diff --git a/api/client.go b/api/client.go
index b5f7e9bb82656..957ba5d824980 100644
--- a/api/client.go
+++ b/api/client.go
@@ -720,6 +720,24 @@ func (c *Client) SetMaxRetries(retries int) {
c.config.MaxRetries = retries
}
+func (c *Client) SetMaxIdleConnections(idle int) {
+ c.modifyLock.RLock()
+ defer c.modifyLock.RUnlock()
+ c.config.modifyLock.Lock()
+ defer c.config.modifyLock.Unlock()
+
+ c.config.HttpClient.Transport.(*http.Transport).MaxIdleConns = idle
+}
+
+func (c *Client) MaxIdleConnections() int {
+ c.modifyLock.RLock()
+ defer c.modifyLock.RUnlock()
+ c.config.modifyLock.Lock()
+ defer c.config.modifyLock.Unlock()
+
+ return c.config.HttpClient.Transport.(*http.Transport).MaxIdleConns
+}
+
func (c *Client) MaxRetries() int {
c.modifyLock.RLock()
defer c.modifyLock.RUnlock()
diff --git a/changelog/15986.txt b/changelog/15986.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..663ccc8c9b411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/15986.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+```release-note:improvement
+agent: Added `disable_idle_connections` configuration to disable leaving idle connections open in auto-auth, caching and templating.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/command/agent.go b/command/agent.go
index 883944da756c3..16fa9fa38e18d 100644
--- a/command/agent.go
+++ b/command/agent.go
@@ -368,13 +368,24 @@ func (c *AgentCommand) Run(args []string) int {
client.SetNamespace(config.AutoAuth.Method.Namespace)
}
templateNamespace = client.Headers().Get(consts.NamespaceHeaderName)
+
+ sinkClient, err := client.CloneWithHeaders()
+ if err != nil {
+ c.UI.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Error cloning client for file sink: %v", err))
+ return 1
+ }
+
+ if config.DisableIdleConnsAutoAuth {
+ sinkClient.SetMaxIdleConnections(-1)
+ }
+
for _, sc := range config.AutoAuth.Sinks {
switch sc.Type {
case "file":
config := &sink.SinkConfig{
Logger: c.logger.Named("sink.file"),
Config: sc.Config,
- Client: client,
+ Client: sinkClient,
WrapTTL: sc.WrapTTL,
DHType: sc.DHType,
DeriveKey: sc.DeriveKey,
@@ -490,9 +501,19 @@ func (c *AgentCommand) Run(args []string) int {
if config.Cache != nil {
cacheLogger := c.logger.Named("cache")
+ proxyClient, err := client.CloneWithHeaders()
+ if err != nil {
+ c.UI.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Error cloning client for caching: %v", err))
+ return 1
+ }
+
+ if config.DisableIdleConnsAutoAuth {
+ proxyClient.SetMaxIdleConnections(-1)
+ }
+
// Create the API proxier
apiProxy, err := cache.NewAPIProxy(&cache.APIProxyConfig{
- Client: client,
+ Client: proxyClient,
Logger: cacheLogger.Named("apiproxy"),
EnforceConsistency: enforceConsistency,
WhenInconsistentAction: whenInconsistent,
@@ -505,7 +526,7 @@ func (c *AgentCommand) Run(args []string) int {
// Create the lease cache proxier and set its underlying proxier to
// the API proxier.
leaseCache, err = cache.NewLeaseCache(&cache.LeaseCacheConfig{
- Client: client,
+ Client: proxyClient,
BaseContext: ctx,
Proxier: apiProxy,
Logger: cacheLogger.Named("leasecache"),
@@ -793,14 +814,19 @@ func (c *AgentCommand) Run(args []string) int {
// Auth Handler is going to set its own retry values, so we want to
// work on a copy of the client to not affect other subsystems.
