            // we're in '2' or '3'. Consume the assignment and return.
            //
            // Note: we call reScanGreaterToken so that we get an appropriately merged token
            // for cases like `> > =` becoming `>>=`
            if (isLeftHandSideExpression(expr) && isAssignmentOperator(reScanGreaterToken())) {
                return makeBinaryExpression(expr, parseTokenNode(), parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher(), pos);
            }

            // It wasn't an assignment or a lambda.  This is a conditional expression:
            return parseConditionalExpressionRest(expr, pos);
        }

        function isYieldExpression(): boolean {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.YieldKeyword) {
                // If we have a 'yield' keyword, and this is a context where yield expressions are
                // allowed, then definitely parse out a yield expression.
                if (inYieldContext()) {
                    return true;
                }

                // We're in a context where 'yield expr' is not allowed.  However, if we can
                // definitely tell that the user was trying to parse a 'yield expr' and not
                // just a normal expr that start with a 'yield' identifier, then parse out
                // a 'yield expr'.  We can then report an error later that they are only
                // allowed in generator expressions.
                //
                // for example, if we see 'yield(foo)', then we'll have to treat that as an
                // invocation expression of something called 'yield'.  However, if we have
                // 'yield foo' then that is not legal as a normal expression, so we can
                // definitely recognize this as a yield expression.
                //
                // for now we just check if the next token is an identifier.  More heuristics
                // can be added here later as necessary.  We just need to make sure that we
                // don't accidentally consume something legal.
                return lookAhead(nextTokenIsIdentifierOrKeywordOrLiteralOnSameLine);
            }

            return false;
        }

        function nextTokenIsIdentifierOnSameLine() {
            nextToken();
            return !scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak() && isIdentifier();
        }

        function parseYieldExpression(): YieldExpression {
            const pos = getNodePos();

            // YieldExpression[In] :
            //      yield
            //      yield [no LineTerminator here] [Lexical goal InputElementRegExp]AssignmentExpression[?In, Yield]
            //      yield [no LineTerminator here] * [Lexical goal InputElementRegExp]AssignmentExpression[?In, Yield]
            nextToken();

            if (!scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak() &&
                (token() === SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken || isStartOfExpression())) {
                return finishNode(
                    factory.createYieldExpression(
                        parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken),
                        parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher()
                    ),
                    pos
                );
            }
            else {
                // if the next token is not on the same line as yield.  or we don't have an '*' or
                // the start of an expression, then this is just a simple "yield" expression.
                return finishNode(factory.createYieldExpression(/*asteriskToken*/ undefined, /*expression*/ undefined), pos);
            }
        }

        function parseSimpleArrowFunctionExpression(pos: number, identifier: Identifier, asyncModifier?: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined): ArrowFunction {
            Debug.assert(token() === SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken, "parseSimpleArrowFunctionExpression should only have been called if we had a =>");
            const parameter = factory.createParameterDeclaration(
                /*decorators*/ undefined,
                /*modifiers*/ undefined,
                /*dotDotDotToken*/ undefined,
                identifier,
                /*questionToken*/ undefined,
                /*type*/ undefined,
                /*initializer*/ undefined
            );
            finishNode(parameter, identifier.pos);

            const parameters = createNodeArray<ParameterDeclaration>([parameter], parameter.pos, parameter.end);
            const equalsGreaterThanToken = parseExpectedToken(SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken);
            const body = parseArrowFunctionExpressionBody(/*isAsync*/ !!asyncModifier);
            const node = factory.createArrowFunction(asyncModifier, /*typeParameters*/ undefined, parameters, /*type*/ undefined, equalsGreaterThanToken, body);
            return addJSDocComment(finishNode(node, pos));
        }

        function tryParseParenthesizedArrowFunctionExpression(): Expression | undefined {
            const triState = isParenthesizedArrowFunctionExpression();
            if (triState === Tristate.False) {
                // It's definitely not a parenthesized arrow function expression.
                return undefined;
            }

            // If we definitely have an arrow function, then we can just parse one, not requiring a
            // following => or { token. Otherwise, we *might* have an arrow function.  Try to parse
            // it out, but don't allow any ambiguity, and return 'undefined' if this could be an
            // expression instead.
            return triState === Tristate.True ?
                parseParenthesizedArrowFunctionExpression(/*allowAmbiguity*/ true) :
                tryParse(parsePossibleParenthesizedArrowFunctionExpression);
        }

        //  True        -> We definitely expect a parenthesized arrow function here.
        //  False       -> There *cannot* be a parenthesized arrow function here.
        //  Unknown     -> There *might* be a parenthesized arrow function here.
        //                 Speculatively look ahead to be sure, and rollback if not.
        function isParenthesizedArrowFunctionExpression(): Tristate {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken || token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken || token() === SyntaxKind.AsyncKeyword) {
                return lookAhead(isParenthesizedArrowFunctionExpressionWorker);
            }

            if (token() === SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken) {
                // ERROR RECOVERY TWEAK:
                // If we see a standalone => try to parse it as an arrow function expression as that's
                // likely what the user intended to write.
                return Tristate.True;
            }
            // Definitely not a parenthesized arrow function.
            return Tristate.False;
        }

        function isParenthesizedArrowFunctionExpressionWorker() {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.AsyncKeyword) {
                nextToken();
                if (scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak()) {
                    return Tristate.False;
                }
                if (token() !== SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken && token() !== SyntaxKind.LessThanToken) {
                    return Tristate.False;
                }
            }

            const first = token();
            const second = nextToken();

            if (first === SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken) {
                if (second === SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken) {
                    // Simple cases: "() =>", "(): ", and "() {".
                    // This is an arrow function with no parameters.
                    // The last one is not actually an arrow function,
                    // but this is probably what the user intended.
                    const third = nextToken();
                    switch (third) {
                        case SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken:
                        case SyntaxKind.ColonToken:
                        case SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken:
                            return Tristate.True;
                        default:
                            return Tristate.False;
                    }
                }

                // If encounter "([" or "({", this could be the start of a binding pattern.
                // Examples:
                //      ([ x ]) => { }
                //      ({ x }) => { }
                //      ([ x ])
                //      ({ x })
                if (second === SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken || second === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken) {
                    return Tristate.Unknown;
                }

                // Simple case: "(..."
                // This is an arrow function with a rest parameter.
                if (second === SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken) {
                    return Tristate.True;
                }

                // Check for "(xxx yyy", where xxx is a modifier and yyy is an identifier. This
                // isn't actually allowed, but we want to treat it as a lambda so we can provide
                // a good error message.
                if (isModifierKind(second) && second !== SyntaxKind.AsyncKeyword && lookAhead(nextTokenIsIdentifier)) {
                    return Tristate.True;
                }

                // If we had "(" followed by something that's not an identifier,
                // then this definitely doesn't look like a lambda.  "this" is not
                // valid, but we want to parse it and then give a semantic error.
                if (!isIdentifier() && second !== SyntaxKind.ThisKeyword) {
                    return Tristate.False;
                }

                switch (nextToken()) {
                    case SyntaxKind.ColonToken:
                        // If we have something like "(a:", then we must have a
                        // type-annotated parameter in an arrow function expression.
                        return Tristate.True;
                    case SyntaxKind.QuestionToken:
                        nextToken();
                        // If we have "(a?:" or "(a?," or "(a?=" or "(a?)" then it is definitely a lambda.
                        if (token() === SyntaxKind.ColonToken || token() === SyntaxKind.CommaToken || token() === SyntaxKind.EqualsToken || token() === SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken) {
                            return Tristate.True;
                        }
                        // Otherwise it is definitely not a lambda.
                        return Tristate.False;
                    case SyntaxKind.CommaToken:
                    case SyntaxKind.EqualsToken:
                    case SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken:
                        // If we have "(a," or "(a=" or "(a)" this *could* be an arrow function
                        return Tristate.Unknown;
                }
                // It is definitely not an arrow function
                return Tristate.False;
            }
            else {
                Debug.assert(first === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken);

                // If we have "<" not followed by an identifier,
                // then this definitely is not an arrow function.
                if (!isIdentifier()) {
                    return Tristate.False;
                }

                // JSX overrides
                if (languageVariant === LanguageVariant.JSX) {
                    const isArrowFunctionInJsx = lookAhead(() => {
                        const third = nextToken();
                        if (third === SyntaxKind.ExtendsKeyword) {
                            const fourth = nextToken();
                            switch (fourth) {
                                case SyntaxKind.EqualsToken:
                                case SyntaxKind.GreaterThanToken:
                                    return false;
                                default:
                                    return true;
                            }
                        }
                        else if (third === SyntaxKind.CommaToken) {
                            return true;
                        }
                        return false;
                    });

                    if (isArrowFunctionInJsx) {
                        return Tristate.True;
                    }

                    return Tristate.False;
                }

                // This *could* be a parenthesized arrow function.
                return Tristate.Unknown;
            }
        }

        function parsePossibleParenthesizedArrowFunctionExpression(): ArrowFunction | undefined {
            const tokenPos = scanner.getTokenPos();
            if (notParenthesizedArrow?.has(tokenPos)) {
                return undefined;
            }

            const result = parseParenthesizedArrowFunctionExpression(/*allowAmbiguity*/ false);
            if (!result) {
                (notParenthesizedArrow || (notParenthesizedArrow = new Set())).add(tokenPos);
            }

            return result;
        }

        function tryParseAsyncSimpleArrowFunctionExpression(): ArrowFunction | undefined {
            // We do a check here so that we won't be doing unnecessarily call to "lookAhead"
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.AsyncKeyword) {
                if (lookAhead(isUnParenthesizedAsyncArrowFunctionWorker) === Tristate.True) {
                    const pos = getNodePos();
                    const asyncModifier = parseModifiersForArrowFunction();
                    const expr = parseBinaryExpressionOrHigher(OperatorPrecedence.Lowest);
                    return parseSimpleArrowFunctionExpression(pos, expr as Identifier, asyncModifier);
                }
            }
            return undefined;
        }

        function isUnParenthesizedAsyncArrowFunctionWorker(): Tristate {
            // AsyncArrowFunctionExpression:
            //      1) async[no LineTerminator here]AsyncArrowBindingIdentifier[?Yield][no LineTerminator here]=>AsyncConciseBody[?In]
            //      2) CoverCallExpressionAndAsyncArrowHead[?Yield, ?Await][no LineTerminator here]=>AsyncConciseBody[?In]
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.AsyncKeyword) {
                nextToken();
                // If the "async" is followed by "=>" token then it is not a beginning of an async arrow-function
                // but instead a simple arrow-function which will be parsed inside "parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher"
                if (scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak() || token() === SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken) {
                    return Tristate.False;
                }
                // Check for un-parenthesized AsyncArrowFunction
                const expr = parseBinaryExpressionOrHigher(OperatorPrecedence.Lowest);
                if (!scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak() && expr.kind === SyntaxKind.Identifier && token() === SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken) {
                    return Tristate.True;
                }
            }

            return Tristate.False;
        }

        function parseParenthesizedArrowFunctionExpression(allowAmbiguity: boolean): ArrowFunction | undefined {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            const modifiers = parseModifiersForArrowFunction();
            const isAsync = some(modifiers, isAsyncModifier) ? SignatureFlags.Await : SignatureFlags.None;
            // Arrow functions are never generators.
            //
            // If we're speculatively parsing a signature for a parenthesized arrow function, then
            // we have to have a complete parameter list.  Otherwise we might see something like
            // a => (b => c)
            // And think that "(b =>" was actually a parenthesized arrow function with a missing
            // close paren.
            const typeParameters = parseTypeParameters();

            let parameters: NodeArray<ParameterDeclaration>;
            if (!parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken)) {
                if (!allowAmbiguity) {
                    return undefined;
                }
                parameters = createMissingList<ParameterDeclaration>();
            }
            else {
                parameters = parseParametersWorker(isAsync);
                if (!parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken) && !allowAmbiguity) {
                    return undefined;
                }
            }

            const type = parseReturnType(SyntaxKind.ColonToken, /*isType*/ false);
            if (type && !allowAmbiguity && typeHasArrowFunctionBlockingParseError(type)) {
                return undefined;
            }

            // Parsing a signature isn't enough.
            // Parenthesized arrow signatures often look like other valid expressions.
            // For instance:
            //  - "(x = 10)" is an assignment expression parsed as a signature with a default parameter value.
            //  - "(x,y)" is a comma expression parsed as a signature with two parameters.
            //  - "a ? (b): c" will have "(b):" parsed as a signature with a return type annotation.
            //  - "a ? (b): function() {}" will too, since function() is a valid JSDoc function type.
            //
            // So we need just a bit of lookahead to ensure that it can only be a signature.
            const hasJSDocFunctionType = type && isJSDocFunctionType(type);
            if (!allowAmbiguity && token() !== SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken && (hasJSDocFunctionType || token() !== SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken)) {
                // Returning undefined here will cause our caller to rewind to where we started from.
                    return undefined;
            }

            // If we have an arrow, then try to parse the body. Even if not, try to parse if we
            // have an opening brace, just in case we're in an error state.
            const lastToken = token();
            const equalsGreaterThanToken = parseExpectedToken(SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken);
            const body = (lastToken === SyntaxKind.EqualsGreaterThanToken || lastToken === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken)
                ? parseArrowFunctionExpressionBody(some(modifiers, isAsyncModifier))
                : parseIdentifier();

            const node = factory.createArrowFunction(modifiers, typeParameters, parameters, type, equalsGreaterThanToken, body);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseArrowFunctionExpressionBody(isAsync: boolean): Block | Expression {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken) {
                return parseFunctionBlock(isAsync ? SignatureFlags.Await : SignatureFlags.None);
            }

            if (token() !== SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken &&
                token() !== SyntaxKind.FunctionKeyword &&
                token() !== SyntaxKind.ClassKeyword &&
                isStartOfStatement() &&
                !isStartOfExpressionStatement()) {
                // Check if we got a plain statement (i.e. no expression-statements, no function/class expressions/declarations)
                //
                // Here we try to recover from a potential error situation in the case where the
                // user meant to supply a block. For example, if the user wrote:
                //
                //  a =>
                //      let v = 0;
                //  }
                //
                // they may be missing an open brace.  Check to see if that's the case so we can
                // try to recover better.  If we don't do this, then the next close curly we see may end
                // up preemptively closing the containing construct.
                //
                // Note: even when 'IgnoreMissingOpenBrace' is passed, parseBody will still error.
                return parseFunctionBlock(SignatureFlags.IgnoreMissingOpenBrace | (isAsync ? SignatureFlags.Await : SignatureFlags.None));
            }

            const savedTopLevel = topLevel;
            topLevel = false;
            const node = isAsync
                ? doInAwaitContext(parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher)
                : doOutsideOfAwaitContext(parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher);
            topLevel = savedTopLevel;
            return node;
        }

        function parseConditionalExpressionRest(leftOperand: Expression, pos: number): Expression {
            // Note: we are passed in an expression which was produced from parseBinaryExpressionOrHigher.
            const questionToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.QuestionToken);
            if (!questionToken) {
                return leftOperand;
            }

            // Note: we explicitly 'allowIn' in the whenTrue part of the condition expression, and
            // we do not that for the 'whenFalse' part.
            let colonToken;
            return finishNode(
                factory.createConditionalExpression(
                    leftOperand,
                    questionToken,
                    doOutsideOfContext(disallowInAndDecoratorContext, parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher),
                    colonToken = parseExpectedToken(SyntaxKind.ColonToken),
                    nodeIsPresent(colonToken)
                        ? parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher()
                        : createMissingNode(SyntaxKind.Identifier, /*reportAtCurrentPosition*/ false, Diagnostics._0_expected, tokenToString(SyntaxKind.ColonToken))
                ),
                pos
            );
        }

        function parseBinaryExpressionOrHigher(precedence: OperatorPrecedence): Expression {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const leftOperand = parseUnaryExpressionOrHigher();
            return parseBinaryExpressionRest(precedence, leftOperand, pos);
        }

        function isInOrOfKeyword(t: SyntaxKind) {
            return t === SyntaxKind.InKeyword || t === SyntaxKind.OfKeyword;
        }

        function parseBinaryExpressionRest(precedence: OperatorPrecedence, leftOperand: Expression, pos: number): Expression {
            while (true) {
                // We either have a binary operator here, or we're finished.  We call
                // reScanGreaterToken so that we merge token sequences like > and = into >=

                reScanGreaterToken();
                const newPrecedence = getBinaryOperatorPrecedence(token());

                // Check the precedence to see if we should "take" this operator
                // - For left associative operator (all operator but **), consume the operator,
                //   recursively call the function below, and parse binaryExpression as a rightOperand
                //   of the caller if the new precedence of the operator is greater then or equal to the current precedence.
                //   For example:
                //      a - b - c;
                //            ^token; leftOperand = b. Return b to the caller as a rightOperand
                //      a * b - c
                //            ^token; leftOperand = b. Return b to the caller as a rightOperand
                //      a - b * c;
                //            ^token; leftOperand = b. Return b * c to the caller as a rightOperand
                // - For right associative operator (**), consume the operator, recursively call the function
                //   and parse binaryExpression as a rightOperand of the caller if the new precedence of
                //   the operator is strictly grater than the current precedence
                //   For example:
                //      a ** b ** c;
                //             ^^token; leftOperand = b. Return b ** c to the caller as a rightOperand
                //      a - b ** c;
                //            ^^token; leftOperand = b. Return b ** c to the caller as a rightOperand
                //      a ** b - c
                //             ^token; leftOperand = b. Return b to the caller as a rightOperand
                const consumeCurrentOperator = token() === SyntaxKind.AsteriskAsteriskToken ?
                    newPrecedence >= precedence :
                    newPrecedence > precedence;

                if (!consumeCurrentOperator) {
                    break;
                }

                if (token() === SyntaxKind.InKeyword && inDisallowInContext()) {
                    break;
                }

                if (token() === SyntaxKind.AsKeyword) {
                    // Make sure we *do* perform ASI for constructs like this:
                    //    var x = foo
                    //    as (Bar)
                    // This should be parsed as an initialized variable, followed
                    // by a function call to 'as' with the argument 'Bar'
                    if (scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak()) {
                        break;
                    }
                    else {
                        nextToken();
                        leftOperand = makeAsExpression(leftOperand, parseType());
                    }
                }
                else {
                    leftOperand = makeBinaryExpression(leftOperand, parseTokenNode(), parseBinaryExpressionOrHigher(newPrecedence), pos);
                }
            }

            return leftOperand;
        }

        function isBinaryOperator() {
            if (inDisallowInContext() && token() === SyntaxKind.InKeyword) {
                return false;
            }

            return getBinaryOperatorPrecedence(token()) > 0;
        }

        function makeBinaryExpression(left: Expression, operatorToken: BinaryOperatorToken, right: Expression, pos: number): BinaryExpression {
            return finishNode(factory.createBinaryExpression(left, operatorToken, right), pos);
        }

        function makeAsExpression(left: Expression, right: TypeNode): AsExpression {
            return finishNode(factory.createAsExpression(left, right), left.pos);
        }

        function parsePrefixUnaryExpression() {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            return finishNode(factory.createPrefixUnaryExpression(token() as PrefixUnaryOperator, nextTokenAnd(parseSimpleUnaryExpression)), pos);
        }

        function parseDeleteExpression() {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            return finishNode(factory.createDeleteExpression(nextTokenAnd(parseSimpleUnaryExpression)), pos);
        }

        function parseTypeOfExpression() {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            return finishNode(factory.createTypeOfExpression(nextTokenAnd(parseSimpleUnaryExpression)), pos);
        }

        function parseVoidExpression() {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            return finishNode(factory.createVoidExpression(nextTokenAnd(parseSimpleUnaryExpression)), pos);
        }

        function isAwaitExpression(): boolean {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.AwaitKeyword) {
                if (inAwaitContext()) {
                    return true;
                }

                // here we are using similar heuristics as 'isYieldExpression'
                return lookAhead(nextTokenIsIdentifierOrKeywordOrLiteralOnSameLine);
            }

            return false;
        }

        function parseAwaitExpression() {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            return finishNode(factory.createAwaitExpression(nextTokenAnd(parseSimpleUnaryExpression)), pos);
        }

        /**
         * Parse ES7 exponential expression and await expression
         *
         * ES7 ExponentiationExpression:
         *      1) UnaryExpression[?Yield]
         *      2) UpdateExpression[?Yield] ** ExponentiationExpression[?Yield]
         *
         */
        function parseUnaryExpressionOrHigher(): UnaryExpression | BinaryExpression {
            /**
             * ES7 UpdateExpression:
             *      1) LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield]
             *      2) LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield][no LineTerminator here]++
             *      3) LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield][no LineTerminator here]--
             *      4) ++UnaryExpression[?Yield]
             *      5) --UnaryExpression[?Yield]
             */
            if (isUpdateExpression()) {
                const pos = getNodePos();
                const updateExpression = parseUpdateExpression();
                return token() === SyntaxKind.AsteriskAsteriskToken ?
                    parseBinaryExpressionRest(getBinaryOperatorPrecedence(token()), updateExpression, pos) as BinaryExpression :
                    updateExpression;
            }

            /**
             * ES7 UnaryExpression:
             *      1) UpdateExpression[?yield]
             *      2) delete UpdateExpression[?yield]
             *      3) void UpdateExpression[?yield]
             *      4) typeof UpdateExpression[?yield]
             *      5) + UpdateExpression[?yield]
             *      6) - UpdateExpression[?yield]
             *      7) ~ UpdateExpression[?yield]
             *      8) ! UpdateExpression[?yield]
             */
            const unaryOperator = token();
            const simpleUnaryExpression = parseSimpleUnaryExpression();
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.AsteriskAsteriskToken) {
                const pos = skipTrivia(sourceText, simpleUnaryExpression.pos);
                const { end } = simpleUnaryExpression;
                if (simpleUnaryExpression.kind === SyntaxKind.TypeAssertionExpression) {
                    parseErrorAt(pos, end, Diagnostics.A_type_assertion_expression_is_not_allowed_in_the_left_hand_side_of_an_exponentiation_expression_Consider_enclosing_the_expression_in_parentheses);
                }
                else {
                    parseErrorAt(pos, end, Diagnostics.An_unary_expression_with_the_0_operator_is_not_allowed_in_the_left_hand_side_of_an_exponentiation_expression_Consider_enclosing_the_expression_in_parentheses, tokenToString(unaryOperator));
                }
            }
            return simpleUnaryExpression;
        }

        /**
         * Parse ES7 simple-unary expression or higher:
         *
         * ES7 UnaryExpression:
         *      1) UpdateExpression[?yield]
         *      2) delete UnaryExpression[?yield]
         *      3) void UnaryExpression[?yield]
         *      4) typeof UnaryExpression[?yield]
         *      5) + UnaryExpression[?yield]
         *      6) - UnaryExpression[?yield]
         *      7) ~ UnaryExpression[?yield]
         *      8) ! UnaryExpression[?yield]
         *      9) [+Await] await UnaryExpression[?yield]
         */
        function parseSimpleUnaryExpression(): UnaryExpression {
            switch (token()) {
                case SyntaxKind.PlusToken:
                case SyntaxKind.MinusToken:
                case SyntaxKind.TildeToken:
                case SyntaxKind.ExclamationToken:
                    return parsePrefixUnaryExpression();
                case SyntaxKind.DeleteKeyword:
                    return parseDeleteExpression();
                case SyntaxKind.TypeOfKeyword:
                    return parseTypeOfExpression();
                case SyntaxKind.VoidKeyword:
                    return parseVoidExpression();
                case SyntaxKind.LessThanToken:
                    // This is modified UnaryExpression grammar in TypeScript
                    //  UnaryExpression (modified):
                    //      < type > UnaryExpression
                    return parseTypeAssertion();
                case SyntaxKind.AwaitKeyword:
                    if (isAwaitExpression()) {
                        return parseAwaitExpression();
                    }
                    // falls through
                default:
                    return parseUpdateExpression();
            }
        }

