title | slug | page-type | browser-compat |
---|---|---|---|
Keyframe Formats |
Web/API/Web_Animations_API/Keyframe_Formats |
guide |
api.Element.animate |
{{APIRef("Web Animations API")}}
{{domxref("Element.animate()")}}, {{domxref("KeyframeEffect.KeyframeEffect", "KeyframeEffect()")}}, and {{domxref("KeyframeEffect.setKeyframes()")}} all accept objects formatted to represent a set of keyframes. There are several options to this format, which are explained below.
There are two different ways to format keyframes:
-
An
array
of objects (keyframes) consisting of properties and values to iterate over. This is the canonical format returned by the {{domxref("KeyframeEffect.getKeyframes()", "getKeyframes()")}} method.element.animate([ { // from opacity: 0, color: "#fff" }, { // to opacity: 1, color: "#000" } ], 2000);
Offsets for each keyframe can be specified by providing an
offset
value.element.animate([ { opacity: 1 }, { opacity: 0.1, offset: 0.7 }, { opacity: 0 } ], 2000);
Note:
offset
values, if provided, must be between 0.0 and 1.0 (inclusive) and arranged in ascending order.It is not necessary to specify an offset for every keyframe. Keyframes without a specified offset will be evenly spaced between adjacent keyframes.
The easing to apply between keyframes can be specified by providing an
easing
value as illustrated below.element.animate([ { opacity: 1, easing: 'ease-out' }, { opacity: 0.1, easing: 'ease-in' }, { opacity: 0 } ], 2000);
In this example, the specified easing only applies from the keyframe where it is specified until the next keyframe. Any
easing
value specified on theoptions
argument, however, applies across a single iteration of the animation — for the entire duration. -
An
object
containing key-value pairs consisting of the property to animate and anarray
of values to iterate over.element.animate({ opacity: [ 0, 1 ], // [ from, to ] color: [ "#fff", "#000" ] // [ from, to ] }, 2000);
Using this format, the number of elements in each array does not need to be equal. The provided values will be spaced out independently.
element.animate({ opacity: [ 0, 1 ], // offset: 0, 1 backgroundColor: [ "red", "yellow", "green" ], // offset: 0, 0.5, 1 }, 2000);
The special keys
offset
,easing
, andcomposite
(described below) may be specified alongside the property values.element.animate({ opacity: [ 0, 0.9, 1 ], offset: [ 0, 0.8 ], // Shorthand for [ 0, 0.8, 1 ] easing: [ 'ease-in', 'ease-out' ], }, 2000);
After generating a suitable set of keyframes from the property value lists, each supplied offset is applied to the corresponding keyframe. If there are insufficient values, or if the list contains
null
values, the keyframes without specified offsets will be evenly spaced as with the array format described above.If there are too few
easing
orcomposite
values, the corresponding list will be repeated as needed.
In newer browser versions, you are able to set a beginning or end state for an animation only (i.e. a single keyframe), and the browser will infer the other end of the animation if it is able to. For example, consider this simple animation — the Keyframe object looks like so:
let rotate360 = [
{ transform: 'rotate(360deg)' }
];
We have only specified the end state of the animation, and the beginning state is implied.
Keyframes may specify property-value pairs for any of the {{cssxref("CSS_animated_properties", "animatable CSS properties")}}. The property names are specified using camel-case so for example {{cssxref("background-color")}} becomes backgroundColor
and {{cssxref("background-position-x")}} becomes backgroundPositionX
. Shorthand values such as {{cssxref("margin")}} are also permitted.
Two exceptional CSS properties are:
- {{cssxref("float")}}, which must be written as
cssFloat
since "float" is a reserved word in JavaScript. It's just for reference here, this will have no effect on animation since "float" is not an animatable CSS property. - {{cssxref("offset")}}, which must be written as
cssOffset
since "offset" represents the keyframe offset as described below.
The following special attributes may also be specified:
- offset
- : The offset of the keyframe specified as a number between
0.0
and1.0
inclusive ornull
. This is equivalent to specifying start and end states in percentages in CSS stylesheets using@keyframes
. If this value isnull
or missing, the keyframe will be evenly spaced between adjacent keyframes.
- : The offset of the keyframe specified as a number between
- easing
- : The timing function used from this keyframe until the next keyframe in the series.
- composite
- : The {{domxref("KeyframeEffect.composite")}} operation used to combine the values specified in this keyframe with the underlying value. This will be
auto
if the composite operation specified on the effect is being used.
- : The {{domxref("KeyframeEffect.composite")}} operation used to combine the values specified in this keyframe with the underlying value. This will be
{{Specifications}}
{{Compat}}
- Web Animations API
- {{domxref("Element.animate()")}}
- {{domxref("KeyframeEffect.KeyframeEffect", "KeyframeEffect()")}}
- {{domxref("KeyframeEffect.setKeyframes()")}}