- clonedClient, err := c.client.CloneWithHeaders()
+ ahClient, err := c.client.CloneWithHeaders()
if err != nil {
c.UI.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Error cloning client for auth handler: %v", err))
return 1
}
+
+ if config.DisableIdleConnsAutoAuth {
+ ahClient.SetMaxIdleConnections(-1)
+ }
+
ah := auth.NewAuthHandler(&auth.AuthHandlerConfig{
Logger: c.logger.Named("auth.handler"),
- Client: clonedClient,
+ Client: ahClient,
WrapTTL: config.AutoAuth.Method.WrapTTL,
MinBackoff: config.AutoAuth.Method.MinBackoff,
MaxBackoff: config.AutoAuth.Method.MaxBackoff,
@@ -811,7 +837,7 @@ func (c *AgentCommand) Run(args []string) int {
ss := sink.NewSinkServer(&sink.SinkServerConfig{
Logger: c.logger.Named("sink.server"),
- Client: client,
+ Client: ahClient,
ExitAfterAuth: exitAfterAuth,
})
diff --git a/command/agent/config/config.go b/command/agent/config/config.go
index e68af26f644fc..8a28dcf631528 100644
--- a/command/agent/config/config.go
+++ b/command/agent/config/config.go
@@ -24,14 +24,20 @@ import (
type Config struct {
*configutil.SharedConfig `hcl:"-"`
- AutoAuth *AutoAuth `hcl:"auto_auth"`
- ExitAfterAuth bool `hcl:"exit_after_auth"`
- Cache *Cache `hcl:"cache"`
- Vault *Vault `hcl:"vault"`
- TemplateConfig *TemplateConfig `hcl:"template_config"`
- Templates []*ctconfig.TemplateConfig `hcl:"templates"`
+ AutoAuth *AutoAuth `hcl:"auto_auth"`
+ ExitAfterAuth bool `hcl:"exit_after_auth"`
+ Cache *Cache `hcl:"cache"`
+ Vault *Vault `hcl:"vault"`
+ TemplateConfig *TemplateConfig `hcl:"template_config"`
+ Templates []*ctconfig.TemplateConfig `hcl:"templates"`
+ DisableIdleConns []string `hcl:"disable_idle_connections"`
+ DisableIdleConnsCaching bool `hcl:"-"`
+ DisableIdleConnsTemplating bool `hcl:"-"`
+ DisableIdleConnsAutoAuth bool `hcl:"-"`
}
+const DisableIdleConnsEnv = "VAULT_AGENT_DISABLE_IDLE_CONNECTIONS"
+
func (c *Config) Prune() {
for _, l := range c.Listeners {
l.RawConfig = nil
@@ -260,6 +266,28 @@ func LoadConfig(path string) (*Config, error) {
result.Vault.Retry.NumRetries = 0
}
+ if disableIdleConnsEnv := os.Getenv(DisableIdleConnsEnv); disableIdleConnsEnv != "" {
+ result.DisableIdleConns, err = parseutil.ParseCommaStringSlice(strings.ToLower(disableIdleConnsEnv))
+ if err != nil {
+ return nil, fmt.Errorf("error parsing environment variable %s: %v", DisableIdleConnsEnv, err)
+ }
+ }
+
+ for _, subsystem := range result.DisableIdleConns {
+ switch subsystem {
+ case "auto-auth":
+ result.DisableIdleConnsAutoAuth = true
+ case "caching":
+ result.DisableIdleConnsCaching = true
+ case "templating":
+ result.DisableIdleConnsTemplating = true
+ case "":
+ continue
+ default:
+ return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown disable_idle_connections value: %s", subsystem)
+ }
+ }
+
return result, nil
}
diff --git a/command/agent/config/config_test.go b/command/agent/config/config_test.go
index 1a1aec2a14d1c..c9728543c3b4d 100644
--- a/command/agent/config/config_test.go
+++ b/command/agent/config/config_test.go
@@ -1033,3 +1033,310 @@ func TestLoadConfigFile_EnforceConsistency(t *testing.T) {
t.Fatal(diff)
}
}
+
+func TestLoadConfigFile_Disable_Idle_Conns_All(t *testing.T) {
+ config, err := LoadConfig("./test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-all.hcl")
+ if err != nil {
+ t.Fatal(err)
