Backport of Make proto-public
a Go module into release/1.13.x
#14683
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Backport
This PR is auto-generated from #14499 to be assessed for backporting due to the inclusion of the label backport/1.13.
The below text is copied from the body of the original PR.
Description
Our original intention was for projects to consume and generate their own Go code for our public protobuf packages using Buf.
While this is still the best route for many projects, it causes some headaches when using a library (e.g. consul-server-connection-manager) that pulls in the same protobuf package as your project, as Go's protobuf implementation only allows for a package/namespace to be registered once.
In such cases, projects can depend on this Go module instead, as a single place where these protobuf packages are registered.
Closes #14493
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