        /**
         * Check if the current token can possibly be an ES7 increment expression.
         *
         * ES7 UpdateExpression:
         *      LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield]
         *      LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield][no LineTerminator here]++
         *      LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield][no LineTerminator here]--
         *      ++LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield]
         *      --LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield]
         */
        function isUpdateExpression(): boolean {
            // This function is called inside parseUnaryExpression to decide
            // whether to call parseSimpleUnaryExpression or call parseUpdateExpression directly
            switch (token()) {
                case SyntaxKind.PlusToken:
                case SyntaxKind.MinusToken:
                case SyntaxKind.TildeToken:
                case SyntaxKind.ExclamationToken:
                case SyntaxKind.DeleteKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.TypeOfKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.VoidKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.AwaitKeyword:
                    return false;
                case SyntaxKind.LessThanToken:
                    // If we are not in JSX context, we are parsing TypeAssertion which is an UnaryExpression
                    if (languageVariant !== LanguageVariant.JSX) {
                        return false;
                    }
                    // We are in JSX context and the token is part of JSXElement.
                    // falls through
                default:
                    return true;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Parse ES7 UpdateExpression. UpdateExpression is used instead of ES6's PostFixExpression.
         *
         * ES7 UpdateExpression[yield]:
         *      1) LeftHandSideExpression[?yield]
         *      2) LeftHandSideExpression[?yield] [[no LineTerminator here]]++
         *      3) LeftHandSideExpression[?yield] [[no LineTerminator here]]--
         *      4) ++LeftHandSideExpression[?yield]
         *      5) --LeftHandSideExpression[?yield]
         * In TypeScript (2), (3) are parsed as PostfixUnaryExpression. (4), (5) are parsed as PrefixUnaryExpression
         */
        function parseUpdateExpression(): UpdateExpression {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.PlusPlusToken || token() === SyntaxKind.MinusMinusToken) {
                const pos = getNodePos();
                return finishNode(factory.createPrefixUnaryExpression(token() as PrefixUnaryOperator, nextTokenAnd(parseLeftHandSideExpressionOrHigher)), pos);
            }
            else if (languageVariant === LanguageVariant.JSX && token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken && lookAhead(nextTokenIsIdentifierOrKeywordOrGreaterThan)) {
                // JSXElement is part of primaryExpression
                return parseJsxElementOrSelfClosingElementOrFragment(/*inExpressionContext*/ true);
            }

            const expression = parseLeftHandSideExpressionOrHigher();

            Debug.assert(isLeftHandSideExpression(expression));
            if ((token() === SyntaxKind.PlusPlusToken || token() === SyntaxKind.MinusMinusToken) && !scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak()) {
                const operator = token() as PostfixUnaryOperator;
                nextToken();
                return finishNode(factory.createPostfixUnaryExpression(expression, operator), expression.pos);
            }

            return expression;
        }

        function parseLeftHandSideExpressionOrHigher(): LeftHandSideExpression {
            // Original Ecma:
            // LeftHandSideExpression: See 11.2
            //      NewExpression
            //      CallExpression
            //
            // Our simplification:
            //
            // LeftHandSideExpression: See 11.2
            //      MemberExpression
            //      CallExpression
            //
            // See comment in parseMemberExpressionOrHigher on how we replaced NewExpression with
            // MemberExpression to make our lives easier.
            //
            // to best understand the below code, it's important to see how CallExpression expands
            // out into its own productions:
            //
            // CallExpression:
            //      MemberExpression Arguments
            //      CallExpression Arguments
            //      CallExpression[Expression]
            //      CallExpression.IdentifierName
            //      import (AssignmentExpression)
            //      super Arguments
            //      super.IdentifierName
            //
            // Because of the recursion in these calls, we need to bottom out first. There are three
            // bottom out states we can run into: 1) We see 'super' which must start either of
            // the last two CallExpression productions. 2) We see 'import' which must start import call.
            // 3)we have a MemberExpression which either completes the LeftHandSideExpression,
            // or starts the beginning of the first four CallExpression productions.
            const pos = getNodePos();
            let expression: MemberExpression;
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.ImportKeyword) {
                if (lookAhead(nextTokenIsOpenParenOrLessThan)) {
                    // We don't want to eagerly consume all import keyword as import call expression so we look ahead to find "("
                    // For example:
                    //      var foo3 = require("subfolder
                    //      import * as foo1 from "module-from-node
                    // We want this import to be a statement rather than import call expression
                    sourceFlags |= NodeFlags.PossiblyContainsDynamicImport;
                    expression = parseTokenNode<PrimaryExpression>();
                }
                else if (lookAhead(nextTokenIsDot)) {
                    // This is an 'import.*' metaproperty (i.e. 'import.meta')
                    nextToken(); // advance past the 'import'
                    nextToken(); // advance past the dot
                    expression = finishNode(factory.createMetaProperty(SyntaxKind.ImportKeyword, parseIdentifierName()), pos);
                    sourceFlags |= NodeFlags.PossiblyContainsImportMeta;
                }
                else {
                    expression = parseMemberExpressionOrHigher();
                }
            }
            else {
                expression = token() === SyntaxKind.SuperKeyword ? parseSuperExpression() : parseMemberExpressionOrHigher();
            }

            // Now, we *may* be complete.  However, we might have consumed the start of a
            // CallExpression or OptionalExpression.  As such, we need to consume the rest
            // of it here to be complete.
            return parseCallExpressionRest(pos, expression);
        }

        function parseMemberExpressionOrHigher(): MemberExpression {
            // Note: to make our lives simpler, we decompose the NewExpression productions and
            // place ObjectCreationExpression and FunctionExpression into PrimaryExpression.
            // like so:
            //
            //   PrimaryExpression : See 11.1
            //      this
            //      Identifier
            //      Literal
            //      ArrayLiteral
            //      ObjectLiteral
            //      (Expression)
            //      FunctionExpression
            //      new MemberExpression Arguments?
            //
            //   MemberExpression : See 11.2
            //      PrimaryExpression
            //      MemberExpression[Expression]
            //      MemberExpression.IdentifierName
            //
            //   CallExpression : See 11.2
            //      MemberExpression
            //      CallExpression Arguments
            //      CallExpression[Expression]
            //      CallExpression.IdentifierName
            //
            // Technically this is ambiguous.  i.e. CallExpression defines:
            //
            //   CallExpression:
            //      CallExpression Arguments
            //
            // If you see: "new Foo()"
            //
            // Then that could be treated as a single ObjectCreationExpression, or it could be
            // treated as the invocation of "new Foo".  We disambiguate that in code (to match
            // the original grammar) by making sure that if we see an ObjectCreationExpression
            // we always consume arguments if they are there. So we treat "new Foo()" as an
            // object creation only, and not at all as an invocation.  Another way to think
            // about this is that for every "new" that we see, we will consume an argument list if
            // it is there as part of the *associated* object creation node.  Any additional
            // argument lists we see, will become invocation expressions.
            //
            // Because there are no other places in the grammar now that refer to FunctionExpression
            // or ObjectCreationExpression, it is safe to push down into the PrimaryExpression
            // production.
            //
            // Because CallExpression and MemberExpression are left recursive, we need to bottom out
            // of the recursion immediately.  So we parse out a primary expression to start with.
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const expression = parsePrimaryExpression();
            return parseMemberExpressionRest(pos, expression, /*allowOptionalChain*/ true);
        }

        function parseSuperExpression(): MemberExpression {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const expression = parseTokenNode<PrimaryExpression>();
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken) {
                const startPos = getNodePos();
                const typeArguments = tryParse(parseTypeArgumentsInExpression);
                if (typeArguments !== undefined) {
                    parseErrorAt(startPos, getNodePos(), Diagnostics.super_may_not_use_type_arguments);
                }
            }

            if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken || token() === SyntaxKind.DotToken || token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken) {
                return expression;
            }

            // If we have seen "super" it must be followed by '(' or '.'.
            // If it wasn't then just try to parse out a '.' and report an error.
            parseExpectedToken(SyntaxKind.DotToken, Diagnostics.super_must_be_followed_by_an_argument_list_or_member_access);
            // private names will never work with `super` (`super.#foo`), but that's a semantic error, not syntactic
            return finishNode(factory.createPropertyAccessExpression(expression, parseRightSideOfDot(/*allowIdentifierNames*/ true, /*allowPrivateIdentifiers*/ true)), pos);
        }

        function parseJsxElementOrSelfClosingElementOrFragment(inExpressionContext: boolean, topInvalidNodePosition?: number, openingTag?: JsxOpeningElement | JsxOpeningFragment): JsxElement | JsxSelfClosingElement | JsxFragment {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const opening = parseJsxOpeningOrSelfClosingElementOrOpeningFragment(inExpressionContext);
            let result: JsxElement | JsxSelfClosingElement | JsxFragment;
            if (opening.kind === SyntaxKind.JsxOpeningElement) {
                let children = parseJsxChildren(opening);
                let closingElement: JsxClosingElement;

                const lastChild: JsxChild | undefined = children[children.length - 1];
                if (lastChild?.kind === SyntaxKind.JsxElement
                    && !tagNamesAreEquivalent(lastChild.openingElement.tagName, lastChild.closingElement.tagName)
                    && tagNamesAreEquivalent(opening.tagName, lastChild.closingElement.tagName)) {
                    // when an unclosed JsxOpeningElement incorrectly parses its parent's JsxClosingElement,
                    // restructure (<div>(...<span></div>)) --> (<div>(...<span></span>)</div>)
                    // (no need to error; the parent will error)
                    const end = lastChild.openingElement.end; // newly-created children and closing are both zero-width end/end
                    const newLast = finishNode(factory.createJsxElement(
                        lastChild.openingElement,
                        createNodeArray([], end, end),
                        finishNode(factory.createJsxClosingElement(finishNode(factory.createIdentifier(""), end, end)), end, end)),
                    lastChild.openingElement.pos,
                    end);

                    children = createNodeArray([...children.slice(0, children.length - 1), newLast], children.pos, end);
                    closingElement = lastChild.closingElement;
                }
                else {
                    closingElement = parseJsxClosingElement(opening, inExpressionContext);
                    if (!tagNamesAreEquivalent(opening.tagName, closingElement.tagName)) {
                        if (openingTag && isJsxOpeningElement(openingTag) && tagNamesAreEquivalent(closingElement.tagName, openingTag.tagName)) {
                            // opening incorrectly matched with its parent's closing -- put error on opening
                            parseErrorAtRange(opening.tagName, Diagnostics.JSX_element_0_has_no_corresponding_closing_tag, getTextOfNodeFromSourceText(sourceText, opening.tagName));
                        }
                        else {
                            // other opening/closing mismatches -- put error on closing
                            parseErrorAtRange(closingElement.tagName, Diagnostics.Expected_corresponding_JSX_closing_tag_for_0, getTextOfNodeFromSourceText(sourceText, opening.tagName));
                        }
                    }
                }
                result = finishNode(factory.createJsxElement(opening, children, closingElement), pos);
            }
            else if (opening.kind === SyntaxKind.JsxOpeningFragment) {
                result = finishNode(factory.createJsxFragment(opening, parseJsxChildren(opening), parseJsxClosingFragment(inExpressionContext)), pos);
            }
            else {
                Debug.assert(opening.kind === SyntaxKind.JsxSelfClosingElement);
                // Nothing else to do for self-closing elements
                result = opening;
            }

            // If the user writes the invalid code '<div></div><div></div>' in an expression context (i.e. not wrapped in
            // an enclosing tag), we'll naively try to parse   ^ this as a 'less than' operator and the remainder of the tag
            // as garbage, which will cause the formatter to badly mangle the JSX. Perform a speculative parse of a JSX
            // element if we see a < token so that we can wrap it in a synthetic binary expression so the formatter
            // does less damage and we can report a better error.
            // Since JSX elements are invalid < operands anyway, this lookahead parse will only occur in error scenarios
            // of one sort or another.
            if (inExpressionContext && token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken) {
                const topBadPos = typeof topInvalidNodePosition === "undefined" ? result.pos : topInvalidNodePosition;
                const invalidElement = tryParse(() => parseJsxElementOrSelfClosingElementOrFragment(/*inExpressionContext*/ true, topBadPos));
                if (invalidElement) {
                    const operatorToken = createMissingNode(SyntaxKind.CommaToken, /*reportAtCurrentPosition*/ false);
                    setTextRangePosWidth(operatorToken, invalidElement.pos, 0);
                    parseErrorAt(skipTrivia(sourceText, topBadPos), invalidElement.end, Diagnostics.JSX_expressions_must_have_one_parent_element);
                    return finishNode(factory.createBinaryExpression(result, operatorToken as Token<SyntaxKind.CommaToken>, invalidElement), pos) as Node as JsxElement;
                }
            }

            return result;
        }

        function parseJsxText(): JsxText {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const node = factory.createJsxText(scanner.getTokenValue(), currentToken === SyntaxKind.JsxTextAllWhiteSpaces);
            currentToken = scanner.scanJsxToken();
            return finishNode(node, pos);
        }

        function parseJsxChild(openingTag: JsxOpeningElement | JsxOpeningFragment, token: JsxTokenSyntaxKind): JsxChild | undefined {
            switch (token) {
                case SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken:
                    // If we hit EOF, issue the error at the tag that lacks the closing element
                    // rather than at the end of the file (which is useless)
                    if (isJsxOpeningFragment(openingTag)) {
                        parseErrorAtRange(openingTag, Diagnostics.JSX_fragment_has_no_corresponding_closing_tag);
                    }
                    else {
                        // We want the error span to cover only 'Foo.Bar' in < Foo.Bar >
                        // or to cover only 'Foo' in < Foo >
                        const tag = openingTag.tagName;
                        const start = skipTrivia(sourceText, tag.pos);
                        parseErrorAt(start, tag.end, Diagnostics.JSX_element_0_has_no_corresponding_closing_tag, getTextOfNodeFromSourceText(sourceText, openingTag.tagName));
                    }
                    return undefined;
                case SyntaxKind.LessThanSlashToken:
                case SyntaxKind.ConflictMarkerTrivia:
                    return undefined;
                case SyntaxKind.JsxText:
                case SyntaxKind.JsxTextAllWhiteSpaces:
                    return parseJsxText();
                case SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken:
                    return parseJsxExpression(/*inExpressionContext*/ false);
                case SyntaxKind.LessThanToken:
                    return parseJsxElementOrSelfClosingElementOrFragment(/*inExpressionContext*/ false, /*topInvalidNodePosition*/ undefined, openingTag);
                default:
                    return Debug.assertNever(token);
            }
        }

        function parseJsxChildren(openingTag: JsxOpeningElement | JsxOpeningFragment): NodeArray<JsxChild> {
            const list = [];
            const listPos = getNodePos();
            const saveParsingContext = parsingContext;
            parsingContext |= 1 << ParsingContext.JsxChildren;

            while (true) {
                const child = parseJsxChild(openingTag, currentToken = scanner.reScanJsxToken());
                if (!child) break;
                list.push(child);
                if (isJsxOpeningElement(openingTag)
                    && child?.kind === SyntaxKind.JsxElement
                    && !tagNamesAreEquivalent(child.openingElement.tagName, child.closingElement.tagName)
                    && tagNamesAreEquivalent(openingTag.tagName, child.closingElement.tagName)) {
                    // stop after parsing a mismatched child like <div>...(<span></div>) in order to reattach the </div> higher
                    break;
                }
            }

            parsingContext = saveParsingContext;
            return createNodeArray(list, listPos);
        }

        function parseJsxAttributes(): JsxAttributes {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            return finishNode(factory.createJsxAttributes(parseList(ParsingContext.JsxAttributes, parseJsxAttribute)), pos);
        }

        function parseJsxOpeningOrSelfClosingElementOrOpeningFragment(inExpressionContext: boolean): JsxOpeningElement | JsxSelfClosingElement | JsxOpeningFragment {
            const pos = getNodePos();

            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.LessThanToken);

            if (token() === SyntaxKind.GreaterThanToken) {
                // See below for explanation of scanJsxText
                scanJsxText();
                return finishNode(factory.createJsxOpeningFragment(), pos);
            }
            const tagName = parseJsxElementName();
            const typeArguments = (contextFlags & NodeFlags.JavaScriptFile) === 0 ? tryParseTypeArguments() : undefined;
            const attributes = parseJsxAttributes();

            let node: JsxOpeningLikeElement;

            if (token() === SyntaxKind.GreaterThanToken) {
                // Closing tag, so scan the immediately-following text with the JSX scanning instead
                // of regular scanning to avoid treating illegal characters (e.g. '#') as immediate
                // scanning errors
                scanJsxText();
                node = factory.createJsxOpeningElement(tagName, typeArguments, attributes);
            }
            else {
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.SlashToken);
                if (parseExpected(SyntaxKind.GreaterThanToken, /*diagnostic*/ undefined, /*shouldAdvance*/ false)) {
                    // manually advance the scanner in order to look for jsx text inside jsx
                    if (inExpressionContext) {
                        nextToken();
                    }
                    else {
                        scanJsxText();
                    }
                }
                node = factory.createJsxSelfClosingElement(tagName, typeArguments, attributes);
            }

            return finishNode(node, pos);
        }

        function parseJsxElementName(): JsxTagNameExpression {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            scanJsxIdentifier();
            // JsxElement can have name in the form of
            //      propertyAccessExpression
            //      primaryExpression in the form of an identifier and "this" keyword
            // We can't just simply use parseLeftHandSideExpressionOrHigher because then we will start consider class,function etc as a keyword
            // We only want to consider "this" as a primaryExpression
            let expression: JsxTagNameExpression = token() === SyntaxKind.ThisKeyword ?
                parseTokenNode<ThisExpression>() : parseIdentifierName();
            while (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.DotToken)) {
                expression = finishNode(factory.createPropertyAccessExpression(expression, parseRightSideOfDot(/*allowIdentifierNames*/ true, /*allowPrivateIdentifiers*/ false)), pos) as JsxTagNamePropertyAccess;
            }
            return expression;
        }

        function parseJsxExpression(inExpressionContext: boolean): JsxExpression | undefined {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            if (!parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken)) {
                return undefined;
            }

            let dotDotDotToken: DotDotDotToken | undefined;
            let expression: Expression | undefined;
            if (token() !== SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken) {
                dotDotDotToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken);
                // Only an AssignmentExpression is valid here per the JSX spec,
                // but we can unambiguously parse a comma sequence and provide
                // a better error message in grammar checking.
                expression = parseExpression();
            }
            if (inExpressionContext) {
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
            }
            else {
                if (parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken, /*message*/ undefined, /*shouldAdvance*/ false)) {
                    scanJsxText();
                }
            }

            return finishNode(factory.createJsxExpression(dotDotDotToken, expression), pos);
        }

        function parseJsxAttribute(): JsxAttribute | JsxSpreadAttribute {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken) {
                return parseJsxSpreadAttribute();
            }

            scanJsxIdentifier();
            const pos = getNodePos();
            return finishNode(
                factory.createJsxAttribute(
                    parseIdentifierName(),
                    token() !== SyntaxKind.EqualsToken ? undefined :
                    scanJsxAttributeValue() === SyntaxKind.StringLiteral ? parseLiteralNode() as StringLiteral :
                    parseJsxExpression(/*inExpressionContext*/ true)
                ),
                pos
            );
        }

        function parseJsxSpreadAttribute(): JsxSpreadAttribute {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken);
            const expression = parseExpression();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
            return finishNode(factory.createJsxSpreadAttribute(expression), pos);
        }

        function parseJsxClosingElement(open: JsxOpeningElement, inExpressionContext: boolean): JsxClosingElement {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.LessThanSlashToken);
            const tagName = parseJsxElementName();
            if (parseExpected(SyntaxKind.GreaterThanToken, /*diagnostic*/ undefined, /*shouldAdvance*/ false)) {
                // manually advance the scanner in order to look for jsx text inside jsx
                if (inExpressionContext || !tagNamesAreEquivalent(open.tagName, tagName)) {
                    nextToken();
                }
                else {
                    scanJsxText();
                }
            }
            return finishNode(factory.createJsxClosingElement(tagName), pos);
        }

        function parseJsxClosingFragment(inExpressionContext: boolean): JsxClosingFragment {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.LessThanSlashToken);
            if (tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(token())) {
                parseErrorAtRange(parseJsxElementName(), Diagnostics.Expected_corresponding_closing_tag_for_JSX_fragment);
            }
            if (parseExpected(SyntaxKind.GreaterThanToken, /*diagnostic*/ undefined, /*shouldAdvance*/ false)) {
                // manually advance the scanner in order to look for jsx text inside jsx
                if (inExpressionContext) {
                    nextToken();
                }
                else {
                    scanJsxText();
                }
            }
            return finishNode(factory.createJsxJsxClosingFragment(), pos);
        }

        function parseTypeAssertion(): TypeAssertion {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.LessThanToken);
            const type = parseType();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.GreaterThanToken);
            const expression = parseSimpleUnaryExpression();
            return finishNode(factory.createTypeAssertion(type, expression), pos);
        }

        function nextTokenIsIdentifierOrKeywordOrOpenBracketOrTemplate() {
            nextToken();
            return tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(token())
                || token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken
                || isTemplateStartOfTaggedTemplate();
        }

        function isStartOfOptionalPropertyOrElementAccessChain() {
            return token() === SyntaxKind.QuestionDotToken
                && lookAhead(nextTokenIsIdentifierOrKeywordOrOpenBracketOrTemplate);
        }

        function tryReparseOptionalChain(node: Expression) {
            if (node.flags & NodeFlags.OptionalChain) {
                return true;
            }
            // check for an optional chain in a non-null expression
            if (isNonNullExpression(node)) {
                let expr = node.expression;
                while (isNonNullExpression(expr) && !(expr.flags & NodeFlags.OptionalChain)) {
                    expr = expr.expression;
                }
                if (expr.flags & NodeFlags.OptionalChain) {
                    // this is part of an optional chain. Walk down from `node` to `expression` and set the flag.
                    while (isNonNullExpression(node)) {
                        (node as Mutable<NonNullExpression>).flags |= NodeFlags.OptionalChain;
                        node = node.expression;
                    }
                    return true;
                }
            }
            return false;
        }

        function parsePropertyAccessExpressionRest(pos: number, expression: LeftHandSideExpression, questionDotToken: QuestionDotToken | undefined) {
            const name = parseRightSideOfDot(/*allowIdentifierNames*/ true, /*allowPrivateIdentifiers*/ true);
            const isOptionalChain = questionDotToken || tryReparseOptionalChain(expression);
            const propertyAccess = isOptionalChain ?
                factory.createPropertyAccessChain(expression, questionDotToken, name) :
                factory.createPropertyAccessExpression(expression, name);
            if (isOptionalChain && isPrivateIdentifier(propertyAccess.name)) {
                parseErrorAtRange(propertyAccess.name, Diagnostics.An_optional_chain_cannot_contain_private_identifiers);
            }
            return finishNode(propertyAccess, pos);
        }

        function parseElementAccessExpressionRest(pos: number, expression: LeftHandSideExpression, questionDotToken: QuestionDotToken | undefined) {
            let argumentExpression: Expression;
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken) {
                argumentExpression = createMissingNode(SyntaxKind.Identifier, /*reportAtCurrentPosition*/ true, Diagnostics.An_element_access_expression_should_take_an_argument);
            }
            else {
                const argument = allowInAnd(parseExpression);
                if (isStringOrNumericLiteralLike(argument)) {
                    argument.text = internIdentifier(argument.text);
                }
                argumentExpression = argument;
            }

            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken);

            const indexedAccess = questionDotToken || tryReparseOptionalChain(expression) ?
                factory.createElementAccessChain(expression, questionDotToken, argumentExpression) :
                factory.createElementAccessExpression(expression, argumentExpression);
            return finishNode(indexedAccess, pos);
        }

        function parseMemberExpressionRest(pos: number, expression: LeftHandSideExpression, allowOptionalChain: boolean): MemberExpression {
            while (true) {
                let questionDotToken: QuestionDotToken | undefined;
                let isPropertyAccess = false;
                if (allowOptionalChain && isStartOfOptionalPropertyOrElementAccessChain()) {
                    questionDotToken = parseExpectedToken(SyntaxKind.QuestionDotToken);
                    isPropertyAccess = tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(token());
                }
                else {
                    isPropertyAccess = parseOptional(SyntaxKind.DotToken);
                }

                if (isPropertyAccess) {
                    expression = parsePropertyAccessExpressionRest(pos, expression, questionDotToken);
                    continue;
                }

                if (!questionDotToken && token() === SyntaxKind.ExclamationToken && !scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak()) {
                    nextToken();
                    expression = finishNode(factory.createNonNullExpression(expression), pos);
                    continue;
                }

