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Append int to std::string
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<article class="page" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork">
<meta itemprop="headline" content="Append int to std::string">
<meta itemprop="description" content="For people new to template resolution and template type deduction in C++, they may have written this code and get confused why it doesn’t compile:">
<meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2017-08-04T11:35:05+00:00">
<meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2019-06-17T16:46:42+00:00">
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<p>For people new to template resolution and template type deduction in C++, they may have written this code and get confused why it doesn’t compile:</p>
<div class="language-c++ highlighter-rouge">
<div class="highlight">
<pre class="highlight"><code><span class="cp">#include <string>
</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// compiles correctly</span>
<span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// compiler error</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>And here’s my answer:</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>TL;DR</strong> <code class="highlighter-rouge">operator+=()</code> is a class member function in class <code class="highlighter-rouge">string</code>, while <code class="highlighter-rouge">operator+()</code> is a template function.</p>
<p>The standard class <code class="highlighter-rouge">template<typename CharT> basic_string<CharT></code> has an overloaded member function <code class="highlighter-rouge">basic_string& operator+=(CharT)</code>, and string is just <code class="highlighter-rouge">basic_string<char></code>.</p>
<p>As values that fits in a shorter type can be interpreted as that type, in the expression <code class="highlighter-rouge">s += 2</code>, the 2 is <em>not</em> treated as <code class="highlighter-rouge">int</code>, but <code class="highlighter-rouge">char</code> instead. It has <em>exactly</em> the same effect as <code class="highlighter-rouge">s += '\x02'</code>. A char with ASCII code 2 (STX) is appended, instead of the character <code class="highlighter-rouge">'2'</code> (with ASCII value 50, or 0x32).</p>
<p>However, string does not have an overloaded member function like <code class="highlighter-rouge">string operator+(int)</code>, so <code class="highlighter-rouge">s + 2</code> is not a valid expression, thus throws an error during compilation. (More below)</p>
<p>You can use operator+ function in string in these ways:</p>
<div class="language-c++ highlighter-rouge">
<div class="highlight">
<pre class="highlight"><code><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// or (char)2</span>
<span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">to_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// C++11 and above only</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<hr />
<p>For people concerned about why 2 isn’t automatically cast to <code class="highlighter-rouge">char</code> with <code class="highlighter-rouge">operator+</code>,</p>
<div class="language-c++ highlighter-rouge">
<div class="highlight">
<pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">template</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="k">typename</span> <span class="nc">CharT</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="n">basic_string</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">CharT</span><span class="o">></span>
<span class="k">operator</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">basic_string</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">CharT</span><span class="o">>&</span> <span class="n">lhs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">CharT</span> <span class="n">rhs</span><span class="p">);</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>The above is the prototype<sup>[note]</sup> for the plus operator in <code class="highlighter-rouge">s + 2</code>, and because it’s a template function, it is requiring an implementation of both <code class="highlighter-rouge">operator+<char></code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">operator+<int></code>, which is conflicting. For details, see <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/q/45506372/5958455">Why isn’t automatic downcasting applied to template functions?</a></p>
<p>Meanwhile, the prototype of <code class="highlighter-rouge">operator+=</code> is:</p>
<div class="language-c++ highlighter-rouge">
<div class="highlight">
<pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">template</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="k">typename</span> <span class="nc">CharT</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">basic_string</span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">basic_string</span><span class="o">&</span>
<span class="k">operator</span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CharT</span> <span class="n">_c</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>You see, no template here (it’s a class member function), so the compiler deduces that type <code class="highlighter-rouge">CharT</code> is <code class="highlighter-rouge">char</code> from class implementation, and <code class="highlighter-rouge">int(2)</code> is automatically cast into <code class="highlighter-rouge">char(2)</code>.</p>
<hr />
<p><sup><b>Note:</b> Unnecessary code is stripped when copying from C++ standard include source. That includes typename 2 and 3 (Traits and Allocator) for template class “basic_string”, and unnecessary underscores, in order to improve readability.</sup></p>
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<p class="page__date"><strong><i class="fas fa-fw fa-calendar-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> Updated:</strong> <time datetime="2019-06-17">June 17, 2019</time></p>
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<a href="/blog/2019/12/mass-crawl-douban-with-aws/" rel="permalink">High-performance mass web crawling on AWS
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<i class="far fa-calendar-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> December 28, 2019
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<p class="archive__item-excerpt" itemprop="description">The 3rd-and-last experiment of course Web Information Processing and Application required us to create a recommendation engine, and “predict” the rating (1-5 stars) for 4M user-item pairs based on the training data of 9M user-item pairs and a social network.
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<i class="far fa-calendar-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> December 23, 2019
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39 minute read
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<p class="archive__item-excerpt" itemprop="description">Since the addition of the website server for an external corporation, I now have 5 Linux servers to manage on my own. I also have 4 terminal devices that I use to connect to those servers: two of my laptops, my Android phone (using Termux), and one of those servers that I use as a workstation.
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