A plugin for flake8
finding likely bugs and design problems in your program. Contains warnings that don't belong in pyflakes
and pycodestyle
:
bug·bear (bŭg′bâr′)
n.
1. A cause of fear, anxiety, or irritation: *Overcrowding is often
a bugbear for train commuters.*
2. A difficult or persistent problem: *"One of the major bugbears of
traditional AI is the difficulty of programming computers to
recognize that different but similar objects are instances of the
same type of thing" (Jack Copeland).*
3. A fearsome imaginary creature, especially one evoked to frighten
children.
It is felt that these lints don't belong in the main Python tools as they are very opinionated and do not have a PEP or standard behind them. Due to flake8
being designed to be extensible, the original creators of these lints believed that a plugin was the best route. This has resulted in better development velocity for contributors and adaptive deployment for flake8
users.
Install from pip
with:
pip install flake8-bugbear
It will then automatically be run as part of flake8
; you can check it has been picked up with:
$ flake8 --version
3.5.0 (assertive: 1.0.1, flake8-bugbear: 18.2.0, flake8-comprehensions: 1.4.1, mccabe: 0.6.1, pycodestyle: 2.3.1, pyflakes: 1.6.0) CPython 3.7.0 on Darwin
If you'd like to do a PR we have development instructions here.
B001: Do not use bare except:
, it also catches unexpected events like memory errors, interrupts, system exit, and so on. Prefer except Exception:
. If you're sure what you're doing, be explicit and write except BaseException:
. Disable E722
to avoid duplicate warnings.
B002: Python does not support the unary prefix increment. Writing ++n
is equivalent to +(+(n))
, which equals n
. You meant n += 1
.
B003: Assigning to os.environ
doesn't clear the environment. Subprocesses are going to see outdated variables, in disagreement with the current process. Use os.environ.clear()
or the env=
argument to Popen.
B004: Using hasattr(x, '__call__')
to test if x
is callable is unreliable. If x
implements custom __getattr__
or its __call__
is itself not callable, you might get misleading results. Use callable(x)
for consistent results.
B005: Using .strip()
with multi-character strings is misleading the reader. It looks like stripping a substring. Move your character set to a constant if this is deliberate. Use .replace()
or regular expressions to remove string fragments.
B006: Do not use mutable data structures for argument defaults. They are created during function definition time. All calls to the function reuse this one instance of that data structure, persisting changes between them.
B007: Loop control variable not used within the loop body. If this is intended, start the name with an underscore.
B008: Do not perform function calls in argument defaults. The call is performed only once at function definition time. All calls to your function will reuse the result of that definition-time function call. If this is intended, assign the function call to a module-level variable and use that variable as a default value.
B009: Do not call getattr(x, 'attr')
, instead use normal property access: x.attr
. Missing a default to getattr
will cause an AttributeError
to be raised for non-existent properties. There is no additional safety in using getattr
if you know the attribute name ahead of time.
B010: Do not call setattr(x, 'attr', val)
, instead use normal property access: x.attr = val
. There is no additional safety in using setattr
if you know the attribute name ahead of time.
B011: Do not call assert False
since python -O
removes these calls. Instead callers should raise AssertionError()
.
B012: Use of break
, continue
or return
inside finally
blocks will silence exceptions or override return values from the try
or except
blocks. To silence an exception, do it explicitly in the except
block. To properly use a break
, continue
or return
refactor your code so these statements are not in the finally
block.
B013: A length-one tuple literal is redundant. Write except SomeError:
instead of except (SomeError,):
.
B014: Redundant exception types in except (Exception, TypeError):
. Write except Exception:
, which catches exactly the same exceptions.
B015: Pointless comparison. This comparison does nothing but waste CPU instructions. Either prepend assert
or remove it.
B016: Cannot raise a literal. Did you intend to return it or raise an Exception?
B017: self.assertRaises(Exception):
should be considered evil. It can lead to your test passing even if the code being tested is never executed due to a typo. Either assert for a more specific exception (builtin or custom), use assertRaisesRegex
, or use the context manager form of assertRaises (with self.assertRaises(Exception) as ex:
) with an assertion against the data available in ex
.
B018: Found useless expression. Either assign it to a variable or remove it.
B019: Use of functools.lru_cache
or functools.cache
on methods can lead to memory leaks. The cache may retain instance references, preventing garbage collection.
B020: Loop control variable overrides iterable it iterates
B021: f-string used as docstring. This will be interpreted by python as a joined string rather than a docstring.
B022: No arguments passed to contextlib.suppress. No exceptions will be suppressed and therefore this context manager is redundant. N.B. this rule currently does not flag suppress calls to avoid potential false positives due to similarly named user-defined functions.
B023: Functions defined inside a loop must not use variables redefined in the loop, because late-binding closures are a classic gotcha.
B024: Abstract base class with no abstract method. You might have forgotten to add @abstractmethod.
B025: try-except
block with duplicate exceptions found. This check identifies exception types that are specified in multiple except
clauses. The first specification is the only one ever considered, so all others can be removed.