                // when in the [Decorator] context, we do not parse ElementAccess as it could be part of a ComputedPropertyName
                if ((questionDotToken || !inDecoratorContext()) && parseOptional(SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken)) {
                    expression = parseElementAccessExpressionRest(pos, expression, questionDotToken);
                    continue;
                }

                if (isTemplateStartOfTaggedTemplate()) {
                    expression = parseTaggedTemplateRest(pos, expression, questionDotToken, /*typeArguments*/ undefined);
                    continue;
                }

                return expression as MemberExpression;
            }
        }

        function isTemplateStartOfTaggedTemplate() {
            return token() === SyntaxKind.NoSubstitutionTemplateLiteral || token() === SyntaxKind.TemplateHead;
        }

        function parseTaggedTemplateRest(pos: number, tag: LeftHandSideExpression, questionDotToken: QuestionDotToken | undefined, typeArguments: NodeArray<TypeNode> | undefined) {
            const tagExpression = factory.createTaggedTemplateExpression(
                tag,
                typeArguments,
                token() === SyntaxKind.NoSubstitutionTemplateLiteral ?
                    (reScanTemplateHeadOrNoSubstitutionTemplate(), parseLiteralNode() as NoSubstitutionTemplateLiteral) :
                    parseTemplateExpression(/*isTaggedTemplate*/ true)
            );
            if (questionDotToken || tag.flags & NodeFlags.OptionalChain) {
                (tagExpression as Mutable<Node>).flags |= NodeFlags.OptionalChain;
            }
            tagExpression.questionDotToken = questionDotToken;
            return finishNode(tagExpression, pos);
        }

        function parseCallExpressionRest(pos: number, expression: LeftHandSideExpression): LeftHandSideExpression {
            while (true) {
                expression = parseMemberExpressionRest(pos, expression, /*allowOptionalChain*/ true);
                const questionDotToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.QuestionDotToken);
                // handle 'foo<<T>()'
                // parse template arguments only in TypeScript files (not in JavaScript files).
                if ((contextFlags & NodeFlags.JavaScriptFile) === 0 && (token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken || token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanLessThanToken)) {
                    // See if this is the start of a generic invocation.  If so, consume it and
                    // keep checking for postfix expressions.  Otherwise, it's just a '<' that's
                    // part of an arithmetic expression.  Break out so we consume it higher in the
                    // stack.
                    const typeArguments = tryParse(parseTypeArgumentsInExpression);
                    if (typeArguments) {
                        if (isTemplateStartOfTaggedTemplate()) {
                            expression = parseTaggedTemplateRest(pos, expression, questionDotToken, typeArguments);
                            continue;
                        }

                        const argumentList = parseArgumentList();
                        const callExpr = questionDotToken || tryReparseOptionalChain(expression) ?
                            factory.createCallChain(expression, questionDotToken, typeArguments, argumentList) :
                            factory.createCallExpression(expression, typeArguments, argumentList);
                        expression = finishNode(callExpr, pos);
                        continue;
                    }
                }
                else if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken) {
                    const argumentList = parseArgumentList();
                    const callExpr = questionDotToken || tryReparseOptionalChain(expression) ?
                        factory.createCallChain(expression, questionDotToken, /*typeArguments*/ undefined, argumentList) :
                        factory.createCallExpression(expression, /*typeArguments*/ undefined, argumentList);
                    expression = finishNode(callExpr, pos);
                    continue;
                }
                if (questionDotToken) {
                    // We failed to parse anything, so report a missing identifier here.
                    const name = createMissingNode<Identifier>(SyntaxKind.Identifier, /*reportAtCurrentPosition*/ false, Diagnostics.Identifier_expected);
                    expression = finishNode(factory.createPropertyAccessChain(expression, questionDotToken, name), pos);
                }
                break;
            }
            return expression;
        }

        function parseArgumentList() {
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken);
            const result = parseDelimitedList(ParsingContext.ArgumentExpressions, parseArgumentExpression);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken);
            return result;
        }

        function parseTypeArgumentsInExpression() {
            if ((contextFlags & NodeFlags.JavaScriptFile) !== 0) {
                // TypeArguments must not be parsed in JavaScript files to avoid ambiguity with binary operators.
                return undefined;
            }

            if (reScanLessThanToken() !== SyntaxKind.LessThanToken) {
                return undefined;
            }
            nextToken();

            const typeArguments = parseDelimitedList(ParsingContext.TypeArguments, parseType);
            if (!parseExpected(SyntaxKind.GreaterThanToken)) {
                // If it doesn't have the closing `>` then it's definitely not an type argument list.
                return undefined;
            }

            // If we have a '<', then only parse this as a argument list if the type arguments
            // are complete and we have an open paren.  if we don't, rewind and return nothing.
            return typeArguments && canFollowTypeArgumentsInExpression()
                ? typeArguments
                : undefined;
        }

        function canFollowTypeArgumentsInExpression(): boolean {
            switch (token()) {
                case SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken:                 // foo<x>(
                case SyntaxKind.NoSubstitutionTemplateLiteral:  // foo<T> `...`
                case SyntaxKind.TemplateHead:                   // foo<T> `...${100}...`
                // these are the only tokens can legally follow a type argument
                // list. So we definitely want to treat them as type arg lists.
                // falls through
                case SyntaxKind.DotToken:                       // foo<x>.
                case SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken:                // foo<x>)
                case SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken:              // foo<x>]
                case SyntaxKind.ColonToken:                     // foo<x>:
                case SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken:                 // foo<x>;
                case SyntaxKind.QuestionToken:                  // foo<x>?
                case SyntaxKind.EqualsEqualsToken:              // foo<x> ==
                case SyntaxKind.EqualsEqualsEqualsToken:        // foo<x> ===
                case SyntaxKind.ExclamationEqualsToken:         // foo<x> !=
                case SyntaxKind.ExclamationEqualsEqualsToken:   // foo<x> !==
                case SyntaxKind.AmpersandAmpersandToken:        // foo<x> &&
                case SyntaxKind.BarBarToken:                    // foo<x> ||
                case SyntaxKind.QuestionQuestionToken:          // foo<x> ??
                case SyntaxKind.CaretToken:                     // foo<x> ^
                case SyntaxKind.AmpersandToken:                 // foo<x> &
                case SyntaxKind.BarToken:                       // foo<x> |
                case SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken:                // foo<x> }
                case SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken:                 // foo<x>
                    // these cases can't legally follow a type arg list.  However, they're not legal
                    // expressions either.  The user is probably in the middle of a generic type. So
                    // treat it as such.
                    return true;

                case SyntaxKind.CommaToken:                     // foo<x>,
                case SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken:                 // foo<x> {
                // We don't want to treat these as type arguments.  Otherwise we'll parse this
                // as an invocation expression.  Instead, we want to parse out the expression
                // in isolation from the type arguments.
                // falls through
                default:
                    // Anything else treat as an expression.
                    return false;
            }
        }

        function parsePrimaryExpression(): PrimaryExpression {
            switch (token()) {
                case SyntaxKind.NumericLiteral:
                case SyntaxKind.BigIntLiteral:
                case SyntaxKind.StringLiteral:
                case SyntaxKind.NoSubstitutionTemplateLiteral:
                    return parseLiteralNode();
                case SyntaxKind.ThisKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.SuperKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.NullKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.TrueKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.FalseKeyword:
                    return parseTokenNode<PrimaryExpression>();
                case SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken:
                    return parseParenthesizedExpression();
                case SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken:
                    return parseArrayLiteralExpression();
                case SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken:
                    return parseObjectLiteralExpression();
                case SyntaxKind.AsyncKeyword:
                    // Async arrow functions are parsed earlier in parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher.
                    // If we encounter `async [no LineTerminator here] function` then this is an async
                    // function; otherwise, its an identifier.
                    if (!lookAhead(nextTokenIsFunctionKeywordOnSameLine)) {
                        break;
                    }

                    return parseFunctionExpression();
                case SyntaxKind.ClassKeyword:
                    return parseClassExpression();
                case SyntaxKind.FunctionKeyword:
                    return parseFunctionExpression();
                case SyntaxKind.NewKeyword:
                    return parseNewExpressionOrNewDotTarget();
                case SyntaxKind.SlashToken:
                case SyntaxKind.SlashEqualsToken:
                    if (reScanSlashToken() === SyntaxKind.RegularExpressionLiteral) {
                        return parseLiteralNode();
                    }
                    break;
                case SyntaxKind.TemplateHead:
                    return parseTemplateExpression(/* isTaggedTemplate */ false);
            }

            return parseIdentifier(Diagnostics.Expression_expected);
        }

        function parseParenthesizedExpression(): ParenthesizedExpression {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken);
            const expression = allowInAnd(parseExpression);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(factory.createParenthesizedExpression(expression), pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseSpreadElement(): Expression {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken);
            const expression = parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher();
            return finishNode(factory.createSpreadElement(expression), pos);
        }

        function parseArgumentOrArrayLiteralElement(): Expression {
            return token() === SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken ? parseSpreadElement() :
                token() === SyntaxKind.CommaToken ? finishNode(factory.createOmittedExpression(), getNodePos()) :
                parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher();
        }

        function parseArgumentExpression(): Expression {
            return doOutsideOfContext(disallowInAndDecoratorContext, parseArgumentOrArrayLiteralElement);
        }

        function parseArrayLiteralExpression(): ArrayLiteralExpression {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const openBracketParsed = parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken);
            const multiLine = scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak();
            const elements = parseDelimitedList(ParsingContext.ArrayLiteralMembers, parseArgumentOrArrayLiteralElement);
            parseExpectedMatchingBrackets(SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken, SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken, openBracketParsed, pos);
            return finishNode(factory.createArrayLiteralExpression(elements, multiLine), pos);
        }

        function parseObjectLiteralElement(): ObjectLiteralElementLike {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();

            if (parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken)) {
                const expression = parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher();
                return withJSDoc(finishNode(factory.createSpreadAssignment(expression), pos), hasJSDoc);
            }

            const decorators = parseDecorators();
            const modifiers = parseModifiers();

            if (parseContextualModifier(SyntaxKind.GetKeyword)) {
                return parseAccessorDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers, SyntaxKind.GetAccessor);
            }
            if (parseContextualModifier(SyntaxKind.SetKeyword)) {
                return parseAccessorDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers, SyntaxKind.SetAccessor);
            }

            const asteriskToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken);
            const tokenIsIdentifier = isIdentifier();
            const name = parsePropertyName();

            // Disallowing of optional property assignments and definite assignment assertion happens in the grammar checker.
            const questionToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.QuestionToken);
            const exclamationToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.ExclamationToken);

            if (asteriskToken || token() === SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken || token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken) {
                return parseMethodDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers, asteriskToken, name, questionToken, exclamationToken);
            }

            // check if it is short-hand property assignment or normal property assignment
            // NOTE: if token is EqualsToken it is interpreted as CoverInitializedName production
            // CoverInitializedName[Yield] :
            //     IdentifierReference[?Yield] Initializer[In, ?Yield]
            // this is necessary because ObjectLiteral productions are also used to cover grammar for ObjectAssignmentPattern
            let node: Mutable<ShorthandPropertyAssignment | PropertyAssignment>;
            const isShorthandPropertyAssignment = tokenIsIdentifier && (token() !== SyntaxKind.ColonToken);
            if (isShorthandPropertyAssignment) {
                const equalsToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.EqualsToken);
                const objectAssignmentInitializer = equalsToken ? allowInAnd(parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher) : undefined;
                node = factory.createShorthandPropertyAssignment(name as Identifier, objectAssignmentInitializer);
                // Save equals token for error reporting.
                // TODO(rbuckton): Consider manufacturing this when we need to report an error as it is otherwise not useful.
                node.equalsToken = equalsToken;
            }
            else {
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.ColonToken);
                const initializer = allowInAnd(parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher);
                node = factory.createPropertyAssignment(name, initializer);
            }
            // Decorators, Modifiers, questionToken, and exclamationToken are not supported by property assignments and are reported in the grammar checker
            node.decorators = decorators;
            node.modifiers = modifiers;
            node.questionToken = questionToken;
            node.exclamationToken = exclamationToken;
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseObjectLiteralExpression(): ObjectLiteralExpression {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const openBraceParsed = parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken);
            const multiLine = scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak();
            const properties = parseDelimitedList(ParsingContext.ObjectLiteralMembers, parseObjectLiteralElement, /*considerSemicolonAsDelimiter*/ true);
            parseExpectedMatchingBrackets(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken, SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken, openBraceParsed, pos);
            return finishNode(factory.createObjectLiteralExpression(properties, multiLine), pos);
        }

        function parseFunctionExpression(): FunctionExpression {
            // GeneratorExpression:
            //      function* BindingIdentifier [Yield][opt](FormalParameters[Yield]){ GeneratorBody }
            //
            // FunctionExpression:
            //      function BindingIdentifier[opt](FormalParameters){ FunctionBody }
            const saveDecoratorContext = inDecoratorContext();
            if (saveDecoratorContext) {
                setDecoratorContext(/*val*/ false);
            }

            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            const modifiers = parseModifiers();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.FunctionKeyword);
            const asteriskToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken);
            const isGenerator = asteriskToken ? SignatureFlags.Yield : SignatureFlags.None;
            const isAsync = some(modifiers, isAsyncModifier) ? SignatureFlags.Await : SignatureFlags.None;
            const name =
                isGenerator && isAsync ? doInYieldAndAwaitContext(parseOptionalBindingIdentifier) :
                isGenerator ? doInYieldContext(parseOptionalBindingIdentifier) :
                isAsync ? doInAwaitContext(parseOptionalBindingIdentifier) :
                parseOptionalBindingIdentifier();

            const typeParameters = parseTypeParameters();
            const parameters = parseParameters(isGenerator | isAsync);
            const type = parseReturnType(SyntaxKind.ColonToken, /*isType*/ false);
            const body = parseFunctionBlock(isGenerator | isAsync);

            if (saveDecoratorContext) {
                setDecoratorContext(/*val*/ true);
            }

            const node = factory.createFunctionExpression(modifiers, asteriskToken, name, typeParameters, parameters, type, body);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseOptionalBindingIdentifier(): Identifier | undefined {
            return isBindingIdentifier() ? parseBindingIdentifier() : undefined;
        }

        function parseNewExpressionOrNewDotTarget(): NewExpression | MetaProperty {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.NewKeyword);
            if (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.DotToken)) {
                const name = parseIdentifierName();
                return finishNode(factory.createMetaProperty(SyntaxKind.NewKeyword, name), pos);
            }

            const expressionPos = getNodePos();
            let expression: MemberExpression = parsePrimaryExpression();
            let typeArguments;
            while (true) {
                expression = parseMemberExpressionRest(expressionPos, expression, /*allowOptionalChain*/ false);
                typeArguments = tryParse(parseTypeArgumentsInExpression);
                if (isTemplateStartOfTaggedTemplate()) {
                    Debug.assert(!!typeArguments,
                        "Expected a type argument list; all plain tagged template starts should be consumed in 'parseMemberExpressionRest'");
                    expression = parseTaggedTemplateRest(expressionPos, expression, /*optionalChain*/ undefined, typeArguments);
                    typeArguments = undefined;
                }
                break;
            }

            let argumentsArray: NodeArray<Expression> | undefined;
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken) {
                argumentsArray = parseArgumentList();
            }
            else if (typeArguments) {
                parseErrorAt(pos, scanner.getStartPos(), Diagnostics.A_new_expression_with_type_arguments_must_always_be_followed_by_a_parenthesized_argument_list);
            }
            return finishNode(factory.createNewExpression(expression, typeArguments, argumentsArray), pos);
        }

        // STATEMENTS
        function parseBlock(ignoreMissingOpenBrace: boolean, diagnosticMessage?: DiagnosticMessage): Block {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            const openBraceParsed = parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken, diagnosticMessage);
            if (openBraceParsed || ignoreMissingOpenBrace) {
                const multiLine = scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak();
                const statements = parseList(ParsingContext.BlockStatements, parseStatement);
                parseExpectedMatchingBrackets(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken, SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken, openBraceParsed, pos);
                const result = withJSDoc(finishNode(factory.createBlock(statements, multiLine), pos), hasJSDoc);
                if (token() === SyntaxKind.EqualsToken) {
                    parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.Declaration_or_statement_expected_This_follows_a_block_of_statements_so_if_you_intended_to_write_a_destructuring_assignment_you_might_need_to_wrap_the_the_whole_assignment_in_parentheses);
                    nextToken();
                }

                return result;
            }
            else {
                const statements = createMissingList<Statement>();
                return withJSDoc(finishNode(factory.createBlock(statements, /*multiLine*/ undefined), pos), hasJSDoc);
            }
        }

        function parseFunctionBlock(flags: SignatureFlags, diagnosticMessage?: DiagnosticMessage): Block {
            const savedYieldContext = inYieldContext();
            setYieldContext(!!(flags & SignatureFlags.Yield));

            const savedAwaitContext = inAwaitContext();
            setAwaitContext(!!(flags & SignatureFlags.Await));

            const savedTopLevel = topLevel;
            topLevel = false;

            // We may be in a [Decorator] context when parsing a function expression or
            // arrow function. The body of the function is not in [Decorator] context.
            const saveDecoratorContext = inDecoratorContext();
            if (saveDecoratorContext) {
                setDecoratorContext(/*val*/ false);
            }

            const block = parseBlock(!!(flags & SignatureFlags.IgnoreMissingOpenBrace), diagnosticMessage);

            if (saveDecoratorContext) {
                setDecoratorContext(/*val*/ true);
            }

            topLevel = savedTopLevel;
            setYieldContext(savedYieldContext);
            setAwaitContext(savedAwaitContext);

            return block;
        }

        function parseEmptyStatement(): Statement {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(factory.createEmptyStatement(), pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseIfStatement(): IfStatement {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.IfKeyword);
            const openParenPosition = getNodePos();
            const openParenParsed = parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken);
            const expression = allowInAnd(parseExpression);
            parseExpectedMatchingBrackets(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken, SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken, openParenParsed, openParenPosition);
            const thenStatement = parseStatement();
            const elseStatement = parseOptional(SyntaxKind.ElseKeyword) ? parseStatement() : undefined;
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(factory.createIfStatement(expression, thenStatement, elseStatement), pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseDoStatement(): DoStatement {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.DoKeyword);
            const statement = parseStatement();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.WhileKeyword);
            const openParenPosition = getNodePos();
            const openParenParsed = parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken);
            const expression = allowInAnd(parseExpression);
            parseExpectedMatchingBrackets(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken, SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken, openParenParsed, openParenPosition);

            // From: https://mail.mozilla.org/pipermail/es-discuss/2011-August/016188.html
            // 157 min --- All allen at wirfs-brock.com CONF --- "do{;}while(false)false" prohibited in
            // spec but allowed in consensus reality. Approved -- this is the de-facto standard whereby
            //  do;while(0)x will have a semicolon inserted before x.
            parseOptional(SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(factory.createDoStatement(statement, expression), pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseWhileStatement(): WhileStatement {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.WhileKeyword);
            const openParenPosition = getNodePos();
            const openParenParsed = parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken);
            const expression = allowInAnd(parseExpression);
            parseExpectedMatchingBrackets(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken, SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken, openParenParsed, openParenPosition);
            const statement = parseStatement();
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(factory.createWhileStatement(expression, statement), pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseForOrForInOrForOfStatement(): Statement {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.ForKeyword);
            const awaitToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.AwaitKeyword);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken);

            let initializer!: VariableDeclarationList | Expression;
            if (token() !== SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken) {
                if (token() === SyntaxKind.VarKeyword || token() === SyntaxKind.LetKeyword || token() === SyntaxKind.ConstKeyword) {
                    initializer = parseVariableDeclarationList(/*inForStatementInitializer*/ true);
                }
                else {
                    initializer = disallowInAnd(parseExpression);
                }
            }

            let node: IterationStatement;
            if (awaitToken ? parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OfKeyword) : parseOptional(SyntaxKind.OfKeyword)) {
                const expression = allowInAnd(parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher);
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken);
                node = factory.createForOfStatement(awaitToken, initializer, expression, parseStatement());
            }
            else if (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.InKeyword)) {
                const expression = allowInAnd(parseExpression);
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken);
                node = factory.createForInStatement(initializer, expression, parseStatement());
            }
            else {
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken);
                const condition = token() !== SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken && token() !== SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken
                    ? allowInAnd(parseExpression)
                    : undefined;
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken);
                const incrementor = token() !== SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken
                    ? allowInAnd(parseExpression)
                    : undefined;
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken);
                node = factory.createForStatement(initializer, condition, incrementor, parseStatement());
            }

            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos) as ForStatement | ForInOrOfStatement, hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseBreakOrContinueStatement(kind: SyntaxKind): BreakOrContinueStatement {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();

            parseExpected(kind === SyntaxKind.BreakStatement ? SyntaxKind.BreakKeyword : SyntaxKind.ContinueKeyword);
            const label = canParseSemicolon() ? undefined : parseIdentifier();

            parseSemicolon();
            const node = kind === SyntaxKind.BreakStatement
                ? factory.createBreakStatement(label)
                : factory.createContinueStatement(label);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseReturnStatement(): ReturnStatement {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.ReturnKeyword);
            const expression = canParseSemicolon() ? undefined : allowInAnd(parseExpression);
            parseSemicolon();
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(factory.createReturnStatement(expression), pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseWithStatement(): WithStatement {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.WithKeyword);
            const openParenPosition = getNodePos();
            const openParenParsed = parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken);
            const expression = allowInAnd(parseExpression);
            parseExpectedMatchingBrackets(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken, SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken, openParenParsed, openParenPosition);
            const statement = doInsideOfContext(NodeFlags.InWithStatement, parseStatement);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(factory.createWithStatement(expression, statement), pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseCaseClause(): CaseClause {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CaseKeyword);
            const expression = allowInAnd(parseExpression);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.ColonToken);
            const statements = parseList(ParsingContext.SwitchClauseStatements, parseStatement);
            return finishNode(factory.createCaseClause(expression, statements), pos);
        }

        function parseDefaultClause(): DefaultClause {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.DefaultKeyword);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.ColonToken);
            const statements = parseList(ParsingContext.SwitchClauseStatements, parseStatement);
            return finishNode(factory.createDefaultClause(statements), pos);
        }

        function parseCaseOrDefaultClause(): CaseOrDefaultClause {
            return token() === SyntaxKind.CaseKeyword ? parseCaseClause() : parseDefaultClause();
        }

        function parseCaseBlock(): CaseBlock {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken);
            const clauses = parseList(ParsingContext.SwitchClauses, parseCaseOrDefaultClause);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
            return finishNode(factory.createCaseBlock(clauses), pos);
        }

        function parseSwitchStatement(): SwitchStatement {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.SwitchKeyword);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken);
            const expression = allowInAnd(parseExpression);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken);
            const caseBlock = parseCaseBlock();
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(factory.createSwitchStatement(expression, caseBlock), pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseThrowStatement(): ThrowStatement {
            // ThrowStatement[Yield] :
            //      throw [no LineTerminator here]Expression[In, ?Yield];

            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.ThrowKeyword);

            // Because of automatic semicolon insertion, we need to report error if this
            // throw could be terminated with a semicolon.  Note: we can't call 'parseExpression'
            // directly as that might consume an expression on the following line.
            // Instead, we create a "missing" identifier, but don't report an error. The actual error
            // will be reported in the grammar walker.
            let expression = scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak() ? undefined : allowInAnd(parseExpression);
            if (expression === undefined) {
                identifierCount++;
                expression = finishNode(factory.createIdentifier(""), getNodePos());
            }
            parseSemicolon();
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(factory.createThrowStatement(expression), pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        // TODO: Review for error recovery
        function parseTryStatement(): TryStatement {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();

            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.TryKeyword);
            const tryBlock = parseBlock(/*ignoreMissingOpenBrace*/ false);
            const catchClause = token() === SyntaxKind.CatchKeyword ? parseCatchClause() : undefined;

            // If we don't have a catch clause, then we must have a finally clause.  Try to parse
            // one out no matter what.
            let finallyBlock: Block | undefined;
            if (!catchClause || token() === SyntaxKind.FinallyKeyword) {
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.FinallyKeyword);
                finallyBlock = parseBlock(/*ignoreMissingOpenBrace*/ false);
            }

            return withJSDoc(finishNode(factory.createTryStatement(tryBlock, catchClause, finallyBlock), pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseCatchClause(): CatchClause {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CatchKeyword);

            let variableDeclaration;
            if (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken)) {
                variableDeclaration = parseVariableDeclaration();
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken);
            }
            else {
                // Keep shape of node to avoid degrading performance.
                variableDeclaration = undefined;
            }

            const block = parseBlock(/*ignoreMissingOpenBrace*/ false);
            return finishNode(factory.createCatchClause(variableDeclaration, block), pos);
        }

        function parseDebuggerStatement(): Statement {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.DebuggerKeyword);
            parseSemicolon();
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(factory.createDebuggerStatement(), pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseExpressionOrLabeledStatement(): ExpressionStatement | LabeledStatement {
            // Avoiding having to do the lookahead for a labeled statement by just trying to parse
            // out an expression, seeing if it is identifier and then seeing if it is followed by
            // a colon.
            const pos = getNodePos();
            let hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            let node: ExpressionStatement | LabeledStatement;
            const hasParen = token() === SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken;
            const expression = allowInAnd(parseExpression);
            if (ts.isIdentifier(expression) && parseOptional(SyntaxKind.ColonToken)) {
                node = factory.createLabeledStatement(expression, parseStatement());
            }
            else {
                parseSemicolon();
                node = factory.createExpressionStatement(expression);
                if (hasParen) {
                    // do not parse the same jsdoc twice
                    hasJSDoc = false;
                }
            }
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function nextTokenIsIdentifierOrKeywordOnSameLine() {
            nextToken();
            return tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(token()) && !scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak();
        }

        function nextTokenIsClassKeywordOnSameLine() {
            nextToken();
            return token() === SyntaxKind.ClassKeyword && !scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak();
        }

        function nextTokenIsFunctionKeywordOnSameLine() {
            nextToken();
            return token() === SyntaxKind.FunctionKeyword && !scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak();
        }

        function nextTokenIsIdentifierOrKeywordOrLiteralOnSameLine() {
            nextToken();
            return (tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(token()) || token() === SyntaxKind.NumericLiteral || token() === SyntaxKind.BigIntLiteral || token() === SyntaxKind.StringLiteral) && !scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak();
        }

        function isDeclaration(): boolean {
            while (true) {
                switch (token()) {
                    case SyntaxKind.VarKeyword:
                    case SyntaxKind.LetKeyword:
                    case SyntaxKind.ConstKeyword:
                    case SyntaxKind.FunctionKeyword:
                    case SyntaxKind.ClassKeyword:
                    case SyntaxKind.EnumKeyword:
                        return true;