+ }
+
+ expected := &Config{
+ SharedConfig: &configutil.SharedConfig{
+ PidFile: "./pidfile",
+ },
+ DisableIdleConns: []string{"auto-auth", "caching", "templating"},
+ DisableIdleConnsCaching: true,
+ DisableIdleConnsAutoAuth: true,
+ DisableIdleConnsTemplating: true,
+ AutoAuth: &AutoAuth{
+ Method: &Method{
+ Type: "aws",
+ MountPath: "auth/aws",
+ Namespace: "my-namespace/",
+ Config: map[string]interface{}{
+ "role": "foobar",
+ },
+ },
+ Sinks: []*Sink{
+ {
+ Type: "file",
+ DHType: "curve25519",
+ DHPath: "/tmp/file-foo-dhpath",
+ AAD: "foobar",
+ Config: map[string]interface{}{
+ "path": "/tmp/file-foo",
+ },
+ },
+ },
+ },
+ Vault: &Vault{
+ Address: "http://127.0.0.1:1111",
+ Retry: &Retry{
+ ctconfig.DefaultRetryAttempts,
+ },
+ },
+ }
+
+ config.Prune()
+ if diff := deep.Equal(config, expected); diff != nil {
+ t.Fatal(diff)
+ }
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigFile_Disable_Idle_Conns_Auto_Auth(t *testing.T) {
+ config, err := LoadConfig("./test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-auto-auth.hcl")
+ if err != nil {
+ t.Fatal(err)
+ }
+
+ expected := &Config{
+ SharedConfig: &configutil.SharedConfig{
+ PidFile: "./pidfile",
+ },
+ DisableIdleConns: []string{"auto-auth"},
+ DisableIdleConnsCaching: false,
+ DisableIdleConnsAutoAuth: true,
+ DisableIdleConnsTemplating: false,
+ AutoAuth: &AutoAuth{
+ Method: &Method{
+ Type: "aws",
+ MountPath: "auth/aws",
+ Namespace: "my-namespace/",
+ Config: map[string]interface{}{
+ "role": "foobar",
+ },
+ },
+ Sinks: []*Sink{
+ {
+ Type: "file",
+ DHType: "curve25519",
+ DHPath: "/tmp/file-foo-dhpath",
+ AAD: "foobar",
+ Config: map[string]interface{}{
+ "path": "/tmp/file-foo",
+ },
+ },
+ },
+ },
+ Vault: &Vault{
+ Address: "http://127.0.0.1:1111",
+ Retry: &Retry{
+ ctconfig.DefaultRetryAttempts,
+ },
+ },
+ }
+
+ config.Prune()
+ if diff := deep.Equal(config, expected); diff != nil {
+ t.Fatal(diff)
+ }
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigFile_Disable_Idle_Conns_Templating(t *testing.T) {
+ config, err := LoadConfig("./test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-templating.hcl")
+ if err != nil {
+ t.Fatal(err)
+ }
+
+ expected := &Config{
+ SharedConfig: &configutil.SharedConfig{
+ PidFile: "./pidfile",
+ },
+ DisableIdleConns: []string{"templating"},
+ DisableIdleConnsCaching: false,
+ DisableIdleConnsAutoAuth: false,
+ DisableIdleConnsTemplating: true,
+ AutoAuth: &AutoAuth{
+ Method: &Method{
+ Type: "aws",
+ MountPath: "auth/aws",
+ Namespace: "my-namespace/",
+ Config: map[string]interface{}{
+ "role": "foobar",
+ },
+ },
+ Sinks: []*Sink{
+ {
+ Type: "file",
+ DHType: "curve25519",
+ DHPath: "/tmp/file-foo-dhpath",
+ AAD: "foobar",
+ Config: map[string]interface{}{
+ "path": "/tmp/file-foo",
+ },
+ },
+ },
+ },
+ Vault: &Vault{
+ Address: "http://127.0.0.1:1111",
+ Retry: &Retry{
+ ctconfig.DefaultRetryAttempts,
+ },
+ },
+ }
+
+ config.Prune()
+ if diff := deep.Equal(config, expected); diff != nil {
+ t.Fatal(diff)
+ }
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigFile_Disable_Idle_Conns_Caching(t *testing.T) {
+ config, err := LoadConfig("./test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-caching.hcl")
+ if err != nil {
+ t.Fatal(err)
+ }
+
+ expected := &Config{
+ SharedConfig: &configutil.SharedConfig{