B026: Star-arg unpacking after a keyword argument is strongly discouraged, because it only works when the keyword parameter is declared after all parameters supplied by the unpacked sequence, and this change of ordering can surprise and mislead readers. There was cpython discussion of disallowing this syntax, but legacy usage and parser limitations make it difficult.
B027: Empty method in abstract base class, but has no abstract decorator. Consider adding @abstractmethod.
The following warnings are disabled by default because they are controversial. They may or may not apply to you, enable them explicitly in your configuration if you find them useful. Read below on how to enable.
B901: Using return x
in a generator function used to be syntactically invalid in Python 2. In Python 3 return x
can be used in a generator as a return value in conjunction with yield from
. Users coming from Python 2 may expect the old behavior which might lead to bugs. Use native async def
coroutines or mark intentional return x
usage with # noqa
on the same line.
B902: Invalid first argument used for method. Use self
for instance methods, and cls
for class methods (which includes __new__
and __init_subclass__
) or instance methods of metaclasses (detected as classes directly inheriting from type
).
B903: Use collections.namedtuple
(or typing.NamedTuple
) for data classes that only set attributes in an __init__
method, and do nothing else. If the attributes should be mutable, define the attributes in __slots__
to save per-instance memory and to prevent accidentally creating additional attributes on instances.
B904: Within an except
clause, raise exceptions with raise ... from err
or raise ... from None
to distinguish them from errors in exception handling. See the exception chaining tutorial for details.
B905: zip() without an explicit strict= parameter. Added with python3.10, so don't enable this flag for code that should work on previous versions. https://peps.python.org/pep-0618/
B950: Line too long. This is a pragmatic equivalent of pycodestyle
's E501
: it considers "max-line-length" but only triggers when the value has been exceeded by more than 10%. You will no longer be forced to reformat code due to the closing parenthesis being one character too far to satisfy the linter. At the same time, if you do significantly violate the line length, you will receive a message that states what the actual limit is. This is inspired by Raymond Hettinger's "Beyond PEP 8" talk and highway patrol not stopping you if you drive < 5mph too fast. Disable E501
to avoid duplicate warnings. Like E501
, this error ignores long shebangs on the first line and urls or paths that are on their own line:
#! long shebang ignored
# https://some-super-long-domain-name.com/with/some/very/long/paths
url = (
"https://some-super-long-domain-name.com/with/some/very/long/paths"
)
To enable Bugbear's opinionated checks (B9xx
), specify an --extend-select
command-line option or extend-select=
option in your config file (requires flake8 >=4.0
):
[flake8]
max-line-length = 80
max-complexity = 12
...
extend-ignore = E501
extend-select = B950
Some of Bugbear's checks require other flake8
checks disabled - e.g. E501
must be disabled when enabling B950
.
If you'd like all optional warnings to be enabled for you (future proof your config!), say B9
instead of B950
. You will need flake8 >=3.2
for this feature.
For flake8 <=4.0
, you will need to use the --select
command-line option or select=
option in your config file. For flake8 >=3.0
, this option is a whitelist (checks not listed are implicitly disabled), so you have to explicitly specify all checks you want enabled (e.g. select = C,E,F,W,B,B950
).
The --extend-ignore
command-line option and extend-ignore=
config file option require flake8 >=3.6
. For older flake8
versions, the --ignore
and ignore=
options can be used. Using ignore
will override all codes that are disabled by default from all installed linters, so you will need to specify these codes in your configuration to silence them. I think this behavior is surprising so Bugbear's opinionated warnings require explicit selection.
Note: Bugbear's enforcement of explicit opinionated warning selection is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. It is recommended to use extend-ignore
and extend-select
in your flake8
configuration to avoid implicitly altering selected and/or ignored codes.
The plugin currently has one setting:
extend-immutable-calls
: Specify a list of additional immutable calls. This could be useful, when using other libraries that provide more immutable calls, beside those already handled by flake8-bugbear
. Calls to these method will no longer raise a B008
warning.
For example:
[flake8]
max-line-length = 80
max-complexity = 12
...
extend-immutable-calls = pathlib.Path, Path
Just run:
coverage run tests/test_bugbear.py
For linting:
pre-commit run -a
MIT
- B027: ignore @overload when typing is imported with other names
- Add B905: zip() without an explicit strict= parameter.