                    // 'declare', 'module', 'namespace', 'interface'* and 'type' are all legal JavaScript identifiers;
                    // however, an identifier cannot be followed by another identifier on the same line. This is what we
                    // count on to parse out the respective declarations. For instance, we exploit this to say that
                    //
                    //    namespace n
                    //
                    // can be none other than the beginning of a namespace declaration, but need to respect that JavaScript sees
                    //
                    //    namespace
                    //    n
                    //
                    // as the identifier 'namespace' on one line followed by the identifier 'n' on another.
                    // We need to look one token ahead to see if it permissible to try parsing a declaration.
                    //
                    // *Note*: 'interface' is actually a strict mode reserved word. So while
                    //
                    //   "use strict"
                    //   interface
                    //   I {}
                    //
                    // could be legal, it would add complexity for very little gain.
                    case SyntaxKind.InterfaceKeyword:
                    case SyntaxKind.TypeKeyword:
                        return nextTokenIsIdentifierOnSameLine();
                    case SyntaxKind.ModuleKeyword:
                    case SyntaxKind.NamespaceKeyword:
                        return nextTokenIsIdentifierOrStringLiteralOnSameLine();
                    case SyntaxKind.AbstractKeyword:
                    case SyntaxKind.AsyncKeyword:
                    case SyntaxKind.DeclareKeyword:
                    case SyntaxKind.PrivateKeyword:
                    case SyntaxKind.ProtectedKeyword:
                    case SyntaxKind.PublicKeyword:
                    case SyntaxKind.ReadonlyKeyword:
                        nextToken();
                        // ASI takes effect for this modifier.
                        if (scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak()) {
                            return false;
                        }
                        continue;

                    case SyntaxKind.GlobalKeyword:
                        nextToken();
                        return token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken || token() === SyntaxKind.Identifier || token() === SyntaxKind.ExportKeyword;

                    case SyntaxKind.ImportKeyword:
                        nextToken();
                        return token() === SyntaxKind.StringLiteral || token() === SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken ||
                            token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken || tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(token());
                    case SyntaxKind.ExportKeyword:
                        let currentToken = nextToken();
                        if (currentToken === SyntaxKind.TypeKeyword) {
                            currentToken = lookAhead(nextToken);
                        }
                        if (currentToken === SyntaxKind.EqualsToken || currentToken === SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken ||
                            currentToken === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken || currentToken === SyntaxKind.DefaultKeyword ||
                            currentToken === SyntaxKind.AsKeyword) {
                            return true;
                        }
                        continue;

                    case SyntaxKind.StaticKeyword:
                        nextToken();
                        continue;
                    default:
                        return false;
                }
            }
        }

        function isStartOfDeclaration(): boolean {
            return lookAhead(isDeclaration);
        }

        function isStartOfStatement(): boolean {
            switch (token()) {
                case SyntaxKind.AtToken:
                case SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken:
                case SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken:
                case SyntaxKind.VarKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.LetKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.FunctionKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ClassKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.EnumKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.IfKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.DoKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.WhileKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ForKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ContinueKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.BreakKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ReturnKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.WithKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.SwitchKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ThrowKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.TryKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.DebuggerKeyword:
                // 'catch' and 'finally' do not actually indicate that the code is part of a statement,
                // however, we say they are here so that we may gracefully parse them and error later.
                // falls through
                case SyntaxKind.CatchKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.FinallyKeyword:
                    return true;

                case SyntaxKind.ImportKeyword:
                    return isStartOfDeclaration() || lookAhead(nextTokenIsOpenParenOrLessThanOrDot);

                case SyntaxKind.ConstKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ExportKeyword:
                    return isStartOfDeclaration();

                case SyntaxKind.AsyncKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.DeclareKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.InterfaceKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ModuleKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.NamespaceKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.TypeKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.GlobalKeyword:
                    // When these don't start a declaration, they're an identifier in an expression statement
                    return true;

                case SyntaxKind.PublicKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.PrivateKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ProtectedKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.StaticKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ReadonlyKeyword:
                    // When these don't start a declaration, they may be the start of a class member if an identifier
                    // immediately follows. Otherwise they're an identifier in an expression statement.
                    return isStartOfDeclaration() || !lookAhead(nextTokenIsIdentifierOrKeywordOnSameLine);

                default:
                    return isStartOfExpression();
            }
        }

        function nextTokenIsIdentifierOrStartOfDestructuring() {
            nextToken();
            return isIdentifier() || token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken || token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken;
        }

        function isLetDeclaration() {
            // In ES6 'let' always starts a lexical declaration if followed by an identifier or {
            // or [.
            return lookAhead(nextTokenIsIdentifierOrStartOfDestructuring);
        }

        function parseStatement(): Statement {
            switch (token()) {
                case SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken:
                    return parseEmptyStatement();
                case SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken:
                    return parseBlock(/*ignoreMissingOpenBrace*/ false);
                case SyntaxKind.VarKeyword:
                    return parseVariableStatement(getNodePos(), hasPrecedingJSDocComment(), /*decorators*/ undefined, /*modifiers*/ undefined);
                case SyntaxKind.LetKeyword:
                    if (isLetDeclaration()) {
                        return parseVariableStatement(getNodePos(), hasPrecedingJSDocComment(), /*decorators*/ undefined, /*modifiers*/ undefined);
                    }
                    break;
                case SyntaxKind.FunctionKeyword:
                    return parseFunctionDeclaration(getNodePos(), hasPrecedingJSDocComment(), /*decorators*/ undefined, /*modifiers*/ undefined);
                case SyntaxKind.ClassKeyword:
                    return parseClassDeclaration(getNodePos(), hasPrecedingJSDocComment(), /*decorators*/ undefined, /*modifiers*/ undefined);
                case SyntaxKind.IfKeyword:
                    return parseIfStatement();
                case SyntaxKind.DoKeyword:
                    return parseDoStatement();
                case SyntaxKind.WhileKeyword:
                    return parseWhileStatement();
                case SyntaxKind.ForKeyword:
                    return parseForOrForInOrForOfStatement();
                case SyntaxKind.ContinueKeyword:
                    return parseBreakOrContinueStatement(SyntaxKind.ContinueStatement);
                case SyntaxKind.BreakKeyword:
                    return parseBreakOrContinueStatement(SyntaxKind.BreakStatement);
                case SyntaxKind.ReturnKeyword:
                    return parseReturnStatement();
                case SyntaxKind.WithKeyword:
                    return parseWithStatement();
                case SyntaxKind.SwitchKeyword:
                    return parseSwitchStatement();
                case SyntaxKind.ThrowKeyword:
                    return parseThrowStatement();
                case SyntaxKind.TryKeyword:
                // Include 'catch' and 'finally' for error recovery.
                // falls through
                case SyntaxKind.CatchKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.FinallyKeyword:
                    return parseTryStatement();
                case SyntaxKind.DebuggerKeyword:
                    return parseDebuggerStatement();
                case SyntaxKind.AtToken:
                    return parseDeclaration();
                case SyntaxKind.AsyncKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.InterfaceKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.TypeKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ModuleKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.NamespaceKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.DeclareKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ConstKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.EnumKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ExportKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ImportKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.PrivateKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ProtectedKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.PublicKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.AbstractKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.StaticKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ReadonlyKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.GlobalKeyword:
                    if (isStartOfDeclaration()) {
                        return parseDeclaration();
                    }
                    break;
            }
            return parseExpressionOrLabeledStatement();
        }

        function isDeclareModifier(modifier: Modifier) {
            return modifier.kind === SyntaxKind.DeclareKeyword;
        }

        function parseDeclaration(): Statement {
            // TODO: Can we hold onto the parsed decorators/modifiers and advance the scanner
            //       if we can't reuse the declaration, so that we don't do this work twice?
            //
            // `parseListElement` attempted to get the reused node at this position,
            // but the ambient context flag was not yet set, so the node appeared
            // not reusable in that context.
            const isAmbient = some(lookAhead(() => (parseDecorators(), parseModifiers())), isDeclareModifier);
            if (isAmbient) {
                const node = tryReuseAmbientDeclaration();
                if (node) {
                    return node;
                }
            }

            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            const decorators = parseDecorators();
            const modifiers = parseModifiers();
            if (isAmbient) {
                for (const m of modifiers!) {
                    (m as Mutable<Node>).flags |= NodeFlags.Ambient;
                }
                return doInsideOfContext(NodeFlags.Ambient, () => parseDeclarationWorker(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers));
            }
            else {
                return parseDeclarationWorker(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers);
            }
        }

        function tryReuseAmbientDeclaration(): Statement | undefined {
            return doInsideOfContext(NodeFlags.Ambient, () => {
                const node = currentNode(parsingContext);
                if (node) {
                    return consumeNode(node) as Statement;
                }
            });
        }

        function parseDeclarationWorker(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined): Statement {
            switch (token()) {
                case SyntaxKind.VarKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.LetKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ConstKeyword:
                    return parseVariableStatement(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers);
                case SyntaxKind.FunctionKeyword:
                    return parseFunctionDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers);
                case SyntaxKind.ClassKeyword:
                    return parseClassDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers);
                case SyntaxKind.InterfaceKeyword:
                    return parseInterfaceDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers);
                case SyntaxKind.TypeKeyword:
                    return parseTypeAliasDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers);
                case SyntaxKind.EnumKeyword:
                    return parseEnumDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers);
                case SyntaxKind.GlobalKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.ModuleKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.NamespaceKeyword:
                    return parseModuleDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers);
                case SyntaxKind.ImportKeyword:
                    return parseImportDeclarationOrImportEqualsDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers);
                case SyntaxKind.ExportKeyword:
                    nextToken();
                    switch (token()) {
                        case SyntaxKind.DefaultKeyword:
                        case SyntaxKind.EqualsToken:
                            return parseExportAssignment(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers);
                        case SyntaxKind.AsKeyword:
                            return parseNamespaceExportDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers);
                        default:
                            return parseExportDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers);
                    }
                default:
                    if (decorators || modifiers) {
                        // We reached this point because we encountered decorators and/or modifiers and assumed a declaration
                        // would follow. For recovery and error reporting purposes, return an incomplete declaration.
                        const missing = createMissingNode<MissingDeclaration>(SyntaxKind.MissingDeclaration, /*reportAtCurrentPosition*/ true, Diagnostics.Declaration_expected);
                        setTextRangePos(missing, pos);
                        missing.decorators = decorators;
                        missing.modifiers = modifiers;
                        return missing;
                    }
                    return undefined!; // TODO: GH#18217
            }
        }

        function nextTokenIsIdentifierOrStringLiteralOnSameLine() {
            nextToken();
            return !scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak() && (isIdentifier() || token() === SyntaxKind.StringLiteral);
        }

        function parseFunctionBlockOrSemicolon(flags: SignatureFlags, diagnosticMessage?: DiagnosticMessage): Block | undefined {
            if (token() !== SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken && canParseSemicolon()) {
                parseSemicolon();
                return;
            }

            return parseFunctionBlock(flags, diagnosticMessage);
        }

        // DECLARATIONS

        function parseArrayBindingElement(): ArrayBindingElement {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.CommaToken) {
                return finishNode(factory.createOmittedExpression(), pos);
            }
            const dotDotDotToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken);
            const name = parseIdentifierOrPattern();
            const initializer = parseInitializer();
            return finishNode(factory.createBindingElement(dotDotDotToken, /*propertyName*/ undefined, name, initializer), pos);
        }

        function parseObjectBindingElement(): BindingElement {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const dotDotDotToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.DotDotDotToken);
            const tokenIsIdentifier = isBindingIdentifier();
            let propertyName: PropertyName | undefined = parsePropertyName();
            let name: BindingName;
            if (tokenIsIdentifier && token() !== SyntaxKind.ColonToken) {
                name = propertyName as Identifier;
                propertyName = undefined;
            }
            else {
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.ColonToken);
                name = parseIdentifierOrPattern();
            }
            const initializer = parseInitializer();
            return finishNode(factory.createBindingElement(dotDotDotToken, propertyName, name, initializer), pos);
        }

        function parseObjectBindingPattern(): ObjectBindingPattern {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken);
            const elements = parseDelimitedList(ParsingContext.ObjectBindingElements, parseObjectBindingElement);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
            return finishNode(factory.createObjectBindingPattern(elements), pos);
        }

        function parseArrayBindingPattern(): ArrayBindingPattern {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken);
            const elements = parseDelimitedList(ParsingContext.ArrayBindingElements, parseArrayBindingElement);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken);
            return finishNode(factory.createArrayBindingPattern(elements), pos);
        }

        function isBindingIdentifierOrPrivateIdentifierOrPattern() {
            return token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken
                || token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken
                || token() === SyntaxKind.PrivateIdentifier
                || isBindingIdentifier();
        }

        function parseIdentifierOrPattern(privateIdentifierDiagnosticMessage?: DiagnosticMessage): Identifier | BindingPattern {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken) {
                return parseArrayBindingPattern();
            }
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken) {
                return parseObjectBindingPattern();
            }
            return parseBindingIdentifier(privateIdentifierDiagnosticMessage);
        }

        function parseVariableDeclarationAllowExclamation() {
            return parseVariableDeclaration(/*allowExclamation*/ true);
        }

        function parseVariableDeclaration(allowExclamation?: boolean): VariableDeclaration {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            const name = parseIdentifierOrPattern(Diagnostics.Private_identifiers_are_not_allowed_in_variable_declarations);
            let exclamationToken: ExclamationToken | undefined;
            if (allowExclamation && name.kind === SyntaxKind.Identifier &&
                token() === SyntaxKind.ExclamationToken && !scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak()) {
                exclamationToken = parseTokenNode<Token<SyntaxKind.ExclamationToken>>();
            }
            const type = parseTypeAnnotation();
            const initializer = isInOrOfKeyword(token()) ? undefined : parseInitializer();
            const node = factory.createVariableDeclaration(name, exclamationToken, type, initializer);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseVariableDeclarationList(inForStatementInitializer: boolean): VariableDeclarationList {
            const pos = getNodePos();

            let flags: NodeFlags = 0;
            switch (token()) {
                case SyntaxKind.VarKeyword:
                    break;
                case SyntaxKind.LetKeyword:
                    flags |= NodeFlags.Let;
                    break;
                case SyntaxKind.ConstKeyword:
                    flags |= NodeFlags.Const;
                    break;
                default:
                    Debug.fail();
            }

            nextToken();

            // The user may have written the following:
            //
            //    for (let of X) { }
            //
            // In this case, we want to parse an empty declaration list, and then parse 'of'
            // as a keyword. The reason this is not automatic is that 'of' is a valid identifier.
            // So we need to look ahead to determine if 'of' should be treated as a keyword in
            // this context.
            // The checker will then give an error that there is an empty declaration list.
            let declarations;
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.OfKeyword && lookAhead(canFollowContextualOfKeyword)) {
                declarations = createMissingList<VariableDeclaration>();
            }
            else {
                const savedDisallowIn = inDisallowInContext();
                setDisallowInContext(inForStatementInitializer);

                declarations = parseDelimitedList(ParsingContext.VariableDeclarations,
                    inForStatementInitializer ? parseVariableDeclaration : parseVariableDeclarationAllowExclamation);

                setDisallowInContext(savedDisallowIn);
            }

            return finishNode(factory.createVariableDeclarationList(declarations, flags), pos);
        }

        function canFollowContextualOfKeyword(): boolean {
            return nextTokenIsIdentifier() && nextToken() === SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken;
        }

        function parseVariableStatement(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined): VariableStatement {
            const declarationList = parseVariableDeclarationList(/*inForStatementInitializer*/ false);
            parseSemicolon();
            const node = factory.createVariableStatement(modifiers, declarationList);
            // Decorators are not allowed on a variable statement, so we keep track of them to report them in the grammar checker.
            node.decorators = decorators;
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseFunctionDeclaration(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined): FunctionDeclaration {
            const savedAwaitContext = inAwaitContext();
            const modifierFlags = modifiersToFlags(modifiers);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.FunctionKeyword);
            const asteriskToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken);
            // We don't parse the name here in await context, instead we will report a grammar error in the checker.
            const name = modifierFlags & ModifierFlags.Default ? parseOptionalBindingIdentifier() : parseBindingIdentifier();
            const isGenerator = asteriskToken ? SignatureFlags.Yield : SignatureFlags.None;
            const isAsync = modifierFlags & ModifierFlags.Async ? SignatureFlags.Await : SignatureFlags.None;
            const typeParameters = parseTypeParameters();
            if (modifierFlags & ModifierFlags.Export) setAwaitContext(/*value*/ true);
            const parameters = parseParameters(isGenerator | isAsync);
            const type = parseReturnType(SyntaxKind.ColonToken, /*isType*/ false);
            const body = parseFunctionBlockOrSemicolon(isGenerator | isAsync, Diagnostics.or_expected);
            setAwaitContext(savedAwaitContext);
            const node = factory.createFunctionDeclaration(decorators, modifiers, asteriskToken, name, typeParameters, parameters, type, body);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseConstructorName() {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.ConstructorKeyword) {
                return parseExpected(SyntaxKind.ConstructorKeyword);
            }
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.StringLiteral && lookAhead(nextToken) === SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken) {
                return tryParse(() => {
                    const literalNode = parseLiteralNode();
                    return literalNode.text === "constructor" ? literalNode : undefined;
                });
            }
        }

        function tryParseConstructorDeclaration(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined): ConstructorDeclaration | undefined {
            return tryParse(() => {
                if (parseConstructorName()) {
                    const typeParameters = parseTypeParameters();
                    const parameters = parseParameters(SignatureFlags.None);
                    const type = parseReturnType(SyntaxKind.ColonToken, /*isType*/ false);
                    const body = parseFunctionBlockOrSemicolon(SignatureFlags.None, Diagnostics.or_expected);
                    const node = factory.createConstructorDeclaration(decorators, modifiers, parameters, body);
                    // Attach `typeParameters` and `type` if they exist so that we can report them in the grammar checker.
                    node.typeParameters = typeParameters;
                    node.type = type;
                    return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
                }
            });
        }

        function parseMethodDeclaration(
            pos: number,
            hasJSDoc: boolean,
            decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined,
            modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined,
            asteriskToken: AsteriskToken | undefined,
            name: PropertyName,
            questionToken: QuestionToken | undefined,
            exclamationToken: ExclamationToken | undefined,
            diagnosticMessage?: DiagnosticMessage
        ): MethodDeclaration {
            const isGenerator = asteriskToken ? SignatureFlags.Yield : SignatureFlags.None;
            const isAsync = some(modifiers, isAsyncModifier) ? SignatureFlags.Await : SignatureFlags.None;
            const typeParameters = parseTypeParameters();
            const parameters = parseParameters(isGenerator | isAsync);
            const type = parseReturnType(SyntaxKind.ColonToken, /*isType*/ false);
            const body = parseFunctionBlockOrSemicolon(isGenerator | isAsync, diagnosticMessage);
            const node = factory.createMethodDeclaration(
                decorators,
                modifiers,
                asteriskToken,
                name,
                questionToken,
                typeParameters,
                parameters,
                type,
                body
            );
            // An exclamation token on a method is invalid syntax and will be handled by the grammar checker
            node.exclamationToken = exclamationToken;
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parsePropertyDeclaration(
            pos: number,
            hasJSDoc: boolean,
            decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined,
            modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined,
            name: PropertyName,
            questionToken: QuestionToken | undefined
        ): PropertyDeclaration {
            const exclamationToken = !questionToken && !scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak() ? parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.ExclamationToken) : undefined;
            const type = parseTypeAnnotation();
            const initializer = doOutsideOfContext(NodeFlags.YieldContext | NodeFlags.AwaitContext | NodeFlags.DisallowInContext, parseInitializer);
            parseSemicolon();
            const node = factory.createPropertyDeclaration(decorators, modifiers, name, questionToken || exclamationToken, type, initializer);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parsePropertyOrMethodDeclaration(
            pos: number,
            hasJSDoc: boolean,
            decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined,
            modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined
        ): PropertyDeclaration | MethodDeclaration {
            const asteriskToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken);
            const name = parsePropertyName();
            // Note: this is not legal as per the grammar.  But we allow it in the parser and
            // report an error in the grammar checker.
            const questionToken = parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.QuestionToken);
            if (asteriskToken || token() === SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken || token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken) {
                return parseMethodDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers, asteriskToken, name, questionToken, /*exclamationToken*/ undefined, Diagnostics.or_expected);
            }
            return parsePropertyDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers, name, questionToken);
        }

        function parseAccessorDeclaration(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined, kind: AccessorDeclaration["kind"]): AccessorDeclaration {
            const name = parsePropertyName();
            const typeParameters = parseTypeParameters();
            const parameters = parseParameters(SignatureFlags.None);
            const type = parseReturnType(SyntaxKind.ColonToken, /*isType*/ false);
            const body = parseFunctionBlockOrSemicolon(SignatureFlags.None);
            const node = kind === SyntaxKind.GetAccessor
                ? factory.createGetAccessorDeclaration(decorators, modifiers, name, parameters, type, body)
                : factory.createSetAccessorDeclaration(decorators, modifiers, name, parameters, body);
            // Keep track of `typeParameters` (for both) and `type` (for setters) if they were parsed those indicate grammar errors
            node.typeParameters = typeParameters;
            if (type && node.kind === SyntaxKind.SetAccessor) (node as Mutable<SetAccessorDeclaration>).type = type;
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function isClassMemberStart(): boolean {
            let idToken: SyntaxKind | undefined;

            if (token() === SyntaxKind.AtToken) {
                return true;
            }

            // Eat up all modifiers, but hold on to the last one in case it is actually an identifier.
            while (isModifierKind(token())) {
                idToken = token();
                // If the idToken is a class modifier (protected, private, public, and static), it is
                // certain that we are starting to parse class member. This allows better error recovery
                // Example:
                //      public foo() ...     // true
                //      public @dec blah ... // true; we will then report an error later
                //      export public ...    // true; we will then report an error later
                if (isClassMemberModifier(idToken)) {
                    return true;
                }

                nextToken();
            }

            if (token() === SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken) {
                return true;
            }

            // Try to get the first property-like token following all modifiers.
            // This can either be an identifier or the 'get' or 'set' keywords.
            if (isLiteralPropertyName()) {
                idToken = token();
                nextToken();
            }

            // Index signatures and computed properties are class members; we can parse.
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken) {
                return true;
            }

            // If we were able to get any potential identifier...
            if (idToken !== undefined) {
                // If we have a non-keyword identifier, or if we have an accessor, then it's safe to parse.
                if (!isKeyword(idToken) || idToken === SyntaxKind.SetKeyword || idToken === SyntaxKind.GetKeyword) {
                    return true;
                }