+ PidFile: "./pidfile",
+ },
+ DisableIdleConns: []string{"caching"},
+ DisableIdleConnsCaching: true,
+ DisableIdleConnsAutoAuth: false,
+ DisableIdleConnsTemplating: false,
+ AutoAuth: &AutoAuth{
+ Method: &Method{
+ Type: "aws",
+ MountPath: "auth/aws",
+ Namespace: "my-namespace/",
+ Config: map[string]interface{}{
+ "role": "foobar",
+ },
+ },
+ Sinks: []*Sink{
+ {
+ Type: "file",
+ DHType: "curve25519",
+ DHPath: "/tmp/file-foo-dhpath",
+ AAD: "foobar",
+ Config: map[string]interface{}{
+ "path": "/tmp/file-foo",
+ },
+ },
+ },
+ },
+ Vault: &Vault{
+ Address: "http://127.0.0.1:1111",
+ Retry: &Retry{
+ ctconfig.DefaultRetryAttempts,
+ },
+ },
+ }
+
+ config.Prune()
+ if diff := deep.Equal(config, expected); diff != nil {
+ t.Fatal(diff)
+ }
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigFile_Disable_Idle_Conns_Empty(t *testing.T) {
+ config, err := LoadConfig("./test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-empty.hcl")
+ if err != nil {
+ t.Fatal(err)
+ }
+
+ expected := &Config{
+ SharedConfig: &configutil.SharedConfig{
+ PidFile: "./pidfile",
+ },
+ DisableIdleConns: []string{},
+ DisableIdleConnsCaching: false,
+ DisableIdleConnsAutoAuth: false,
+ DisableIdleConnsTemplating: false,
+ AutoAuth: &AutoAuth{
+ Method: &Method{
+ Type: "aws",
+ MountPath: "auth/aws",
+ Namespace: "my-namespace/",
+ Config: map[string]interface{}{
+ "role": "foobar",
+ },
+ },
+ Sinks: []*Sink{
+ {
+ Type: "file",
+ DHType: "curve25519",
+ DHPath: "/tmp/file-foo-dhpath",
+ AAD: "foobar",
+ Config: map[string]interface{}{
+ "path": "/tmp/file-foo",
+ },
+ },
+ },
+ },
+ Vault: &Vault{
+ Address: "http://127.0.0.1:1111",
+ Retry: &Retry{
+ ctconfig.DefaultRetryAttempts,
+ },
+ },
+ }
+
+ config.Prune()
+ if diff := deep.Equal(config, expected); diff != nil {
+ t.Fatal(diff)
+ }
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigFile_Disable_Idle_Conns_Env(t *testing.T) {
+ err := os.Setenv(DisableIdleConnsEnv, "auto-auth,caching,templating")
+ defer os.Unsetenv(DisableIdleConnsEnv)
+
+ if err != nil {
+ t.Fatal(err)
+ }
+ config, err := LoadConfig("./test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-empty.hcl")
+ if err != nil {
+ t.Fatal(err)
+ }
+
+ expected := &Config{
+ SharedConfig: &configutil.SharedConfig{
+ PidFile: "./pidfile",
+ },
+ DisableIdleConns: []string{"auto-auth", "caching", "templating"},
+ DisableIdleConnsCaching: true,
+ DisableIdleConnsAutoAuth: true,
+ DisableIdleConnsTemplating: true,
+ AutoAuth: &AutoAuth{
+ Method: &Method{
+ Type: "aws",
+ MountPath: "auth/aws",
+ Namespace: "my-namespace/",
+ Config: map[string]interface{}{
+ "role": "foobar",
+ },
+ },
+ Sinks: []*Sink{
+ {
+ Type: "file",
+ DHType: "curve25519",
+ DHPath: "/tmp/file-foo-dhpath",
+ AAD: "foobar",
+ Config: map[string]interface{}{
+ "path": "/tmp/file-foo",
+ },
+ },
+ },
+ },
+ Vault: &Vault{
+ Address: "http://127.0.0.1:1111",
+ Retry: &Retry{
+ ctconfig.DefaultRetryAttempts,
+ },
+ },
+ }
+
+ config.Prune()
+ if diff := deep.Equal(config, expected); diff != nil {
+ t.Fatal(diff)
+ }
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigFile_Bad_Value_Disable_Idle_Conns(t *testing.T) {
+ _, err := LoadConfig("./test-fixtures/bad-config-disable-idle-connections.hcl")
+ if err == nil {
+ t.Fatal("should have error, it didn't")