- B027: Ignore @overload decorator (#306)
- B023: Also fix map (#305)
- B023: Avoid false alarms with filter, reduce, key= and return. Added tests for functools (#303)
- Make B015 and B018 messages slightly more polite (#298)
- Add B027: Empty method in abstract base class with no abstract decorator
- Multiple B024 false positive fixes
- Move CI to use tox (#294)
- Move to using PEP621 / pyproject.toml package (#291)
- Tested in 3.11
- Add B026: find argument unpacking after keyword argument (#287)
- Move to setup.cfg like flake8 (#288)
- Add B025: find duplicate except clauses (#284)
- Add B024 error code to message for B024 (#276)
- Add B024: abstract base class with no abstract methods (#273)
- Implement late-binding loop check (#265)
- Don't crash when select / extend_select are None (#261)
- Ignore lambda arguments for B020 (#259)
- Fix missing space typos in B021, B022 error messages (#257)
- Ignore black formatting for b013 test case (#251)
- B010 Fix lambda flase positive (#246)
- B008 Fix edge case with lambda functions (#243)
- B006 and B008: Detect function calls at any level of the default expression (#239)
- B020: Fix comprehension false postives (#238)
- Tweak B019 desc (#237)
- B022: No arguments passed to contextlib.suppress (#231)
- B021: f-string used as docstring. (#230)
- B020: ensure loop control variable doesn't overrides iterable it iterates (#220)
- B019: check to find cache decorators on class methods (#218)
- Fix crash on long empty string (#223)
- B018: Ignore JoinedStr (#216)
- Build universal Python 3 wheels (#214)
- B950: Add same special cases as E501 (#213)
- B018: Disable strings from check for now (#209)
- B904: ensure the raise is in the same context with the except (#191)
- Add Option to extend the list of immutable calls (#204)
- Update B014:
binascii.Error
is now treated as a subclass ofValueError
(#206) - add simple pre-commit config (#205)
- Test with 3.10 official
- Add B018 check to find useless declarations (#196, #202)
- Fix crash on call in except statement in _to_name_str (#187)
- Update B006: list, dictionary, and set comprehensions are now also disallowed (#186)
- Update B008: Whitelist more immutable function calls (#173)
- Remove Python Compatibility Warnings (#182)
- Add B904: check for
raise
withoutfrom
in anexcept
clause (#181) - Add Python 3.10 tests to ensure we pass (#183)
- Verify the element in item_context.args is of type ast.Name for b017
- Add another hasattr() check to b017 visit for .func
- Add B017: check for gotta-catch-em-all assertRaises(Exception)
- Fix crash on tuple expansion in try/except block (#161)
- Fix grammar in B015 (#150)
- Make sure float infinity/NaN does not trigger B008 (#155)
- Handle positional-only args in class methods (#158)
- Support exception aliases properly in B014 (#129)
- Add B015: Pointless comparison (#130)
- Remove check for # noqa comments (#134)
- Ignore exception classes which are not types (#135)
- Introduce B016 to check for raising a literal. (#141)
- Exclude types.MappingProxyType() from B008. (#144)
- Ignore keywords for B009/B010
- Silence B009/B010 for non-identifiers
- State an ignore might be needed for optional B9x checks
- Fix error on attributes-of-attributes in except (...): clauses
- Allow continue/break within loops in finally clauses for B012
- For B001, also check for
except ():
- Introduce B013 and B014 to check tuples in
except (..., ):
statements
- Warn about continue/return/break in finally block (#100)
- Removed a colon from the descriptive message in B008. (#96)
- Fix .travis.yml syntax + add Python 3.8 + nightly tests
- Fix black formatting + enforce via CI
- Make B901 not apply to __await__ methods
- allow 'mcs' for metaclass classmethod first arg (PyCharm default)
- Introduce B011
- Introduce B009 and B010
- Exclude immutable calls like tuple() and frozenset() from B008
- For B902, the first argument for metaclass class methods can be "mcs", matching the name preferred by PyCharm.
- black format all .py files
- Examine kw-only args for mutable defaults
- Test for Python 3.7
- packaging fixes
- graduated to Production/Stable in trove classifiers
- introduced B008
- bugfix: Also check async functions for B006 + B902
- introduced B903 (patch contributed by Martijn Pieters)
- bugfix: B902 now enforces cls for instance methods on metaclasses and metacls for class methods on metaclasses
- introduced B902
- bugfix: opinionated warnings no longer invisible in Syntastic
- bugfix: opinionated warnings stay visible when --select on the command-line is used with full three-digit error codes
- bugfix: opinionated warnings no longer get enabled when user specifies
ignore =
in the configuration. Now they require explicit selection as documented above also in this case.
- bugfix: B007 no longer crashes on tuple unpacking in for-loops
- introduced B007
- bugfix: remove an extra colon in error formatting that was making Bugbear errors invisible in Syntastic
- marked as "Beta" in trove classifiers, it's been used in production for 8+ months
- introduced B005
- introduced B006
- introduced B950
- bugfix: don't raise false positives in B901 on closures within generators
- gracefully fail on Python 2 in setup.py
- introduced B004
- introduced B901, thanks Markus!
- update
flake8
constraint to at least 3.0.0
- introduced B003
- bugfix: don't omit message code in B306's warning
- change dependency on
pep8
to dependency onpycodestyle
, updateflake8
constraint to at least 2.6.2
- introduced B306
- bugfix: don't crash on files with tuple unpacking in class bodies
- introduced B002, B301, B302, B303, B304, and B305
- packaging herp derp
- bugfix: include tests in the source package (to make
setup.py test
work for everyone) - bugfix: explicitly open README.rst in UTF-8 in setup.py for systems with other default encodings
- first published version
- date-versioned
Glued together by Łukasz Langa. Multiple improvements by Markus Unterwaditzer, Martijn Pieters, Cooper Lees, and Ryan May.