                // If it *is* a keyword, but not an accessor, check a little farther along
                // to see if it should actually be parsed as a class member.
                switch (token()) {
                    case SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken:     // Method declaration
                    case SyntaxKind.LessThanToken:      // Generic Method declaration
                    case SyntaxKind.ExclamationToken:   // Non-null assertion on property name
                    case SyntaxKind.ColonToken:         // Type Annotation for declaration
                    case SyntaxKind.EqualsToken:        // Initializer for declaration
                    case SyntaxKind.QuestionToken:      // Not valid, but permitted so that it gets caught later on.
                        return true;
                    default:
                        // Covers
                        //  - Semicolons     (declaration termination)
                        //  - Closing braces (end-of-class, must be declaration)
                        //  - End-of-files   (not valid, but permitted so that it gets caught later on)
                        //  - Line-breaks    (enabling *automatic semicolon insertion*)
                        return canParseSemicolon();
                }
            }

            return false;
        }

        function parseDecoratorExpression() {
            if (inAwaitContext() && token() === SyntaxKind.AwaitKeyword) {
                // `@await` is is disallowed in an [Await] context, but can cause parsing to go off the rails
                // This simply parses the missing identifier and moves on.
                const pos = getNodePos();
                const awaitExpression = parseIdentifier(Diagnostics.Expression_expected);
                nextToken();
                const memberExpression = parseMemberExpressionRest(pos, awaitExpression, /*allowOptionalChain*/ true);
                return parseCallExpressionRest(pos, memberExpression);
            }
            return parseLeftHandSideExpressionOrHigher();
        }

        function tryParseDecorator(): Decorator | undefined {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            if (!parseOptional(SyntaxKind.AtToken)) {
                return undefined;
            }
            const expression = doInDecoratorContext(parseDecoratorExpression);
            return finishNode(factory.createDecorator(expression), pos);
        }

        function parseDecorators(): NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            let list, decorator;
            while (decorator = tryParseDecorator()) {
                list = append(list, decorator);
            }
            return list && createNodeArray(list, pos);
        }

        function tryParseModifier(permitInvalidConstAsModifier?: boolean): Modifier | undefined {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const kind = token();

            if (token() === SyntaxKind.ConstKeyword && permitInvalidConstAsModifier) {
                // We need to ensure that any subsequent modifiers appear on the same line
                // so that when 'const' is a standalone declaration, we don't issue an error.
                if (!tryParse(nextTokenIsOnSameLineAndCanFollowModifier)) {
                    return undefined;
                }
            }
            else {
                if (!parseAnyContextualModifier()) {
                    return undefined;
                }
            }

            return finishNode(factory.createToken(kind as Modifier["kind"]), pos);
        }

        /*
         * There are situations in which a modifier like 'const' will appear unexpectedly, such as on a class member.
         * In those situations, if we are entirely sure that 'const' is not valid on its own (such as when ASI takes effect
         * and turns it into a standalone declaration), then it is better to parse it and report an error later.
         *
         * In such situations, 'permitInvalidConstAsModifier' should be set to true.
         */
        function parseModifiers(permitInvalidConstAsModifier?: boolean): NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            let list, modifier;
            while (modifier = tryParseModifier(permitInvalidConstAsModifier)) {
                list = append(list, modifier);
            }
            return list && createNodeArray(list, pos);
        }

        function parseModifiersForArrowFunction(): NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined {
            let modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined;
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.AsyncKeyword) {
                const pos = getNodePos();
                nextToken();
                const modifier = finishNode(factory.createToken(SyntaxKind.AsyncKeyword), pos);
                modifiers = createNodeArray<Modifier>([modifier], pos);
            }
            return modifiers;
        }

        function parseClassElement(): ClassElement {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.SemicolonToken) {
                nextToken();
                return finishNode(factory.createSemicolonClassElement(), pos);
            }

            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            const decorators = parseDecorators();
            const modifiers = parseModifiers(/*permitInvalidConstAsModifier*/ true);

            if (parseContextualModifier(SyntaxKind.GetKeyword)) {
                return parseAccessorDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers, SyntaxKind.GetAccessor);
            }

            if (parseContextualModifier(SyntaxKind.SetKeyword)) {
                return parseAccessorDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers, SyntaxKind.SetAccessor);
            }

            if (token() === SyntaxKind.ConstructorKeyword || token() === SyntaxKind.StringLiteral) {
                const constructorDeclaration = tryParseConstructorDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers);
                if (constructorDeclaration) {
                    return constructorDeclaration;
                }
            }

            if (isIndexSignature()) {
                return parseIndexSignatureDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers);
            }

            // It is very important that we check this *after* checking indexers because
            // the [ token can start an index signature or a computed property name
            if (tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(token()) ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.StringLiteral ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.NumericLiteral ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken ||
                token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken) {
                const isAmbient = some(modifiers, isDeclareModifier);
                if (isAmbient) {
                    for (const m of modifiers!) {
                        (m as Mutable<Node>).flags |= NodeFlags.Ambient;
                    }
                    return doInsideOfContext(NodeFlags.Ambient, () => parsePropertyOrMethodDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers));
                }
                else {
                    return parsePropertyOrMethodDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers);
                }
            }

            if (decorators || modifiers) {
                // treat this as a property declaration with a missing name.
                const name = createMissingNode<Identifier>(SyntaxKind.Identifier, /*reportAtCurrentPosition*/ true, Diagnostics.Declaration_expected);
                return parsePropertyDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers, name, /*questionToken*/ undefined);
            }

            // 'isClassMemberStart' should have hinted not to attempt parsing.
            return Debug.fail("Should not have attempted to parse class member declaration.");
        }

        function parseClassExpression(): ClassExpression {
            return parseClassDeclarationOrExpression(getNodePos(), hasPrecedingJSDocComment(), /*decorators*/ undefined, /*modifiers*/ undefined, SyntaxKind.ClassExpression) as ClassExpression;
        }

        function parseClassDeclaration(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined): ClassDeclaration {
            return parseClassDeclarationOrExpression(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers, SyntaxKind.ClassDeclaration) as ClassDeclaration;
        }

        function parseClassDeclarationOrExpression(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined, kind: ClassLikeDeclaration["kind"]): ClassLikeDeclaration {
            const savedAwaitContext = inAwaitContext();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.ClassKeyword);
            // We don't parse the name here in await context, instead we will report a grammar error in the checker.
            const name = parseNameOfClassDeclarationOrExpression();
            const typeParameters = parseTypeParameters();
            if (some(modifiers, isExportModifier)) setAwaitContext(/*value*/ true);
            const heritageClauses = parseHeritageClauses();

            let members;
            if (parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken)) {
                // ClassTail[Yield,Await] : (Modified) See 14.5
                //      ClassHeritage[?Yield,?Await]opt { ClassBody[?Yield,?Await]opt }
                members = parseClassMembers();
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
            }
            else {
                members = createMissingList<ClassElement>();
            }
            setAwaitContext(savedAwaitContext);
            const node = kind === SyntaxKind.ClassDeclaration
                ? factory.createClassDeclaration(decorators, modifiers, name, typeParameters, heritageClauses, members)
                : factory.createClassExpression(decorators, modifiers, name, typeParameters, heritageClauses, members);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseNameOfClassDeclarationOrExpression(): Identifier | undefined {
            // implements is a future reserved word so
            // 'class implements' might mean either
            // - class expression with omitted name, 'implements' starts heritage clause
            // - class with name 'implements'
            // 'isImplementsClause' helps to disambiguate between these two cases
            return isBindingIdentifier() && !isImplementsClause()
                ? createIdentifier(isBindingIdentifier())
                : undefined;
        }

        function isImplementsClause() {
            return token() === SyntaxKind.ImplementsKeyword && lookAhead(nextTokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword);
        }

        function parseHeritageClauses(): NodeArray<HeritageClause> | undefined {
            // ClassTail[Yield,Await] : (Modified) See 14.5
            //      ClassHeritage[?Yield,?Await]opt { ClassBody[?Yield,?Await]opt }

            if (isHeritageClause()) {
                return parseList(ParsingContext.HeritageClauses, parseHeritageClause);
            }

            return undefined;
        }

        function parseHeritageClause(): HeritageClause {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const tok = token();
            Debug.assert(tok === SyntaxKind.ExtendsKeyword || tok === SyntaxKind.ImplementsKeyword); // isListElement() should ensure this.
            nextToken();
            const types = parseDelimitedList(ParsingContext.HeritageClauseElement, parseExpressionWithTypeArguments);
            return finishNode(factory.createHeritageClause(tok, types), pos);
        }

        function parseExpressionWithTypeArguments(): ExpressionWithTypeArguments {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const expression = parseLeftHandSideExpressionOrHigher();
            const typeArguments = tryParseTypeArguments();
            return finishNode(factory.createExpressionWithTypeArguments(expression, typeArguments), pos);
        }

        function tryParseTypeArguments(): NodeArray<TypeNode> | undefined {
            return token() === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken ?
                parseBracketedList(ParsingContext.TypeArguments, parseType, SyntaxKind.LessThanToken, SyntaxKind.GreaterThanToken) : undefined;
        }

        function isHeritageClause(): boolean {
            return token() === SyntaxKind.ExtendsKeyword || token() === SyntaxKind.ImplementsKeyword;
        }

        function parseClassMembers(): NodeArray<ClassElement> {
            return parseList(ParsingContext.ClassMembers, parseClassElement);
        }

        function parseInterfaceDeclaration(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined): InterfaceDeclaration {
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.InterfaceKeyword);
            const name = parseIdentifier();
            const typeParameters = parseTypeParameters();
            const heritageClauses = parseHeritageClauses();
            const members = parseObjectTypeMembers();
            const node = factory.createInterfaceDeclaration(decorators, modifiers, name, typeParameters, heritageClauses, members);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseTypeAliasDeclaration(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined): TypeAliasDeclaration {
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.TypeKeyword);
            const name = parseIdentifier();
            const typeParameters = parseTypeParameters();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.EqualsToken);
            const type = token() === SyntaxKind.IntrinsicKeyword && tryParse(parseKeywordAndNoDot) || parseType();
            parseSemicolon();
            const node = factory.createTypeAliasDeclaration(decorators, modifiers, name, typeParameters, type);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        // In an ambient declaration, the grammar only allows integer literals as initializers.
        // In a non-ambient declaration, the grammar allows uninitialized members only in a
        // ConstantEnumMemberSection, which starts at the beginning of an enum declaration
        // or any time an integer literal initializer is encountered.
        function parseEnumMember(): EnumMember {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            const hasJSDoc = hasPrecedingJSDocComment();
            const name = parsePropertyName();
            const initializer = allowInAnd(parseInitializer);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(factory.createEnumMember(name, initializer), pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseEnumDeclaration(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined): EnumDeclaration {
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.EnumKeyword);
            const name = parseIdentifier();
            let members;
            if (parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken)) {
                members = doOutsideOfYieldAndAwaitContext(() => parseDelimitedList(ParsingContext.EnumMembers, parseEnumMember));
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
            }
            else {
                members = createMissingList<EnumMember>();
            }
            const node = factory.createEnumDeclaration(decorators, modifiers, name, members);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseModuleBlock(): ModuleBlock {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            let statements;
            if (parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken)) {
                statements = parseList(ParsingContext.BlockStatements, parseStatement);
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
            }
            else {
                statements = createMissingList<Statement>();
            }
            return finishNode(factory.createModuleBlock(statements), pos);
        }

        function parseModuleOrNamespaceDeclaration(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined, flags: NodeFlags): ModuleDeclaration {
            // If we are parsing a dotted namespace name, we want to
            // propagate the 'Namespace' flag across the names if set.
            const namespaceFlag = flags & NodeFlags.Namespace;
            const name = parseIdentifier();
            const body = parseOptional(SyntaxKind.DotToken)
                ? parseModuleOrNamespaceDeclaration(getNodePos(), /*hasJSDoc*/ false, /*decorators*/ undefined, /*modifiers*/ undefined, NodeFlags.NestedNamespace | namespaceFlag) as NamespaceDeclaration
                : parseModuleBlock();
            const node = factory.createModuleDeclaration(decorators, modifiers, name, body, flags);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseAmbientExternalModuleDeclaration(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined): ModuleDeclaration {
            let flags: NodeFlags = 0;
            let name;
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.GlobalKeyword) {
                // parse 'global' as name of global scope augmentation
                name = parseIdentifier();
                flags |= NodeFlags.GlobalAugmentation;
            }
            else {
                name = parseLiteralNode() as StringLiteral;
                name.text = internIdentifier(name.text);
            }
            let body: ModuleBlock | undefined;
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken) {
                body = parseModuleBlock();
            }
            else {
                parseSemicolon();
            }
            const node = factory.createModuleDeclaration(decorators, modifiers, name, body, flags);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseModuleDeclaration(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined): ModuleDeclaration {
            let flags: NodeFlags = 0;
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.GlobalKeyword) {
                // global augmentation
                return parseAmbientExternalModuleDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers);
            }
            else if (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.NamespaceKeyword)) {
                flags |= NodeFlags.Namespace;
            }
            else {
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.ModuleKeyword);
                if (token() === SyntaxKind.StringLiteral) {
                    return parseAmbientExternalModuleDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers);
                }
            }
            return parseModuleOrNamespaceDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers, flags);
        }

        function isExternalModuleReference() {
            return token() === SyntaxKind.RequireKeyword &&
                lookAhead(nextTokenIsOpenParen);
        }

        function nextTokenIsOpenParen() {
            return nextToken() === SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken;
        }

        function nextTokenIsSlash() {
            return nextToken() === SyntaxKind.SlashToken;
        }

        function parseNamespaceExportDeclaration(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined): NamespaceExportDeclaration {
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.AsKeyword);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.NamespaceKeyword);
            const name = parseIdentifier();
            parseSemicolon();
            const node = factory.createNamespaceExportDeclaration(name);
            // NamespaceExportDeclaration nodes cannot have decorators or modifiers, so we attach them here so we can report them in the grammar checker
            node.decorators = decorators;
            node.modifiers = modifiers;
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseImportDeclarationOrImportEqualsDeclaration(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined): ImportEqualsDeclaration | ImportDeclaration {
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.ImportKeyword);

            const afterImportPos = scanner.getStartPos();

            // We don't parse the identifier here in await context, instead we will report a grammar error in the checker.
            let identifier: Identifier | undefined;
            if (isIdentifier()) {
                identifier = parseIdentifier();
            }

            let isTypeOnly = false;
            if (token() !== SyntaxKind.FromKeyword &&
                identifier?.escapedText === "type" &&
                (isIdentifier() || tokenAfterImportDefinitelyProducesImportDeclaration())
            ) {
                isTypeOnly = true;
                identifier = isIdentifier() ? parseIdentifier() : undefined;
            }

            if (identifier && !tokenAfterImportedIdentifierDefinitelyProducesImportDeclaration()) {
                return parseImportEqualsDeclaration(pos, hasJSDoc, decorators, modifiers, identifier, isTypeOnly);
            }

            // ImportDeclaration:
            //  import ImportClause from ModuleSpecifier ;
            //  import ModuleSpecifier;
            let importClause: ImportClause | undefined;
            if (identifier || // import id
                token() === SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken || // import *
                token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken    // import {
            ) {
                importClause = parseImportClause(identifier, afterImportPos, isTypeOnly);
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.FromKeyword);
            }

            const moduleSpecifier = parseModuleSpecifier();
            parseSemicolon();
            const node = factory.createImportDeclaration(decorators, modifiers, importClause, moduleSpecifier);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function tokenAfterImportDefinitelyProducesImportDeclaration() {
            return token() === SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken || token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken;
        }

        function tokenAfterImportedIdentifierDefinitelyProducesImportDeclaration() {
            // In `import id ___`, the current token decides whether to produce
            // an ImportDeclaration or ImportEqualsDeclaration.
            return token() === SyntaxKind.CommaToken || token() === SyntaxKind.FromKeyword;
        }

        function parseImportEqualsDeclaration(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined, identifier: Identifier, isTypeOnly: boolean): ImportEqualsDeclaration {
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.EqualsToken);
            const moduleReference = parseModuleReference();
            parseSemicolon();
            const node = factory.createImportEqualsDeclaration(decorators, modifiers, isTypeOnly, identifier, moduleReference);
            const finished = withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
            return finished;
        }

        function parseImportClause(identifier: Identifier | undefined, pos: number, isTypeOnly: boolean) {
            // ImportClause:
            //  ImportedDefaultBinding
            //  NameSpaceImport
            //  NamedImports
            //  ImportedDefaultBinding, NameSpaceImport
            //  ImportedDefaultBinding, NamedImports

            // If there was no default import or if there is comma token after default import
            // parse namespace or named imports
            let namedBindings: NamespaceImport | NamedImports | undefined;
            if (!identifier ||
                parseOptional(SyntaxKind.CommaToken)) {
                namedBindings = token() === SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken ? parseNamespaceImport() : parseNamedImportsOrExports(SyntaxKind.NamedImports);
            }

            return finishNode(factory.createImportClause(isTypeOnly, identifier, namedBindings), pos);
        }

        function parseModuleReference() {
            return isExternalModuleReference()
                ? parseExternalModuleReference()
                : parseEntityName(/*allowReservedWords*/ false);
        }

        function parseExternalModuleReference() {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.RequireKeyword);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.OpenParenToken);
            const expression = parseModuleSpecifier();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseParenToken);
            return finishNode(factory.createExternalModuleReference(expression), pos);
        }

        function parseModuleSpecifier(): Expression {
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.StringLiteral) {
                const result = parseLiteralNode();
                result.text = internIdentifier(result.text);
                return result;
            }
            else {
                // We allow arbitrary expressions here, even though the grammar only allows string
                // literals.  We check to ensure that it is only a string literal later in the grammar
                // check pass.
                return parseExpression();
            }
        }

        function parseNamespaceImport(): NamespaceImport {
            // NameSpaceImport:
            //  * as ImportedBinding
            const pos = getNodePos();
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken);
            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.AsKeyword);
            const name = parseIdentifier();
            return finishNode(factory.createNamespaceImport(name), pos);
        }

        function parseNamedImportsOrExports(kind: SyntaxKind.NamedImports): NamedImports;
        function parseNamedImportsOrExports(kind: SyntaxKind.NamedExports): NamedExports;
        function parseNamedImportsOrExports(kind: SyntaxKind): NamedImportsOrExports {
            const pos = getNodePos();

            // NamedImports:
            //  { }
            //  { ImportsList }
            //  { ImportsList, }

            // ImportsList:
            //  ImportSpecifier
            //  ImportsList, ImportSpecifier
            const node = kind === SyntaxKind.NamedImports
                ? factory.createNamedImports(parseBracketedList(ParsingContext.ImportOrExportSpecifiers, parseImportSpecifier, SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken, SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken))
                : factory.createNamedExports(parseBracketedList(ParsingContext.ImportOrExportSpecifiers, parseExportSpecifier, SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken, SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken));
            return finishNode(node, pos);
        }

        function parseExportSpecifier() {
            return parseImportOrExportSpecifier(SyntaxKind.ExportSpecifier) as ExportSpecifier;
        }

        function parseImportSpecifier() {
            return parseImportOrExportSpecifier(SyntaxKind.ImportSpecifier) as ImportSpecifier;
        }

        function parseImportOrExportSpecifier(kind: SyntaxKind): ImportOrExportSpecifier {
            const pos = getNodePos();
            // ImportSpecifier:
            //   BindingIdentifier
            //   IdentifierName as BindingIdentifier
            // ExportSpecifier:
            //   IdentifierName
            //   IdentifierName as IdentifierName
            let checkIdentifierIsKeyword = isKeyword(token()) && !isIdentifier();
            let checkIdentifierStart = scanner.getTokenPos();
            let checkIdentifierEnd = scanner.getTextPos();
            const identifierName = parseIdentifierName();
            let propertyName: Identifier | undefined;
            let name: Identifier;
            if (token() === SyntaxKind.AsKeyword) {
                propertyName = identifierName;
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.AsKeyword);
                checkIdentifierIsKeyword = isKeyword(token()) && !isIdentifier();
                checkIdentifierStart = scanner.getTokenPos();
                checkIdentifierEnd = scanner.getTextPos();
                name = parseIdentifierName();
            }
            else {
                name = identifierName;
            }
            if (kind === SyntaxKind.ImportSpecifier && checkIdentifierIsKeyword) {
                parseErrorAt(checkIdentifierStart, checkIdentifierEnd, Diagnostics.Identifier_expected);
            }
            const node = kind === SyntaxKind.ImportSpecifier
                ? factory.createImportSpecifier(propertyName, name)
                : factory.createExportSpecifier(propertyName, name);
            return finishNode(node, pos);
        }

        function parseNamespaceExport(pos: number): NamespaceExport {
            return finishNode(factory.createNamespaceExport(parseIdentifierName()), pos);
        }

        function parseExportDeclaration(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined): ExportDeclaration {
            const savedAwaitContext = inAwaitContext();
            setAwaitContext(/*value*/ true);
            let exportClause: NamedExportBindings | undefined;
            let moduleSpecifier: Expression | undefined;
            const isTypeOnly = parseOptional(SyntaxKind.TypeKeyword);
            const namespaceExportPos = getNodePos();
            if (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken)) {
                if (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.AsKeyword)) {
                    exportClause = parseNamespaceExport(namespaceExportPos);
                }
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.FromKeyword);
                moduleSpecifier = parseModuleSpecifier();
            }
            else {
                exportClause = parseNamedImportsOrExports(SyntaxKind.NamedExports);
                // It is not uncommon to accidentally omit the 'from' keyword. Additionally, in editing scenarios,
                // the 'from' keyword can be parsed as a named export when the export clause is unterminated (i.e. `export { from "moduleName";`)
                // If we don't have a 'from' keyword, see if we have a string literal such that ASI won't take effect.
                if (token() === SyntaxKind.FromKeyword || (token() === SyntaxKind.StringLiteral && !scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak())) {
                    parseExpected(SyntaxKind.FromKeyword);
                    moduleSpecifier = parseModuleSpecifier();
                }
            }
            parseSemicolon();
            setAwaitContext(savedAwaitContext);
            const node = factory.createExportDeclaration(decorators, modifiers, isTypeOnly, exportClause, moduleSpecifier);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function parseExportAssignment(pos: number, hasJSDoc: boolean, decorators: NodeArray<Decorator> | undefined, modifiers: NodeArray<Modifier> | undefined): ExportAssignment {
            const savedAwaitContext = inAwaitContext();
            setAwaitContext(/*value*/ true);
            let isExportEquals: boolean | undefined;
            if (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.EqualsToken)) {
                isExportEquals = true;
            }
            else {
                parseExpected(SyntaxKind.DefaultKeyword);
            }
            const expression = parseAssignmentExpressionOrHigher();
            parseSemicolon();
            setAwaitContext(savedAwaitContext);
            const node = factory.createExportAssignment(decorators, modifiers, isExportEquals, expression);
            return withJSDoc(finishNode(node, pos), hasJSDoc);
        }

        function setExternalModuleIndicator(sourceFile: SourceFile) {
            // Try to use the first top-level import/export when available, then
            // fall back to looking for an 'import.meta' somewhere in the tree if necessary.
            sourceFile.externalModuleIndicator =
                    forEach(sourceFile.statements, isAnExternalModuleIndicatorNode) ||
                    getImportMetaIfNecessary(sourceFile);
        }

        function isAnExternalModuleIndicatorNode(node: Node) {
            return hasModifierOfKind(node, SyntaxKind.ExportKeyword)
                || isImportEqualsDeclaration(node) && ts.isExternalModuleReference(node.moduleReference)
                || isImportDeclaration(node)
                || isExportAssignment(node)
                || isExportDeclaration(node) ? node : undefined;
        }

        function getImportMetaIfNecessary(sourceFile: SourceFile) {
            return sourceFile.flags & NodeFlags.PossiblyContainsImportMeta ?
                walkTreeForExternalModuleIndicators(sourceFile) :
                undefined;
        }

        function walkTreeForExternalModuleIndicators(node: Node): Node | undefined {
            return isImportMeta(node) ? node : forEachChild(node, walkTreeForExternalModuleIndicators);
        }

        /** Do not use hasModifier inside the parser; it relies on parent pointers. Use this instead. */
        function hasModifierOfKind(node: Node, kind: SyntaxKind) {
            return some(node.modifiers, m => m.kind === kind);
        }

        function isImportMeta(node: Node): boolean {
            return isMetaProperty(node) && node.keywordToken === SyntaxKind.ImportKeyword && node.name.escapedText === "meta";
        }

        const enum ParsingContext {
            SourceElements,            // Elements in source file
            BlockStatements,           // Statements in block
            SwitchClauses,             // Clauses in switch statement
            SwitchClauseStatements,    // Statements in switch clause
            TypeMembers,               // Members in interface or type literal
            ClassMembers,              // Members in class declaration
            EnumMembers,               // Members in enum declaration
            HeritageClauseElement,     // Elements in a heritage clause
            VariableDeclarations,      // Variable declarations in variable statement
            ObjectBindingElements,     // Binding elements in object binding list
            ArrayBindingElements,      // Binding elements in array binding list
            ArgumentExpressions,       // Expressions in argument list
            ObjectLiteralMembers,      // Members in object literal
            JsxAttributes,             // Attributes in jsx element
            JsxChildren,               // Things between opening and closing JSX tags
            ArrayLiteralMembers,       // Members in array literal
            Parameters,                // Parameters in parameter list
            JSDocParameters,           // JSDoc parameters in parameter list of JSDoc function type
            RestProperties,            // Property names in a rest type list
            TypeParameters,            // Type parameters in type parameter list
            TypeArguments,             // Type arguments in type argument list
            TupleElementTypes,         // Element types in tuple element type list
            HeritageClauses,           // Heritage clauses for a class or interface declaration.
            ImportOrExportSpecifiers,  // Named import clause's import specifier list
            Count                      // Number of parsing contexts
        }

        const enum Tristate {
            False,
            True,
            Unknown
        }

        export namespace JSDocParser {
            export function parseJSDocTypeExpressionForTests(content: string, start: number | undefined, length: number | undefined): { jsDocTypeExpression: JSDocTypeExpression, diagnostics: Diagnostic[] } | undefined {
                initializeState("file.js", content, ScriptTarget.Latest, /*_syntaxCursor:*/ undefined, ScriptKind.JS);
                scanner.setText(content, start, length);
                currentToken = scanner.scan();
                const jsDocTypeExpression = parseJSDocTypeExpression();

                const sourceFile = createSourceFile("file.js", ScriptTarget.Latest, ScriptKind.JS, /*isDeclarationFile*/ false, [], factory.createToken(SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken), NodeFlags.None);
                const diagnostics = attachFileToDiagnostics(parseDiagnostics, sourceFile);
                if (jsDocDiagnostics) {
                    sourceFile.jsDocDiagnostics = attachFileToDiagnostics(jsDocDiagnostics, sourceFile);
                }

                clearState();

                return jsDocTypeExpression ? { jsDocTypeExpression, diagnostics } : undefined;
            }