+ }
+}
diff --git a/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/bad-config-disable-idle-connections.hcl b/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/bad-config-disable-idle-connections.hcl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c13c82520ee6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/bad-config-disable-idle-connections.hcl
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+pid_file = "./pidfile"
+disable_idle_connections = ["foo","caching","templating"]
+
+auto_auth {
+ method {
+ type = "aws"
+ namespace = "my-namespace/"
+
+ config = {
+ role = "foobar"
+ }
+ }
+
+ sink {
+ type = "file"
+ config = {
+ path = "/tmp/file-foo"
+ }
+ aad = "foobar"
+ dh_type = "curve25519"
+ dh_path = "/tmp/file-foo-dhpath"
+ }
+}
+
+vault {
+ address = "http://127.0.0.1:1111"
+}
diff --git a/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-all.hcl b/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-all.hcl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..69ff548f55614
--- /dev/null
+++ b/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-all.hcl
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+pid_file = "./pidfile"
+disable_idle_connections = ["auto-auth","caching","templating"]
+
+auto_auth {
+ method {
+ type = "aws"
+ namespace = "my-namespace/"
+
+ config = {
+ role = "foobar"
+ }
+ }
+
+ sink {
+ type = "file"
+ config = {
+ path = "/tmp/file-foo"
+ }
+ aad = "foobar"
+ dh_type = "curve25519"
+ dh_path = "/tmp/file-foo-dhpath"
+ }
+}
+
+vault {
+ address = "http://127.0.0.1:1111"
+}
diff --git a/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-auto-auth.hcl b/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-auto-auth.hcl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..1a63b20480d4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-auto-auth.hcl
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+pid_file = "./pidfile"
+disable_idle_connections = ["auto-auth"]
+
+auto_auth {
+ method {
+ type = "aws"
+ namespace = "my-namespace/"
+
+ config = {
+ role = "foobar"
+ }
+ }
+
+ sink {
+ type = "file"
+ config = {
+ path = "/tmp/file-foo"
+ }
+ aad = "foobar"
+ dh_type = "curve25519"
+ dh_path = "/tmp/file-foo-dhpath"
+ }
+}
+
+vault {
+ address = "http://127.0.0.1:1111"
+}
diff --git a/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-caching.hcl b/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-caching.hcl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..30d0806c03371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-caching.hcl
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+pid_file = "./pidfile"
+disable_idle_connections = ["caching"]
+
+auto_auth {
+ method {
+ type = "aws"
+ namespace = "my-namespace/"
+
+ config = {
+ role = "foobar"
+ }
+ }
+
+ sink {
+ type = "file"
+ config = {
+ path = "/tmp/file-foo"
+ }
+ aad = "foobar"
+ dh_type = "curve25519"
+ dh_path = "/tmp/file-foo-dhpath"
+ }
+}
+
+vault {
+ address = "http://127.0.0.1:1111"
+}
diff --git a/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-empty.hcl b/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-empty.hcl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..eb95310cedfff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-empty.hcl