            // Parses out a JSDoc type expression.
            export function parseJSDocTypeExpression(mayOmitBraces?: boolean): JSDocTypeExpression {
                const pos = getNodePos();
                const hasBrace = (mayOmitBraces ? parseOptional : parseExpected)(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken);
                const type = doInsideOfContext(NodeFlags.JSDoc, parseJSDocType);
                if (!mayOmitBraces || hasBrace) {
                    parseExpectedJSDoc(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
                }

                const result = factory.createJSDocTypeExpression(type);
                fixupParentReferences(result);
                return finishNode(result, pos);
            }

            export function parseJSDocNameReference(): JSDocNameReference {
                const pos = getNodePos();
                const hasBrace = parseOptional(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken);
                const p2 = getNodePos();
                let entityName: EntityName | JSDocMemberName = parseEntityName(/* allowReservedWords*/ false);
                while (token() === SyntaxKind.PrivateIdentifier) {
                    reScanHashToken(); // rescan #id as # id
                    nextTokenJSDoc(); // then skip the #
                    entityName = finishNode(factory.createJSDocMemberName(entityName, parseIdentifier()), p2);
                }
                if (hasBrace) {
                    parseExpectedJSDoc(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
                }

                const result = factory.createJSDocNameReference(entityName);
                fixupParentReferences(result);
                return finishNode(result, pos);
            }

            export function parseIsolatedJSDocComment(content: string, start: number | undefined, length: number | undefined): { jsDoc: JSDoc, diagnostics: Diagnostic[] } | undefined {
                initializeState("", content, ScriptTarget.Latest, /*_syntaxCursor:*/ undefined, ScriptKind.JS);
                const jsDoc = doInsideOfContext(NodeFlags.JSDoc, () => parseJSDocCommentWorker(start, length));

                const sourceFile = { languageVariant: LanguageVariant.Standard, text: content } as SourceFile;
                const diagnostics = attachFileToDiagnostics(parseDiagnostics, sourceFile);
                clearState();

                return jsDoc ? { jsDoc, diagnostics } : undefined;
            }

            export function parseJSDocComment(parent: HasJSDoc, start: number, length: number): JSDoc | undefined {
                const saveToken = currentToken;
                const saveParseDiagnosticsLength = parseDiagnostics.length;
                const saveParseErrorBeforeNextFinishedNode = parseErrorBeforeNextFinishedNode;

                const comment = doInsideOfContext(NodeFlags.JSDoc, () => parseJSDocCommentWorker(start, length));
                setParent(comment, parent);

                if (contextFlags & NodeFlags.JavaScriptFile) {
                    if (!jsDocDiagnostics) {
                        jsDocDiagnostics = [];
                    }
                    jsDocDiagnostics.push(...parseDiagnostics);
                }
                currentToken = saveToken;
                parseDiagnostics.length = saveParseDiagnosticsLength;
                parseErrorBeforeNextFinishedNode = saveParseErrorBeforeNextFinishedNode;
                return comment;
            }

            const enum JSDocState {
                BeginningOfLine,
                SawAsterisk,
                SavingComments,
                SavingBackticks, // NOTE: Only used when parsing tag comments
            }

            const enum PropertyLikeParse {
                Property = 1 << 0,
                Parameter = 1 << 1,
                CallbackParameter = 1 << 2,
            }

            function parseJSDocCommentWorker(start = 0, length: number | undefined): JSDoc | undefined {
                const content = sourceText;
                const end = length === undefined ? content.length : start + length;
                length = end - start;

                Debug.assert(start >= 0);
                Debug.assert(start <= end);
                Debug.assert(end <= content.length);

                // Check for /** (JSDoc opening part)
                if (!isJSDocLikeText(content, start)) {
                    return undefined;
                }

                let tags: JSDocTag[];
                let tagsPos: number;
                let tagsEnd: number;
                let linkEnd: number;
                let commentsPos: number | undefined;
                let comments: string[] = [];
                const parts: JSDocComment[] = [];

                // + 3 for leading /**, - 5 in total for /** */
                return scanner.scanRange(start + 3, length - 5, () => {
                    // Initially we can parse out a tag.  We also have seen a starting asterisk.
                    // This is so that /** * @type */ doesn't parse.
                    let state = JSDocState.SawAsterisk;
                    let margin: number | undefined;
                    // + 4 for leading '/** '
                    // + 1 because the last index of \n is always one index before the first character in the line and coincidentally, if there is no \n before start, it is -1, which is also one index before the first character
                    let indent = start - (content.lastIndexOf("\n", start) + 1) + 4;
                    function pushComment(text: string) {
                        if (!margin) {
                            margin = indent;
                        }
                        comments.push(text);
                        indent += text.length;
                    }

                    nextTokenJSDoc();
                    while (parseOptionalJsdoc(SyntaxKind.WhitespaceTrivia));
                    if (parseOptionalJsdoc(SyntaxKind.NewLineTrivia)) {
                        state = JSDocState.BeginningOfLine;
                        indent = 0;
                    }
                    loop: while (true) {
                        switch (token()) {
                            case SyntaxKind.AtToken:
                                if (state === JSDocState.BeginningOfLine || state === JSDocState.SawAsterisk) {
                                    removeTrailingWhitespace(comments);
                                    if (!commentsPos) commentsPos = getNodePos();
                                    addTag(parseTag(indent));
                                    // NOTE: According to usejsdoc.org, a tag goes to end of line, except the last tag.
                                    // Real-world comments may break this rule, so "BeginningOfLine" will not be a real line beginning
                                    // for malformed examples like `/** @param {string} x @returns {number} the length */`
                                    state = JSDocState.BeginningOfLine;
                                    margin = undefined;
                                }
                                else {
                                    pushComment(scanner.getTokenText());
                                }
                                break;
                            case SyntaxKind.NewLineTrivia:
                                comments.push(scanner.getTokenText());
                                state = JSDocState.BeginningOfLine;
                                indent = 0;
                                break;
                            case SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken:
                                const asterisk = scanner.getTokenText();
                                if (state === JSDocState.SawAsterisk || state === JSDocState.SavingComments) {
                                    // If we've already seen an asterisk, then we can no longer parse a tag on this line
                                    state = JSDocState.SavingComments;
                                    pushComment(asterisk);
                                }
                                else {
                                    // Ignore the first asterisk on a line
                                    state = JSDocState.SawAsterisk;
                                    indent += asterisk.length;
                                }
                                break;
                            case SyntaxKind.WhitespaceTrivia:
                                // only collect whitespace if we're already saving comments or have just crossed the comment indent margin
                                const whitespace = scanner.getTokenText();
                                if (state === JSDocState.SavingComments) {
                                    comments.push(whitespace);
                                }
                                else if (margin !== undefined && indent + whitespace.length > margin) {
                                    comments.push(whitespace.slice(margin - indent));
                                }
                                indent += whitespace.length;
                                break;
                            case SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken:
                                break loop;
                            case SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken:
                                state = JSDocState.SavingComments;
                                const commentEnd = scanner.getStartPos();
                                const linkStart = scanner.getTextPos() - 1;
                                const link = parseJSDocLink(linkStart);
                                if (link) {
                                    if (!linkEnd) {
                                        removeLeadingNewlines(comments);
                                    }
                                    parts.push(finishNode(factory.createJSDocText(comments.join("")), linkEnd ?? start, commentEnd));
                                    parts.push(link);
                                    comments = [];
                                    linkEnd = scanner.getTextPos();
                                    break;
                                }
                                // fallthrough if it's not a {@link sequence
                            default:
                                // Anything else is doc comment text. We just save it. Because it
                                // wasn't a tag, we can no longer parse a tag on this line until we hit the next
                                // line break.
                                state = JSDocState.SavingComments;
                                pushComment(scanner.getTokenText());
                                break;
                        }
                        nextTokenJSDoc();
                    }
                    removeTrailingWhitespace(comments);
                    if (parts.length && comments.length) {
                        parts.push(finishNode(factory.createJSDocText(comments.join("")), linkEnd ?? start, commentsPos));
                    }
                    if (parts.length && tags) Debug.assertIsDefined(commentsPos, "having parsed tags implies that the end of the comment span should be set");
                    const tagsArray = tags && createNodeArray(tags, tagsPos, tagsEnd);
                    return finishNode(factory.createJSDocComment(parts.length ? createNodeArray(parts, start, commentsPos) : comments.length ? comments.join("") : undefined, tagsArray), start, end);
                });

                function removeLeadingNewlines(comments: string[]) {
                    while (comments.length && (comments[0] === "\n" || comments[0] === "\r")) {
                        comments.shift();
                    }
                }

                function removeTrailingWhitespace(comments: string[]) {
                    while (comments.length && comments[comments.length - 1].trim() === "") {
                        comments.pop();
                    }
                }

                function isNextNonwhitespaceTokenEndOfFile(): boolean {
                    // We must use infinite lookahead, as there could be any number of newlines :(
                    while (true) {
                        nextTokenJSDoc();
                        if (token() === SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken) {
                            return true;
                        }
                        if (!(token() === SyntaxKind.WhitespaceTrivia || token() === SyntaxKind.NewLineTrivia)) {
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                }

                function skipWhitespace(): void {
                    if (token() === SyntaxKind.WhitespaceTrivia || token() === SyntaxKind.NewLineTrivia) {
                        if (lookAhead(isNextNonwhitespaceTokenEndOfFile)) {
                            return; // Don't skip whitespace prior to EoF (or end of comment) - that shouldn't be included in any node's range
                        }
                    }
                    while (token() === SyntaxKind.WhitespaceTrivia || token() === SyntaxKind.NewLineTrivia) {
                        nextTokenJSDoc();
                    }
                }

                function skipWhitespaceOrAsterisk(): string {
                    if (token() === SyntaxKind.WhitespaceTrivia || token() === SyntaxKind.NewLineTrivia) {
                        if (lookAhead(isNextNonwhitespaceTokenEndOfFile)) {
                            return ""; // Don't skip whitespace prior to EoF (or end of comment) - that shouldn't be included in any node's range
                        }
                    }

                    let precedingLineBreak = scanner.hasPrecedingLineBreak();
                    let seenLineBreak = false;
                    let indentText = "";
                    while ((precedingLineBreak && token() === SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken) || token() === SyntaxKind.WhitespaceTrivia || token() === SyntaxKind.NewLineTrivia) {
                        indentText += scanner.getTokenText();
                        if (token() === SyntaxKind.NewLineTrivia) {
                            precedingLineBreak = true;
                            seenLineBreak = true;
                            indentText = "";
                        }
                        else if (token() === SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken) {
                            precedingLineBreak = false;
                        }
                        nextTokenJSDoc();
                    }
                    return seenLineBreak ? indentText : "";
                }

                function parseTag(margin: number) {
                    Debug.assert(token() === SyntaxKind.AtToken);
                    const start = scanner.getTokenPos();
                    nextTokenJSDoc();

                    const tagName = parseJSDocIdentifierName(/*message*/ undefined);
                    const indentText = skipWhitespaceOrAsterisk();

                    let tag: JSDocTag | undefined;
                    switch (tagName.escapedText) {
                        case "author":
                            tag = parseAuthorTag(start, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        case "implements":
                            tag = parseImplementsTag(start, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        case "augments":
                        case "extends":
                            tag = parseAugmentsTag(start, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        case "class":
                        case "constructor":
                            tag = parseSimpleTag(start, factory.createJSDocClassTag, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        case "public":
                            tag = parseSimpleTag(start, factory.createJSDocPublicTag, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        case "private":
                            tag = parseSimpleTag(start, factory.createJSDocPrivateTag, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        case "protected":
                            tag = parseSimpleTag(start, factory.createJSDocProtectedTag, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        case "readonly":
                            tag = parseSimpleTag(start, factory.createJSDocReadonlyTag, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        case "override":
                            tag = parseSimpleTag(start, factory.createJSDocOverrideTag, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        case "deprecated":
                            hasDeprecatedTag = true;
                            tag = parseSimpleTag(start, factory.createJSDocDeprecatedTag, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        case "this":
                            tag = parseThisTag(start, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        case "enum":
                            tag = parseEnumTag(start, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        case "arg":
                        case "argument":
                        case "param":
                            return parseParameterOrPropertyTag(start, tagName, PropertyLikeParse.Parameter, margin);
                        case "return":
                        case "returns":
                            tag = parseReturnTag(start, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        case "template":
                            tag = parseTemplateTag(start, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        case "type":
                            tag = parseTypeTag(start, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        case "typedef":
                            tag = parseTypedefTag(start, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        case "callback":
                            tag = parseCallbackTag(start, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        case "see":
                            tag = parseSeeTag(start, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                        default:
                            tag = parseUnknownTag(start, tagName, margin, indentText);
                            break;
                    }
                    return tag;
                }

                function parseTrailingTagComments(pos: number, end: number, margin: number, indentText: string) {
                    // some tags, like typedef and callback, have already parsed their comments earlier
                    if (!indentText) {
                        margin += end - pos;
                    }
                    return parseTagComments(margin, indentText.slice(margin));
                }

                function parseTagComments(indent: number, initialMargin?: string): string | NodeArray<JSDocComment> | undefined {
                    const commentsPos = getNodePos();
                    let comments: string[] = [];
                    const parts: JSDocComment[] = [];
                    let linkEnd;
                    let state = JSDocState.BeginningOfLine;
                    let previousWhitespace = true;
                    let margin: number | undefined;
                    function pushComment(text: string) {
                        if (!margin) {
                            margin = indent;
                        }
                        comments.push(text);
                        indent += text.length;
                    }
                    if (initialMargin !== undefined) {
                        // jump straight to saving comments if there is some initial indentation
                        if (initialMargin !== "") {
                            pushComment(initialMargin);
                        }
                        state = JSDocState.SawAsterisk;
                    }
                    let tok = token() as JSDocSyntaxKind;
                    loop: while (true) {
                        switch (tok) {
                            case SyntaxKind.NewLineTrivia:
                                state = JSDocState.BeginningOfLine;
                                // don't use pushComment here because we want to keep the margin unchanged
                                comments.push(scanner.getTokenText());
                                indent = 0;
                                break;
                            case SyntaxKind.AtToken:
                                if (state === JSDocState.SavingBackticks
                                    || state === JSDocState.SavingComments && (!previousWhitespace || lookAhead(isNextJSDocTokenWhitespace))) {
                                    // @ doesn't start a new tag inside ``, and inside a comment, only after whitespace or not before whitespace
                                    comments.push(scanner.getTokenText());
                                    break;
                                }
                                scanner.setTextPos(scanner.getTextPos() - 1);
                                // falls through
                            case SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken:
                                // Done
                                break loop;
                            case SyntaxKind.WhitespaceTrivia:
                                if (state === JSDocState.SavingComments || state === JSDocState.SavingBackticks) {
                                    pushComment(scanner.getTokenText());
                                }
                                else {
                                    const whitespace = scanner.getTokenText();
                                    // if the whitespace crosses the margin, take only the whitespace that passes the margin
                                    if (margin !== undefined && indent + whitespace.length > margin) {
                                        comments.push(whitespace.slice(margin - indent));
                                    }
                                    indent += whitespace.length;
                                }
                                break;
                            case SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken:
                                state = JSDocState.SavingComments;
                                const commentEnd = scanner.getStartPos();
                                const linkStart = scanner.getTextPos() - 1;
                                const link = parseJSDocLink(linkStart);
                                if (link) {
                                    parts.push(finishNode(factory.createJSDocText(comments.join("")), linkEnd ?? commentsPos, commentEnd));
                                    parts.push(link);
                                    comments = [];
                                    linkEnd = scanner.getTextPos();
                                }
                                else {
                                    pushComment(scanner.getTokenText());
                                }
                                break;
                            case SyntaxKind.BacktickToken:
                                if (state === JSDocState.SavingBackticks) {
                                    state = JSDocState.SavingComments;
                                }
                                else {
                                    state = JSDocState.SavingBackticks;
                                }
                                pushComment(scanner.getTokenText());
                                break;
                            case SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken:
                                if (state === JSDocState.BeginningOfLine) {
                                    // leading asterisks start recording on the *next* (non-whitespace) token
                                    state = JSDocState.SawAsterisk;
                                    indent += 1;
                                    break;
                                }
                                // record the * as a comment
                                // falls through
                            default:
                                if (state !== JSDocState.SavingBackticks) {
                                    state = JSDocState.SavingComments; // leading identifiers start recording as well
                                }
                                pushComment(scanner.getTokenText());
                                break;
                        }
                        previousWhitespace = token() === SyntaxKind.WhitespaceTrivia;
                        tok = nextTokenJSDoc();
                    }

                    removeLeadingNewlines(comments);
                    removeTrailingWhitespace(comments);
                    if (parts.length) {
                        if (comments.length) {
                            parts.push(finishNode(factory.createJSDocText(comments.join("")), linkEnd ?? commentsPos));
                        }
                        return createNodeArray(parts, commentsPos, scanner.getTextPos());
                    }
                    else if (comments.length) {
                        return comments.join("");
                    }
                }

                function isNextJSDocTokenWhitespace() {
                    const next = nextTokenJSDoc();
                    return next === SyntaxKind.WhitespaceTrivia || next === SyntaxKind.NewLineTrivia;
                }

                function parseJSDocLink(start: number) {
                    const linkType = tryParse(parseJSDocLinkPrefix);
                    if (!linkType) {
                        return undefined;
                    }
                    nextTokenJSDoc(); // start at token after link, then skip any whitespace
                    skipWhitespace();
                    // parseEntityName logs an error for non-identifier, so create a MissingNode ourselves to avoid the error
                    const p2 = getNodePos();
                    let name: EntityName | JSDocMemberName | undefined = tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(token())
                        ? parseEntityName(/*allowReservedWords*/ true)
                        : undefined;
                    if (name) {
                        while (token() === SyntaxKind.PrivateIdentifier) {
                            reScanHashToken(); // rescan #id as # id
                            nextTokenJSDoc(); // then skip the #
                            name = finishNode(factory.createJSDocMemberName(name, parseIdentifier()), p2);
                        }
                    }
                    const text = [];
                    while (token() !== SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken && token() !== SyntaxKind.NewLineTrivia && token() !== SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken) {
                        text.push(scanner.getTokenText());
                        nextTokenJSDoc();
                    }
                    const create = linkType === "link" ? factory.createJSDocLink
                        : linkType === "linkcode" ? factory.createJSDocLinkCode
                        : factory.createJSDocLinkPlain;
                    return finishNode(create(name, text.join("")), start, scanner.getTextPos());
                }

                function parseJSDocLinkPrefix() {
                    skipWhitespaceOrAsterisk();
                    if (token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken
                        && nextTokenJSDoc() === SyntaxKind.AtToken
                        && tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(nextTokenJSDoc())) {
                        const kind = scanner.getTokenValue();
                        if(kind === "link" || kind === "linkcode" || kind === "linkplain") {
                            return kind;
                        }
                    }
                }

                function parseUnknownTag(start: number, tagName: Identifier, indent: number, indentText: string) {
                    return finishNode(factory.createJSDocUnknownTag(tagName, parseTrailingTagComments(start, getNodePos(), indent, indentText)), start);
                }

                function addTag(tag: JSDocTag | undefined): void {
                    if (!tag) {
                        return;
                    }
                    if (!tags) {
                        tags = [tag];
                        tagsPos = tag.pos;
                    }
                    else {
                        tags.push(tag);
                    }
                    tagsEnd = tag.end;
                }

                function tryParseTypeExpression(): JSDocTypeExpression | undefined {
                    skipWhitespaceOrAsterisk();
                    return token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken ? parseJSDocTypeExpression() : undefined;
                }

                function parseBracketNameInPropertyAndParamTag(): { name: EntityName, isBracketed: boolean } {
                    // Looking for something like '[foo]', 'foo', '[foo.bar]' or 'foo.bar'
                    const isBracketed = parseOptionalJsdoc(SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken);
                    if (isBracketed) {
                        skipWhitespace();
                    }
                    // a markdown-quoted name: `arg` is not legal jsdoc, but occurs in the wild
                    const isBackquoted = parseOptionalJsdoc(SyntaxKind.BacktickToken);
                    const name = parseJSDocEntityName();
                    if (isBackquoted) {
                        parseExpectedTokenJSDoc(SyntaxKind.BacktickToken);
                    }
                    if (isBracketed) {
                        skipWhitespace();
                        // May have an optional default, e.g. '[foo = 42]'
                        if (parseOptionalToken(SyntaxKind.EqualsToken)) {
                            parseExpression();
                        }

                        parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken);
                    }

                    return { name, isBracketed };
                }

                function isObjectOrObjectArrayTypeReference(node: TypeNode): boolean {
                    switch (node.kind) {
                        case SyntaxKind.ObjectKeyword:
                            return true;
                        case SyntaxKind.ArrayType:
                            return isObjectOrObjectArrayTypeReference((node as ArrayTypeNode).elementType);
                        default:
                            return isTypeReferenceNode(node) && ts.isIdentifier(node.typeName) && node.typeName.escapedText === "Object" && !node.typeArguments;
                    }
                }

                function parseParameterOrPropertyTag(start: number, tagName: Identifier, target: PropertyLikeParse, indent: number): JSDocParameterTag | JSDocPropertyTag {
                    let typeExpression = tryParseTypeExpression();
                    let isNameFirst = !typeExpression;
                    skipWhitespaceOrAsterisk();

                    const { name, isBracketed } = parseBracketNameInPropertyAndParamTag();
                    const indentText = skipWhitespaceOrAsterisk();

                    if (isNameFirst && !lookAhead(parseJSDocLinkPrefix)) {
                        typeExpression = tryParseTypeExpression();
                    }

                    const comment = parseTrailingTagComments(start, getNodePos(), indent, indentText);

                    const nestedTypeLiteral = target !== PropertyLikeParse.CallbackParameter && parseNestedTypeLiteral(typeExpression, name, target, indent);
                    if (nestedTypeLiteral) {
                        typeExpression = nestedTypeLiteral;
                        isNameFirst = true;
                    }
                    const result = target === PropertyLikeParse.Property
                        ? factory.createJSDocPropertyTag(tagName, name, isBracketed, typeExpression, isNameFirst, comment)
                        : factory.createJSDocParameterTag(tagName, name, isBracketed, typeExpression, isNameFirst, comment);
                    return finishNode(result, start);
                }

                function parseNestedTypeLiteral(typeExpression: JSDocTypeExpression | undefined, name: EntityName, target: PropertyLikeParse, indent: number) {
                    if (typeExpression && isObjectOrObjectArrayTypeReference(typeExpression.type)) {
                        const pos = getNodePos();
                        let child: JSDocPropertyLikeTag | JSDocTypeTag | false;
                        let children: JSDocPropertyLikeTag[] | undefined;
                        while (child = tryParse(() => parseChildParameterOrPropertyTag(target, indent, name))) {
                            if (child.kind === SyntaxKind.JSDocParameterTag || child.kind === SyntaxKind.JSDocPropertyTag) {
                                children = append(children, child);
                            }
                        }
                        if (children) {
                            const literal = finishNode(factory.createJSDocTypeLiteral(children, typeExpression.type.kind === SyntaxKind.ArrayType), pos);
                            return finishNode(factory.createJSDocTypeExpression(literal), pos);
                        }
                    }
                }

                function parseReturnTag(start: number, tagName: Identifier, indent: number, indentText: string): JSDocReturnTag {
                    if (some(tags, isJSDocReturnTag)) {
                        parseErrorAt(tagName.pos, scanner.getTokenPos(), Diagnostics._0_tag_already_specified, tagName.escapedText);
                    }

                    const typeExpression = tryParseTypeExpression();
                    return finishNode(factory.createJSDocReturnTag(tagName, typeExpression, parseTrailingTagComments(start, getNodePos(), indent, indentText)), start);
                }

                function parseTypeTag(start: number, tagName: Identifier, indent?: number, indentText?: string): JSDocTypeTag {
                    if (some(tags, isJSDocTypeTag)) {
                        parseErrorAt(tagName.pos, scanner.getTokenPos(), Diagnostics._0_tag_already_specified, tagName.escapedText);
                    }

                    const typeExpression = parseJSDocTypeExpression(/*mayOmitBraces*/ true);
                    const comments = indent !== undefined && indentText !== undefined ? parseTrailingTagComments(start, getNodePos(), indent, indentText) : undefined;
                    return finishNode(factory.createJSDocTypeTag(tagName, typeExpression, comments), start);
                }

                function parseSeeTag(start: number, tagName: Identifier, indent?: number, indentText?: string): JSDocSeeTag {
                    const isLink = lookAhead(() => nextTokenJSDoc() === SyntaxKind.AtToken && tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(nextTokenJSDoc()) && scanner.getTokenValue() === "link");
                    const nameExpression = isLink ? undefined : parseJSDocNameReference();
                    const comments = indent !== undefined && indentText !== undefined ? parseTrailingTagComments(start, getNodePos(), indent, indentText) : undefined;
                    return finishNode(factory.createJSDocSeeTag(tagName, nameExpression, comments), start);
                }

                function parseAuthorTag(start: number, tagName: Identifier, indent: number, indentText: string): JSDocAuthorTag {
                    const commentStart = getNodePos();
                    const textOnly = parseAuthorNameAndEmail();
                    let commentEnd = scanner.getStartPos();
                    const comments = parseTrailingTagComments(start, commentEnd, indent, indentText);
                    if (!comments) {
                        commentEnd = scanner.getStartPos();
                    }
                    const allParts = typeof comments !== "string"
                        ? createNodeArray(concatenate([finishNode(textOnly, commentStart, commentEnd)], comments) as JSDocComment[], commentStart) // cast away readonly
                        : textOnly.text + comments;
                    return finishNode(factory.createJSDocAuthorTag(tagName, allParts), start);
                }

                function parseAuthorNameAndEmail(): JSDocText {
                    const comments: string[] = [];
                    let inEmail = false;
                    let token = scanner.getToken();
                    while (token !== SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken && token !== SyntaxKind.NewLineTrivia) {
                        if (token === SyntaxKind.LessThanToken) {
                            inEmail = true;
                        }
                        else if (token === SyntaxKind.AtToken && !inEmail) {
                            break;
                        }
                        else if (token === SyntaxKind.GreaterThanToken && inEmail) {
                            comments.push(scanner.getTokenText());
                            scanner.setTextPos(scanner.getTokenPos() + 1);
                            break;
                        }
                        comments.push(scanner.getTokenText());
                        token = nextTokenJSDoc();
                    }

                    return factory.createJSDocText(comments.join(""));
                }

                function parseImplementsTag(start: number, tagName: Identifier, margin: number, indentText: string): JSDocImplementsTag {
                    const className = parseExpressionWithTypeArgumentsForAugments();
                    return finishNode(factory.createJSDocImplementsTag(tagName, className, parseTrailingTagComments(start, getNodePos(), margin, indentText)), start);
                }

                function parseAugmentsTag(start: number, tagName: Identifier, margin: number, indentText: string): JSDocAugmentsTag {
                    const className = parseExpressionWithTypeArgumentsForAugments();
                    return finishNode(factory.createJSDocAugmentsTag(tagName, className, parseTrailingTagComments(start, getNodePos(), margin, indentText)), start);
                }

                function parseExpressionWithTypeArgumentsForAugments(): ExpressionWithTypeArguments & { expression: Identifier | PropertyAccessEntityNameExpression } {
                    const usedBrace = parseOptional(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken);
                    const pos = getNodePos();
                    const expression = parsePropertyAccessEntityNameExpression();
                    const typeArguments = tryParseTypeArguments();
                    const node = factory.createExpressionWithTypeArguments(expression, typeArguments) as ExpressionWithTypeArguments & { expression: Identifier | PropertyAccessEntityNameExpression };
                    const res = finishNode(node, pos);
                    if (usedBrace) {
                        parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
                    }
                    return res;
                }

                function parsePropertyAccessEntityNameExpression() {
                    const pos = getNodePos();
                    let node: Identifier | PropertyAccessEntityNameExpression = parseJSDocIdentifierName();
                    while (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.DotToken)) {
                        const name = parseJSDocIdentifierName();
                        node = finishNode(factory.createPropertyAccessExpression(node, name), pos) as PropertyAccessEntityNameExpression;
                    }
                    return node;
                }

                function parseSimpleTag(start: number, createTag: (tagName: Identifier | undefined, comment?: string | NodeArray<JSDocComment>) => JSDocTag, tagName: Identifier, margin: number, indentText: string): JSDocTag {
                    return finishNode(createTag(tagName, parseTrailingTagComments(start, getNodePos(), margin, indentText)), start);
                }

                function parseThisTag(start: number, tagName: Identifier, margin: number, indentText: string): JSDocThisTag {
                    const typeExpression = parseJSDocTypeExpression(/*mayOmitBraces*/ true);
                    skipWhitespace();
                    return finishNode(factory.createJSDocThisTag(tagName, typeExpression, parseTrailingTagComments(start, getNodePos(), margin, indentText)), start);
                }

                function parseEnumTag(start: number, tagName: Identifier, margin: number, indentText: string): JSDocEnumTag {
                    const typeExpression = parseJSDocTypeExpression(/*mayOmitBraces*/ true);
                    skipWhitespace();
                    return finishNode(factory.createJSDocEnumTag(tagName, typeExpression, parseTrailingTagComments(start, getNodePos(), margin, indentText)), start);
                }

                function parseTypedefTag(start: number, tagName: Identifier, indent: number, indentText: string): JSDocTypedefTag {
                    let typeExpression: JSDocTypeExpression | JSDocTypeLiteral | undefined = tryParseTypeExpression();
                    skipWhitespaceOrAsterisk();

                    const fullName = parseJSDocTypeNameWithNamespace();
                    skipWhitespace();
                    let comment = parseTagComments(indent);

                    let end: number | undefined;
                    if (!typeExpression || isObjectOrObjectArrayTypeReference(typeExpression.type)) {
                        let child: JSDocTypeTag | JSDocPropertyTag | false;
                        let childTypeTag: JSDocTypeTag | undefined;
                        let jsDocPropertyTags: JSDocPropertyTag[] | undefined;
                        let hasChildren = false;
                        while (child = tryParse(() => parseChildPropertyTag(indent))) {
                            hasChildren = true;
                            if (child.kind === SyntaxKind.JSDocTypeTag) {
                                if (childTypeTag) {
                                    const lastError = parseErrorAtCurrentToken(Diagnostics.A_JSDoc_typedef_comment_may_not_contain_multiple_type_tags);
                                    if (lastError) {
                                        addRelatedInfo(lastError, createDetachedDiagnostic(fileName, 0, 0, Diagnostics.The_tag_was_first_specified_here));
                                    }
                                    break;
                                }
                                else {
                                    childTypeTag = child;
                                }
                            }
                            else {
                                jsDocPropertyTags = append(jsDocPropertyTags, child);
                            }
                        }
                        if (hasChildren) {
                            const isArrayType = typeExpression && typeExpression.type.kind === SyntaxKind.ArrayType;
                            const jsdocTypeLiteral = factory.createJSDocTypeLiteral(jsDocPropertyTags, isArrayType);
                            typeExpression = childTypeTag && childTypeTag.typeExpression && !isObjectOrObjectArrayTypeReference(childTypeTag.typeExpression.type) ?
                                childTypeTag.typeExpression :
                                finishNode(jsdocTypeLiteral, start);
                            end = typeExpression.end;
                        }
                    }

                    // Only include the characters between the name end and the next token if a comment was actually parsed out - otherwise it's just whitespace
                    end = end || comment !== undefined ?
                        getNodePos() :
                        (fullName ?? typeExpression ?? tagName).end;

                    if (!comment) {
                        comment = parseTrailingTagComments(start, end, indent, indentText);
                    }

                    const typedefTag = factory.createJSDocTypedefTag(tagName, typeExpression, fullName, comment);
                    return finishNode(typedefTag, start, end);
                }

                function parseJSDocTypeNameWithNamespace(nested?: boolean) {
                    const pos = scanner.getTokenPos();
                    if (!tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(token())) {
                        return undefined;
                    }
                    const typeNameOrNamespaceName = parseJSDocIdentifierName();
                    if (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.DotToken)) {
                        const body = parseJSDocTypeNameWithNamespace(/*nested*/ true);
                        const jsDocNamespaceNode = factory.createModuleDeclaration(
                            /*decorators*/ undefined,
                            /*modifiers*/ undefined,
                            typeNameOrNamespaceName,
                            body,
                            nested ? NodeFlags.NestedNamespace : undefined
                        ) as JSDocNamespaceDeclaration;
                        return finishNode(jsDocNamespaceNode, pos);
                    }

                    if (nested) {
                        typeNameOrNamespaceName.isInJSDocNamespace = true;
                    }
                    return typeNameOrNamespaceName;
                }


                function parseCallbackTagParameters(indent: number) {
                    const pos = getNodePos();
                    let child: JSDocParameterTag | false;
                    let parameters;
                    while (child = tryParse(() => parseChildParameterOrPropertyTag(PropertyLikeParse.CallbackParameter, indent) as JSDocParameterTag)) {
                        parameters = append(parameters, child);
                    }
                    return createNodeArray(parameters || [], pos);
                }

                function parseCallbackTag(start: number, tagName: Identifier, indent: number, indentText: string): JSDocCallbackTag {
                    const fullName = parseJSDocTypeNameWithNamespace();
                    skipWhitespace();
                    let comment = parseTagComments(indent);
                    const parameters = parseCallbackTagParameters(indent);
                    const returnTag = tryParse(() => {
                        if (parseOptionalJsdoc(SyntaxKind.AtToken)) {
                            const tag = parseTag(indent);
                            if (tag && tag.kind === SyntaxKind.JSDocReturnTag) {
                                return tag as JSDocReturnTag;
                            }
                        }
                    });
                    const typeExpression = finishNode(factory.createJSDocSignature(/*typeParameters*/ undefined, parameters, returnTag), start);
                    if (!comment) {
                        comment = parseTrailingTagComments(start, getNodePos(), indent, indentText);
                    }
                    return finishNode(factory.createJSDocCallbackTag(tagName, typeExpression, fullName, comment), start);
                }

                function escapedTextsEqual(a: EntityName, b: EntityName): boolean {
                    while (!ts.isIdentifier(a) || !ts.isIdentifier(b)) {
                        if (!ts.isIdentifier(a) && !ts.isIdentifier(b) && a.right.escapedText === b.right.escapedText) {
                            a = a.left;
                            b = b.left;
                        }
                        else {
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                    return a.escapedText === b.escapedText;
                }

                function parseChildPropertyTag(indent: number) {
                    return parseChildParameterOrPropertyTag(PropertyLikeParse.Property, indent) as JSDocTypeTag | JSDocPropertyTag | false;
                }

                function parseChildParameterOrPropertyTag(target: PropertyLikeParse, indent: number, name?: EntityName): JSDocTypeTag | JSDocPropertyTag | JSDocParameterTag | false {
                    let canParseTag = true;
                    let seenAsterisk = false;
                    while (true) {
                        switch (nextTokenJSDoc()) {
                            case SyntaxKind.AtToken:
                                if (canParseTag) {
                                    const child = tryParseChildTag(target, indent);
                                    if (child && (child.kind === SyntaxKind.JSDocParameterTag || child.kind === SyntaxKind.JSDocPropertyTag) &&
                                        target !== PropertyLikeParse.CallbackParameter &&
                                        name && (ts.isIdentifier(child.name) || !escapedTextsEqual(name, child.name.left))) {
                                        return false;
                                    }
                                    return child;
                                }
                                seenAsterisk = false;
                                break;
                            case SyntaxKind.NewLineTrivia:
                                canParseTag = true;
                                seenAsterisk = false;
                                break;
                            case SyntaxKind.AsteriskToken:
                                if (seenAsterisk) {
                                    canParseTag = false;
                                }
                                seenAsterisk = true;
                                break;
                            case SyntaxKind.Identifier:
                                canParseTag = false;
                                break;
                            case SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken:
                                return false;
                        }
                    }
                }

                function tryParseChildTag(target: PropertyLikeParse, indent: number): JSDocTypeTag | JSDocPropertyTag | JSDocParameterTag | false {
                    Debug.assert(token() === SyntaxKind.AtToken);
                    const start = scanner.getStartPos();
                    nextTokenJSDoc();

                    const tagName = parseJSDocIdentifierName();
                    skipWhitespace();
                    let t: PropertyLikeParse;
                    switch (tagName.escapedText) {
                        case "type":
                            return target === PropertyLikeParse.Property && parseTypeTag(start, tagName);
                        case "prop":
                        case "property":
                            t = PropertyLikeParse.Property;
                            break;
                        case "arg":
                        case "argument":
                        case "param":
                            t = PropertyLikeParse.Parameter | PropertyLikeParse.CallbackParameter;
                            break;
                        default:
                            return false;
                    }
                    if (!(target & t)) {
                        return false;
                    }
                    return parseParameterOrPropertyTag(start, tagName, target, indent);
                }

                function parseTemplateTagTypeParameter() {
                    const typeParameterPos = getNodePos();
                    const name = parseJSDocIdentifierName(Diagnostics.Unexpected_token_A_type_parameter_name_was_expected_without_curly_braces);
                    if (nodeIsMissing(name)) {
                        return undefined;
                    }
                    return finishNode(factory.createTypeParameterDeclaration(name, /*constraint*/ undefined, /*defaultType*/ undefined), typeParameterPos);
                }

                function parseTemplateTagTypeParameters() {
                    const pos = getNodePos();
                    const typeParameters = [];
                    do {
                        skipWhitespace();
                        const node = parseTemplateTagTypeParameter();
                        if (node !== undefined) {
                            typeParameters.push(node);
                        }
                        skipWhitespaceOrAsterisk();
                    } while (parseOptionalJsdoc(SyntaxKind.CommaToken));
                    return createNodeArray(typeParameters, pos);
                }

                function parseTemplateTag(start: number, tagName: Identifier, indent: number, indentText: string): JSDocTemplateTag {
                    // The template tag looks like one of the following:
                    //   @template T,U,V
                    //   @template {Constraint} T
                    //
                    // According to the [closure docs](https://github.com/google/closure-compiler/wiki/Generic-Types#multiple-bounded-template-types):
                    //   > Multiple bounded generics cannot be declared on the same line. For the sake of clarity, if multiple templates share the same
                    //   > type bound they must be declared on separate lines.
                    //
                    // TODO: Determine whether we should enforce this in the checker.
                    // TODO: Consider moving the `constraint` to the first type parameter as we could then remove `getEffectiveConstraintOfTypeParameter`.
                    // TODO: Consider only parsing a single type parameter if there is a constraint.
                    const constraint = token() === SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken ? parseJSDocTypeExpression() : undefined;
                    const typeParameters = parseTemplateTagTypeParameters();
                    return finishNode(factory.createJSDocTemplateTag(tagName, constraint, typeParameters, parseTrailingTagComments(start, getNodePos(), indent, indentText)), start);
                }

                function parseOptionalJsdoc(t: JSDocSyntaxKind): boolean {
                    if (token() === t) {
                        nextTokenJSDoc();
                        return true;
                    }
                    return false;
                }

                function parseJSDocEntityName(): EntityName {
                    let entity: EntityName = parseJSDocIdentifierName();
                    if (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken)) {
                        parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken);
                        // Note that y[] is accepted as an entity name, but the postfix brackets are not saved for checking.
                        // Technically usejsdoc.org requires them for specifying a property of a type equivalent to Array<{ x: ...}>
                        // but it's not worth it to enforce that restriction.
                    }
                    while (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.DotToken)) {
                        const name = parseJSDocIdentifierName();
                        if (parseOptional(SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken)) {
                            parseExpected(SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken);
                        }
                        entity = createQualifiedName(entity, name);
                    }
                    return entity;
                }

                function parseJSDocIdentifierName(message?: DiagnosticMessage): Identifier {
                    if (!tokenIsIdentifierOrKeyword(token())) {
                        return createMissingNode<Identifier>(SyntaxKind.Identifier, /*reportAtCurrentPosition*/ !message, message || Diagnostics.Identifier_expected);
                    }

                    identifierCount++;
                    const pos = scanner.getTokenPos();
                    const end = scanner.getTextPos();
                    const originalKeywordKind = token();
                    const text = internIdentifier(scanner.getTokenValue());
                    const result = finishNode(factory.createIdentifier(text, /*typeArguments*/ undefined, originalKeywordKind), pos, end);
                    nextTokenJSDoc();
                    return result;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    namespace IncrementalParser {
        export function updateSourceFile(sourceFile: SourceFile, newText: string, textChangeRange: TextChangeRange, aggressiveChecks: boolean): SourceFile {
            aggressiveChecks = aggressiveChecks || Debug.shouldAssert(AssertionLevel.Aggressive);

            checkChangeRange(sourceFile, newText, textChangeRange, aggressiveChecks);
            if (textChangeRangeIsUnchanged(textChangeRange)) {
                // if the text didn't change, then we can just return our current source file as-is.
                return sourceFile;
            }

            if (sourceFile.statements.length === 0) {
                // If we don't have any statements in the current source file, then there's no real
                // way to incrementally parse.  So just do a full parse instead.
                return Parser.parseSourceFile(sourceFile.fileName, newText, sourceFile.languageVersion, /*syntaxCursor*/ undefined, /*setParentNodes*/ true, sourceFile.scriptKind);
            }

            // Make sure we're not trying to incrementally update a source file more than once.  Once
            // we do an update the original source file is considered unusable from that point onwards.
            //
            // This is because we do incremental parsing in-place.  i.e. we take nodes from the old
            // tree and give them new positions and parents.  From that point on, trusting the old
            // tree at all is not possible as far too much of it may violate invariants.
            const incrementalSourceFile = sourceFile as Node as IncrementalNode;
            Debug.assert(!incrementalSourceFile.hasBeenIncrementallyParsed);
            incrementalSourceFile.hasBeenIncrementallyParsed = true;
            Parser.fixupParentReferences(incrementalSourceFile);
            const oldText = sourceFile.text;
            const syntaxCursor = createSyntaxCursor(sourceFile);

            // Make the actual change larger so that we know to reparse anything whose lookahead
            // might have intersected the change.
            const changeRange = extendToAffectedRange(sourceFile, textChangeRange);
            checkChangeRange(sourceFile, newText, changeRange, aggressiveChecks);

            // Ensure that extending the affected range only moved the start of the change range
            // earlier in the file.
            Debug.assert(changeRange.span.start <= textChangeRange.span.start);
            Debug.assert(textSpanEnd(changeRange.span) === textSpanEnd(textChangeRange.span));
            Debug.assert(textSpanEnd(textChangeRangeNewSpan(changeRange)) === textSpanEnd(textChangeRangeNewSpan(textChangeRange)));

            // The is the amount the nodes after the edit range need to be adjusted.  It can be
            // positive (if the edit added characters), negative (if the edit deleted characters)
            // or zero (if this was a pure overwrite with nothing added/removed).
            const delta = textChangeRangeNewSpan(changeRange).length - changeRange.span.length;

            // If we added or removed characters during the edit, then we need to go and adjust all
            // the nodes after the edit.  Those nodes may move forward (if we inserted chars) or they
            // may move backward (if we deleted chars).
            //
            // Doing this helps us out in two ways.  First, it means that any nodes/tokens we want
            // to reuse are already at the appropriate position in the new text.  That way when we
            // reuse them, we don't have to figure out if they need to be adjusted.  Second, it makes
            // it very easy to determine if we can reuse a node.  If the node's position is at where
            // we are in the text, then we can reuse it.  Otherwise we can't.  If the node's position
            // is ahead of us, then we'll need to rescan tokens.  If the node's position is behind
            // us, then we'll need to skip it or crumble it as appropriate
            //
            // We will also adjust the positions of nodes that intersect the change range as well.
            // By doing this, we ensure that all the positions in the old tree are consistent, not
            // just the positions of nodes entirely before/after the change range.  By being
            // consistent, we can then easily map from positions to nodes in the old tree easily.
            //
            // Also, mark any syntax elements that intersect the changed span.  We know, up front,
            // that we cannot reuse these elements.
            updateTokenPositionsAndMarkElements(incrementalSourceFile,
                changeRange.span.start, textSpanEnd(changeRange.span), textSpanEnd(textChangeRangeNewSpan(changeRange)), delta, oldText, newText, aggressiveChecks);

            // Now that we've set up our internal incremental state just proceed and parse the
            // source file in the normal fashion.  When possible the parser will retrieve and
            // reuse nodes from the old tree.
            //
            // Note: passing in 'true' for setNodeParents is very important.  When incrementally
            // parsing, we will be reusing nodes from the old tree, and placing it into new
            // parents.  If we don't set the parents now, we'll end up with an observably
            // inconsistent tree.  Setting the parents on the new tree should be very fast.  We
            // will immediately bail out of walking any subtrees when we can see that their parents
            // are already correct.
            const result = Parser.parseSourceFile(sourceFile.fileName, newText, sourceFile.languageVersion, syntaxCursor, /*setParentNodes*/ true, sourceFile.scriptKind);
            result.commentDirectives = getNewCommentDirectives(
                sourceFile.commentDirectives,
                result.commentDirectives,
                changeRange.span.start,
                textSpanEnd(changeRange.span),
                delta,
                oldText,
                newText,
                aggressiveChecks
            );
            return result;
        }

        function getNewCommentDirectives(
            oldDirectives: CommentDirective[] | undefined,
            newDirectives: CommentDirective[] | undefined,
            changeStart: number,
            changeRangeOldEnd: number,
            delta: number,
            oldText: string,
            newText: string,
            aggressiveChecks: boolean
        ): CommentDirective[] | undefined {
            if (!oldDirectives) return newDirectives;
            let commentDirectives: CommentDirective[] | undefined;
            let addedNewlyScannedDirectives = false;
            for (const directive of oldDirectives) {
                const { range, type } = directive;
                // Range before the change
                if (range.end < changeStart) {
                    commentDirectives = append(commentDirectives, directive);
                }
                else if (range.pos > changeRangeOldEnd) {
                    addNewlyScannedDirectives();
                    // Node is entirely past the change range.  We need to move both its pos and
                    // end, forward or backward appropriately.
                    const updatedDirective: CommentDirective = {
                        range: { pos: range.pos + delta, end: range.end + delta },
                        type
                    };
                    commentDirectives = append(commentDirectives, updatedDirective);
                    if (aggressiveChecks) {
                        Debug.assert(oldText.substring(range.pos, range.end) === newText.substring(updatedDirective.range.pos, updatedDirective.range.end));
                    }
                }
                // Ignore ranges that fall in change range
            }
            addNewlyScannedDirectives();
            return commentDirectives;

            function addNewlyScannedDirectives() {
                if (addedNewlyScannedDirectives) return;
                addedNewlyScannedDirectives = true;
                if (!commentDirectives) {
                    commentDirectives = newDirectives;
                }
                else if (newDirectives) {
                    commentDirectives.push(...newDirectives);
                }
            }
        }

        function moveElementEntirelyPastChangeRange(element: IncrementalElement, isArray: boolean, delta: number, oldText: string, newText: string, aggressiveChecks: boolean) {
            if (isArray) {
                visitArray(element as IncrementalNodeArray);
            }
            else {
                visitNode(element as IncrementalNode);
            }
            return;

            function visitNode(node: IncrementalNode) {
                let text = "";
                if (aggressiveChecks && shouldCheckNode(node)) {
                    text = oldText.substring(node.pos, node.end);
                }

                // Ditch any existing LS children we may have created.  This way we can avoid
                // moving them forward.
                if (node._children) {
                    node._children = undefined;
                }

                setTextRangePosEnd(node, node.pos + delta, node.end + delta);

                if (aggressiveChecks && shouldCheckNode(node)) {
                    Debug.assert(text === newText.substring(node.pos, node.end));
                }

                forEachChild(node, visitNode, visitArray);
                if (hasJSDocNodes(node)) {
                    for (const jsDocComment of node.jsDoc!) {
                        visitNode(jsDocComment as Node as IncrementalNode);
                    }
                }
                checkNodePositions(node, aggressiveChecks);
            }

            function visitArray(array: IncrementalNodeArray) {
                array._children = undefined;
                setTextRangePosEnd(array, array.pos + delta, array.end + delta);

                for (const node of array) {
                    visitNode(node);
                }
            }
        }

        function shouldCheckNode(node: Node) {
            switch (node.kind) {
                case SyntaxKind.StringLiteral:
                case SyntaxKind.NumericLiteral:
                case SyntaxKind.Identifier:
                    return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

        function adjustIntersectingElement(element: IncrementalElement, changeStart: number, changeRangeOldEnd: number, changeRangeNewEnd: number, delta: number) {
            Debug.assert(element.end >= changeStart, "Adjusting an element that was entirely before the change range");
            Debug.assert(element.pos <= changeRangeOldEnd, "Adjusting an element that was entirely after the change range");
            Debug.assert(element.pos <= element.end);

            // We have an element that intersects the change range in some way.  It may have its
            // start, or its end (or both) in the changed range.  We want to adjust any part
            // that intersects such that the final tree is in a consistent state.  i.e. all
            // children have spans within the span of their parent, and all siblings are ordered
            // properly.