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+pid_file = "./pidfile"
+disable_idle_connections = []
+
+auto_auth {
+ method {
+ type = "aws"
+ namespace = "my-namespace/"
+
+ config = {
+ role = "foobar"
+ }
+ }
+
+ sink {
+ type = "file"
+ config = {
+ path = "/tmp/file-foo"
+ }
+ aad = "foobar"
+ dh_type = "curve25519"
+ dh_path = "/tmp/file-foo-dhpath"
+ }
+}
+
+vault {
+ address = "http://127.0.0.1:1111"
+}
diff --git a/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-templating.hcl b/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-templating.hcl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..922377fc82a96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/command/agent/config/test-fixtures/config-disable-idle-connections-templating.hcl
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+pid_file = "./pidfile"
+disable_idle_connections = ["templating"]
+
+auto_auth {
+ method {
+ type = "aws"
+ namespace = "my-namespace/"
+
+ config = {
+ role = "foobar"
+ }
+ }
+
+ sink {
+ type = "file"
+ config = {
+ path = "/tmp/file-foo"
+ }
+ aad = "foobar"
+ dh_type = "curve25519"
+ dh_path = "/tmp/file-foo-dhpath"
+ }
+}
+
+vault {
+ address = "http://127.0.0.1:1111"
+}
diff --git a/command/agent/template/template.go b/command/agent/template/template.go
index 9ff22fbd9b25c..0fa1e9a0d2730 100644
--- a/command/agent/template/template.go
+++ b/command/agent/template/template.go
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ func (ts *Server) Run(ctx context.Context, incoming chan string, templates []*ct
// configuration
var runnerConfig *ctconfig.Config
var runnerConfigErr error
+
if runnerConfig, runnerConfigErr = newRunnerConfig(ts.config, templates); runnerConfigErr != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("template server failed to runner generate config: %w", runnerConfigErr)
}
@@ -244,6 +245,11 @@ func newRunnerConfig(sc *ServerConfig, templates ctconfig.TemplateConfigs) (*ctc
conf.Vault.DefaultLeaseDuration = &sc.AgentConfig.TemplateConfig.StaticSecretRenderInt
}
+ if sc.AgentConfig.DisableIdleConnsTemplating {
+ idleConns := -1
+ conf.Vault.Transport.MaxIdleConns = &idleConns
+ }
+
conf.Vault.SSL = &ctconfig.SSLConfig{
Enabled: pointerutil.BoolPtr(false),
Verify: pointerutil.BoolPtr(false),
diff --git a/website/content/docs/agent/index.mdx b/website/content/docs/agent/index.mdx
index a7de23df14452..6f7875f2f3db0 100644
--- a/website/content/docs/agent/index.mdx
+++ b/website/content/docs/agent/index.mdx
@@ -144,6 +144,10 @@ These are the currently-available general configuration option:
with code `0` after a single successful auth, where success means that a
token was retrieved and all sinks successfully wrote it
+- `disable_idle_connections` `(string array: [])` - A list of strings that disables idle connections for various features in Vault Agent.
+ Valid values include: `auto-auth`, `caching` and `templating`. Can also be configured by setting the `VAULT_AGENT_DISABLE_IDLE_CONNECTIONS`
+ environment variable as a comma separated string. This environment variable will override any values found in a configuration file.
+
- `template` ([template][template]: ) - Specifies options used for templating Vault secrets to files.
- `template_config` ([template_config][template-config]: ) - Specifies templating engine behavior.