            // We may need to update both the 'pos' and the 'end' of the element.

            // If the 'pos' is before the start of the change, then we don't need to touch it.
            // If it isn't, then the 'pos' must be inside the change.  How we update it will
            // depend if delta is positive or negative. If delta is positive then we have
            // something like:
            //
            //  -------------------AAA-----------------
            //  -------------------BBBCCCCCCC-----------------
            //
            // In this case, we consider any node that started in the change range to still be
            // starting at the same position.
            //
            // however, if the delta is negative, then we instead have something like this:
            //
            //  -------------------XXXYYYYYYY-----------------
            //  -------------------ZZZ-----------------
            //
            // In this case, any element that started in the 'X' range will keep its position.
            // However any element that started after that will have their pos adjusted to be
            // at the end of the new range.  i.e. any node that started in the 'Y' range will
            // be adjusted to have their start at the end of the 'Z' range.
            //
            // The element will keep its position if possible.  Or Move backward to the new-end
            // if it's in the 'Y' range.
            const pos = Math.min(element.pos, changeRangeNewEnd);

            // If the 'end' is after the change range, then we always adjust it by the delta
            // amount.  However, if the end is in the change range, then how we adjust it
            // will depend on if delta is positive or negative.  If delta is positive then we
            // have something like:
            //
            //  -------------------AAA-----------------
            //  -------------------BBBCCCCCCC-----------------
            //
            // In this case, we consider any node that ended inside the change range to keep its
            // end position.
            //
            // however, if the delta is negative, then we instead have something like this:
            //
            //  -------------------XXXYYYYYYY-----------------
            //  -------------------ZZZ-----------------
            //
            // In this case, any element that ended in the 'X' range will keep its position.
            // However any element that ended after that will have their pos adjusted to be
            // at the end of the new range.  i.e. any node that ended in the 'Y' range will
            // be adjusted to have their end at the end of the 'Z' range.
            const end = element.end >= changeRangeOldEnd ?
                // Element ends after the change range.  Always adjust the end pos.
                element.end + delta :
                // Element ends in the change range.  The element will keep its position if
                // possible. Or Move backward to the new-end if it's in the 'Y' range.
                Math.min(element.end, changeRangeNewEnd);

            Debug.assert(pos <= end);
            if (element.parent) {
                Debug.assertGreaterThanOrEqual(pos, element.parent.pos);
                Debug.assertLessThanOrEqual(end, element.parent.end);
            }

            setTextRangePosEnd(element, pos, end);
        }

        function checkNodePositions(node: Node, aggressiveChecks: boolean) {
            if (aggressiveChecks) {
                let pos = node.pos;
                const visitNode = (child: Node) => {
                    Debug.assert(child.pos >= pos);
                    pos = child.end;
                };
                if (hasJSDocNodes(node)) {
                    for (const jsDocComment of node.jsDoc!) {
                        visitNode(jsDocComment);
                    }
                }
                forEachChild(node, visitNode);
                Debug.assert(pos <= node.end);
            }
        }

        function updateTokenPositionsAndMarkElements(
            sourceFile: IncrementalNode,
            changeStart: number,
            changeRangeOldEnd: number,
            changeRangeNewEnd: number,
            delta: number,
            oldText: string,
            newText: string,
            aggressiveChecks: boolean): void {

            visitNode(sourceFile);
            return;

            function visitNode(child: IncrementalNode) {
                Debug.assert(child.pos <= child.end);
                if (child.pos > changeRangeOldEnd) {
                    // Node is entirely past the change range.  We need to move both its pos and
                    // end, forward or backward appropriately.
                    moveElementEntirelyPastChangeRange(child, /*isArray*/ false, delta, oldText, newText, aggressiveChecks);
                    return;
                }

                // Check if the element intersects the change range.  If it does, then it is not
                // reusable.  Also, we'll need to recurse to see what constituent portions we may
                // be able to use.
                const fullEnd = child.end;
                if (fullEnd >= changeStart) {
                    child.intersectsChange = true;
                    child._children = undefined;

                    // Adjust the pos or end (or both) of the intersecting element accordingly.
                    adjustIntersectingElement(child, changeStart, changeRangeOldEnd, changeRangeNewEnd, delta);
                    forEachChild(child, visitNode, visitArray);
                    if (hasJSDocNodes(child)) {
                        for (const jsDocComment of child.jsDoc!) {
                            visitNode(jsDocComment as Node as IncrementalNode);
                        }
                    }
                    checkNodePositions(child, aggressiveChecks);
                    return;
                }

                // Otherwise, the node is entirely before the change range.  No need to do anything with it.
                Debug.assert(fullEnd < changeStart);
            }

            function visitArray(array: IncrementalNodeArray) {
                Debug.assert(array.pos <= array.end);
                if (array.pos > changeRangeOldEnd) {
                    // Array is entirely after the change range.  We need to move it, and move any of
                    // its children.
                    moveElementEntirelyPastChangeRange(array, /*isArray*/ true, delta, oldText, newText, aggressiveChecks);
                    return;
                }

                // Check if the element intersects the change range.  If it does, then it is not
                // reusable.  Also, we'll need to recurse to see what constituent portions we may
                // be able to use.
                const fullEnd = array.end;
                if (fullEnd >= changeStart) {
                    array.intersectsChange = true;
                    array._children = undefined;

                    // Adjust the pos or end (or both) of the intersecting array accordingly.
                    adjustIntersectingElement(array, changeStart, changeRangeOldEnd, changeRangeNewEnd, delta);
                    for (const node of array) {
                        visitNode(node);
                    }
                    return;
                }

                // Otherwise, the array is entirely before the change range.  No need to do anything with it.
                Debug.assert(fullEnd < changeStart);
            }
        }

        function extendToAffectedRange(sourceFile: SourceFile, changeRange: TextChangeRange): TextChangeRange {
            // Consider the following code:
            //      void foo() { /; }
            //
            // If the text changes with an insertion of / just before the semicolon then we end up with:
            //      void foo() { //; }
            //
            // If we were to just use the changeRange a is, then we would not rescan the { token
            // (as it does not intersect the actual original change range).  Because an edit may
            // change the token touching it, we actually need to look back *at least* one token so
            // that the prior token sees that change.
            const maxLookahead = 1;

            let start = changeRange.span.start;

            // the first iteration aligns us with the change start. subsequent iteration move us to
            // the left by maxLookahead tokens.  We only need to do this as long as we're not at the
            // start of the tree.
            for (let i = 0; start > 0 && i <= maxLookahead; i++) {
                const nearestNode = findNearestNodeStartingBeforeOrAtPosition(sourceFile, start);
                Debug.assert(nearestNode.pos <= start);
                const position = nearestNode.pos;

                start = Math.max(0, position - 1);
            }

            const finalSpan = createTextSpanFromBounds(start, textSpanEnd(changeRange.span));
            const finalLength = changeRange.newLength + (changeRange.span.start - start);

            return createTextChangeRange(finalSpan, finalLength);
        }

        function findNearestNodeStartingBeforeOrAtPosition(sourceFile: SourceFile, position: number): Node {
            let bestResult: Node = sourceFile;
            let lastNodeEntirelyBeforePosition: Node | undefined;

            forEachChild(sourceFile, visit);

            if (lastNodeEntirelyBeforePosition) {
                const lastChildOfLastEntireNodeBeforePosition = getLastDescendant(lastNodeEntirelyBeforePosition);
                if (lastChildOfLastEntireNodeBeforePosition.pos > bestResult.pos) {
                    bestResult = lastChildOfLastEntireNodeBeforePosition;
                }
            }

            return bestResult;

            function getLastDescendant(node: Node): Node {
                while (true) {
                    const lastChild = getLastChild(node);
                    if (lastChild) {
                        node = lastChild;
                    }
                    else {
                        return node;
                    }
                }
            }

            function visit(child: Node) {
                if (nodeIsMissing(child)) {
                    // Missing nodes are effectively invisible to us.  We never even consider them
                    // When trying to find the nearest node before us.
                    return;
                }

                // If the child intersects this position, then this node is currently the nearest
                // node that starts before the position.
                if (child.pos <= position) {
                    if (child.pos >= bestResult.pos) {
                        // This node starts before the position, and is closer to the position than
                        // the previous best node we found.  It is now the new best node.
                        bestResult = child;
                    }

                    // Now, the node may overlap the position, or it may end entirely before the
                    // position.  If it overlaps with the position, then either it, or one of its
                    // children must be the nearest node before the position.  So we can just
                    // recurse into this child to see if we can find something better.
                    if (position < child.end) {
                        // The nearest node is either this child, or one of the children inside
                        // of it.  We've already marked this child as the best so far.  Recurse
                        // in case one of the children is better.
                        forEachChild(child, visit);

                        // Once we look at the children of this node, then there's no need to
                        // continue any further.
                        return true;
                    }
                    else {
                        Debug.assert(child.end <= position);
                        // The child ends entirely before this position.  Say you have the following
                        // (where $ is the position)
                        //
                        //      <complex expr 1> ? <complex expr 2> $ : <...> <...>
                        //
                        // We would want to find the nearest preceding node in "complex expr 2".
                        // To support that, we keep track of this node, and once we're done searching
                        // for a best node, we recurse down this node to see if we can find a good
                        // result in it.
                        //
                        // This approach allows us to quickly skip over nodes that are entirely
                        // before the position, while still allowing us to find any nodes in the
                        // last one that might be what we want.
                        lastNodeEntirelyBeforePosition = child;
                    }
                }
                else {
                    Debug.assert(child.pos > position);
                    // We're now at a node that is entirely past the position we're searching for.
                    // This node (and all following nodes) could never contribute to the result,
                    // so just skip them by returning 'true' here.
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }

        function checkChangeRange(sourceFile: SourceFile, newText: string, textChangeRange: TextChangeRange, aggressiveChecks: boolean) {
            const oldText = sourceFile.text;
            if (textChangeRange) {
                Debug.assert((oldText.length - textChangeRange.span.length + textChangeRange.newLength) === newText.length);

                if (aggressiveChecks || Debug.shouldAssert(AssertionLevel.VeryAggressive)) {
                    const oldTextPrefix = oldText.substr(0, textChangeRange.span.start);
                    const newTextPrefix = newText.substr(0, textChangeRange.span.start);
                    Debug.assert(oldTextPrefix === newTextPrefix);

                    const oldTextSuffix = oldText.substring(textSpanEnd(textChangeRange.span), oldText.length);
                    const newTextSuffix = newText.substring(textSpanEnd(textChangeRangeNewSpan(textChangeRange)), newText.length);
                    Debug.assert(oldTextSuffix === newTextSuffix);
                }
            }
        }

        interface IncrementalElement extends ReadonlyTextRange {
            readonly parent: Node;
            intersectsChange: boolean;
            length?: number;
            _children: Node[] | undefined;
        }

        export interface IncrementalNode extends Node, IncrementalElement {
            hasBeenIncrementallyParsed: boolean;
        }

        interface IncrementalNodeArray extends NodeArray<IncrementalNode>, IncrementalElement {
            length: number;
        }

        // Allows finding nodes in the source file at a certain position in an efficient manner.
        // The implementation takes advantage of the calling pattern it knows the parser will
        // make in order to optimize finding nodes as quickly as possible.
        export interface SyntaxCursor {
            currentNode(position: number): IncrementalNode;
        }

        export function createSyntaxCursor(sourceFile: SourceFile): SyntaxCursor {
            let currentArray: NodeArray<Node> = sourceFile.statements;
            let currentArrayIndex = 0;

            Debug.assert(currentArrayIndex < currentArray.length);
            let current = currentArray[currentArrayIndex];
            let lastQueriedPosition = InvalidPosition.Value;

            return {
                currentNode(position: number) {
                    // Only compute the current node if the position is different than the last time
                    // we were asked.  The parser commonly asks for the node at the same position
                    // twice.  Once to know if can read an appropriate list element at a certain point,
                    // and then to actually read and consume the node.
                    if (position !== lastQueriedPosition) {
                        // Much of the time the parser will need the very next node in the array that
                        // we just returned a node from.So just simply check for that case and move
                        // forward in the array instead of searching for the node again.
                        if (current && current.end === position && currentArrayIndex < (currentArray.length - 1)) {
                            currentArrayIndex++;
                            current = currentArray[currentArrayIndex];
                        }

                        // If we don't have a node, or the node we have isn't in the right position,
                        // then try to find a viable node at the position requested.
                        if (!current || current.pos !== position) {
                            findHighestListElementThatStartsAtPosition(position);
                        }
                    }

                    // Cache this query so that we don't do any extra work if the parser calls back
                    // into us.  Note: this is very common as the parser will make pairs of calls like
                    // 'isListElement -> parseListElement'.  If we were unable to find a node when
                    // called with 'isListElement', we don't want to redo the work when parseListElement
                    // is called immediately after.
                    lastQueriedPosition = position;

                    // Either we don'd have a node, or we have a node at the position being asked for.
                    Debug.assert(!current || current.pos === position);
                    return current as IncrementalNode;
                }
            };

            // Finds the highest element in the tree we can find that starts at the provided position.
            // The element must be a direct child of some node list in the tree.  This way after we
            // return it, we can easily return its next sibling in the list.
            function findHighestListElementThatStartsAtPosition(position: number) {
                // Clear out any cached state about the last node we found.
                currentArray = undefined!;
                currentArrayIndex = InvalidPosition.Value;
                current = undefined!;

                // Recurse into the source file to find the highest node at this position.
                forEachChild(sourceFile, visitNode, visitArray);
                return;

                function visitNode(node: Node) {
                    if (position >= node.pos && position < node.end) {
                        // Position was within this node.  Keep searching deeper to find the node.
                        forEachChild(node, visitNode, visitArray);

                        // don't proceed any further in the search.
                        return true;
                    }

                    // position wasn't in this node, have to keep searching.
                    return false;
                }

                function visitArray(array: NodeArray<Node>) {
                    if (position >= array.pos && position < array.end) {
                        // position was in this array.  Search through this array to see if we find a
                        // viable element.
                        for (let i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
                            const child = array[i];
                            if (child) {
                                if (child.pos === position) {
                                    // Found the right node.  We're done.
                                    currentArray = array;
                                    currentArrayIndex = i;
                                    current = child;
                                    return true;
                                }
                                else {
                                    if (child.pos < position && position < child.end) {
                                        // Position in somewhere within this child.  Search in it and
                                        // stop searching in this array.
                                        forEachChild(child, visitNode, visitArray);
                                        return true;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    // position wasn't in this array, have to keep searching.
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }

        const enum InvalidPosition {
            Value = -1
        }
    }

    /** @internal */
    export function isDeclarationFileName(fileName: string): boolean {
        return fileExtensionIs(fileName, Extension.Dts);
    }

    /*@internal*/
    export interface PragmaContext {
        languageVersion: ScriptTarget;
        pragmas?: PragmaMap;
        checkJsDirective?: CheckJsDirective;
        referencedFiles: FileReference[];
        typeReferenceDirectives: FileReference[];
        libReferenceDirectives: FileReference[];
        amdDependencies: AmdDependency[];
        hasNoDefaultLib?: boolean;
        moduleName?: string;
    }

    /*@internal*/
    export function processCommentPragmas(context: PragmaContext, sourceText: string): void {
        const pragmas: PragmaPseudoMapEntry[] = [];

        for (const range of getLeadingCommentRanges(sourceText, 0) || emptyArray) {
            const comment = sourceText.substring(range.pos, range.end);
            extractPragmas(pragmas, range, comment);
        }

        context.pragmas = new Map() as PragmaMap;
        for (const pragma of pragmas) {
            if (context.pragmas.has(pragma.name)) {
                const currentValue = context.pragmas.get(pragma.name);
                if (currentValue instanceof Array) {
                    currentValue.push(pragma.args);
                }
                else {
                    context.pragmas.set(pragma.name, [currentValue, pragma.args]);
                }
                continue;
            }
            context.pragmas.set(pragma.name, pragma.args);
        }
    }

    /*@internal*/
    type PragmaDiagnosticReporter = (pos: number, length: number, message: DiagnosticMessage) => void;

    /*@internal*/
    export function processPragmasIntoFields(context: PragmaContext, reportDiagnostic: PragmaDiagnosticReporter): void {
        context.checkJsDirective = undefined;
        context.referencedFiles = [];
        context.typeReferenceDirectives = [];
        context.libReferenceDirectives = [];
        context.amdDependencies = [];
        context.hasNoDefaultLib = false;
        context.pragmas!.forEach((entryOrList, key) => { // TODO: GH#18217
            // TODO: The below should be strongly type-guarded and not need casts/explicit annotations, since entryOrList is related to
            // key and key is constrained to a union; but it's not (see GH#21483 for at least partial fix) :(
            switch (key) {
                case "reference": {
                    const referencedFiles = context.referencedFiles;
                    const typeReferenceDirectives = context.typeReferenceDirectives;
                    const libReferenceDirectives = context.libReferenceDirectives;
                    forEach(toArray(entryOrList) as PragmaPseudoMap["reference"][], arg => {
                        const { types, lib, path } = arg.arguments;
                        if (arg.arguments["no-default-lib"]) {
                            context.hasNoDefaultLib = true;
                        }
                        else if (types) {
                            typeReferenceDirectives.push({ pos: types.pos, end: types.end, fileName: types.value });
                        }
                        else if (lib) {
                            libReferenceDirectives.push({ pos: lib.pos, end: lib.end, fileName: lib.value });
                        }
                        else if (path) {
                            referencedFiles.push({ pos: path.pos, end: path.end, fileName: path.value });
                        }
                        else {
                            reportDiagnostic(arg.range.pos, arg.range.end - arg.range.pos, Diagnostics.Invalid_reference_directive_syntax);
                        }
                    });
                    break;
                }
                case "amd-dependency": {
                    context.amdDependencies = map(
                        toArray(entryOrList) as PragmaPseudoMap["amd-dependency"][],
                        x => ({ name: x.arguments.name, path: x.arguments.path }));
                    break;
                }
                case "amd-module": {
                    if (entryOrList instanceof Array) {
                        for (const entry of entryOrList) {
                            if (context.moduleName) {
                                // TODO: It's probably fine to issue this diagnostic on all instances of the pragma
                                reportDiagnostic(entry.range.pos, entry.range.end - entry.range.pos, Diagnostics.An_AMD_module_cannot_have_multiple_name_assignments);
                            }
                            context.moduleName = (entry as PragmaPseudoMap["amd-module"]).arguments.name;
                        }
                    }
                    else {
                        context.moduleName = (entryOrList as PragmaPseudoMap["amd-module"]).arguments.name;
                    }
                    break;
                }
                case "ts-nocheck":
                case "ts-check": {
                    // _last_ of either nocheck or check in a file is the "winner"
                    forEach(toArray(entryOrList), entry => {
                        if (!context.checkJsDirective || entry.range.pos > context.checkJsDirective.pos) {
                            context.checkJsDirective = {
                                enabled: key === "ts-check",
                                end: entry.range.end,
                                pos: entry.range.pos
                            };
                        }
                    });
                    break;
                }
                case "jsx":
                case "jsxfrag":
                case "jsximportsource":
                case "jsxruntime":
                    return; // Accessed directly
                default: Debug.fail("Unhandled pragma kind"); // Can this be made into an assertNever in the future?
            }
        });
    }

    const namedArgRegExCache = new Map<string, RegExp>();
    function getNamedArgRegEx(name: string): RegExp {
        if (namedArgRegExCache.has(name)) {
            return namedArgRegExCache.get(name)!;
        }
        const result = new RegExp(`(\\s${name}\\s*=\\s*)(?:(?:'([^']*)')|(?:"([^"]*)"))`, "im");
        namedArgRegExCache.set(name, result);
        return result;
    }

    const tripleSlashXMLCommentStartRegEx = /^\/\/\/\s*<(\S+)\s.*?\/>/im;
    const singleLinePragmaRegEx = /^\/\/\/?\s*@(\S+)\s*(.*)\s*$/im;
    function extractPragmas(pragmas: PragmaPseudoMapEntry[], range: CommentRange, text: string) {
        const tripleSlash = range.kind === SyntaxKind.SingleLineCommentTrivia && tripleSlashXMLCommentStartRegEx.exec(text);
        if (tripleSlash) {
            const name = tripleSlash[1].toLowerCase() as keyof PragmaPseudoMap; // Technically unsafe cast, but we do it so the below check to make it safe typechecks
            const pragma = commentPragmas[name] as PragmaDefinition;
            if (!pragma || !(pragma.kind! & PragmaKindFlags.TripleSlashXML)) {
                return;
            }
            if (pragma.args) {
                const argument: {[index: string]: string | {value: string, pos: number, end: number}} = {};
                for (const arg of pragma.args) {
                    const matcher = getNamedArgRegEx(arg.name);
                    const matchResult = matcher.exec(text);
                    if (!matchResult && !arg.optional) {
                        return; // Missing required argument, don't parse
                    }
                    else if (matchResult) {
                        const value = matchResult[2] || matchResult[3];
                        if (arg.captureSpan) {
                            const startPos = range.pos + matchResult.index + matchResult[1].length + 1;
                            argument[arg.name] = {
                                value,
                                pos: startPos,
                                end: startPos + value.length
                            };
                        }
                        else {
                            argument[arg.name] = value;
                        }
                    }
                }
                pragmas.push({ name, args: { arguments: argument, range } } as PragmaPseudoMapEntry);
            }
            else {
                pragmas.push({ name, args: { arguments: {}, range } } as PragmaPseudoMapEntry);
            }
            return;
        }

        const singleLine = range.kind === SyntaxKind.SingleLineCommentTrivia && singleLinePragmaRegEx.exec(text);
        if (singleLine) {
            return addPragmaForMatch(pragmas, range, PragmaKindFlags.SingleLine, singleLine);
        }

        if (range.kind === SyntaxKind.MultiLineCommentTrivia) {
            const multiLinePragmaRegEx = /@(\S+)(\s+.*)?$/gim; // Defined inline since it uses the "g" flag, which keeps a persistent index (for iterating)
            let multiLineMatch: RegExpExecArray | null;
            while (multiLineMatch = multiLinePragmaRegEx.exec(text)) {
                addPragmaForMatch(pragmas, range, PragmaKindFlags.MultiLine, multiLineMatch);
            }
        }
    }

    function addPragmaForMatch(pragmas: PragmaPseudoMapEntry[], range: CommentRange, kind: PragmaKindFlags, match: RegExpExecArray) {
        if (!match) return;
        const name = match[1].toLowerCase() as keyof PragmaPseudoMap; // Technically unsafe cast, but we do it so they below check to make it safe typechecks
        const pragma = commentPragmas[name] as PragmaDefinition;
        if (!pragma || !(pragma.kind! & kind)) {
            return;
        }
        const args = match[2]; // Split on spaces and match up positionally with definition
        const argument = getNamedPragmaArguments(pragma, args);
        if (argument === "fail") return; // Missing required argument, fail to parse it
        pragmas.push({ name, args: { arguments: argument, range } } as PragmaPseudoMapEntry);
        return;
    }

    function getNamedPragmaArguments(pragma: PragmaDefinition, text: string | undefined): {[index: string]: string} | "fail" {
        if (!text) return {};
        if (!pragma.args) return {};
        const args = trimString(text).split(/\s+/);
        const argMap: {[index: string]: string} = {};
        for (let i = 0; i < pragma.args.length; i++) {
            const argument = pragma.args[i];
            if (!args[i] && !argument.optional) {
                return "fail";
            }
            if (argument.captureSpan) {
                return Debug.fail("Capture spans not yet implemented for non-xml pragmas");
            }
            argMap[argument.name] = args[i];
        }
        return argMap;
    }

    /** @internal */
    export function tagNamesAreEquivalent(lhs: JsxTagNameExpression, rhs: JsxTagNameExpression): boolean {
        if (lhs.kind !== rhs.kind) {
            return false;
        }

        if (lhs.kind === SyntaxKind.Identifier) {
            return lhs.escapedText === (rhs as Identifier).escapedText;
        }

        if (lhs.kind === SyntaxKind.ThisKeyword) {
            return true;
        }

        // If we are at this statement then we must have PropertyAccessExpression and because tag name in Jsx element can only
        // take forms of JsxTagNameExpression which includes an identifier, "this" expression, or another propertyAccessExpression
        // it is safe to case the expression property as such. See parseJsxElementName for how we parse tag name in Jsx element
        return (lhs as PropertyAccessExpression).name.escapedText === (rhs as PropertyAccessExpression).name.escapedText &&
            tagNamesAreEquivalent((lhs as PropertyAccessExpression).expression as JsxTagNameExpression, (rhs as PropertyAccessExpression).expression as JsxTagNameExpression);
    }
}