clientconn_test.go

/*
 *
 * Copyright 2014 gRPC authors.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 *
 */

package grpc

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"net"
	"strings"
	"sync/atomic"
	"testing"
	"time"

	"golang.org/x/net/http2"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/connectivity"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/credentials"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/internal/backoff"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/internal/transport"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/keepalive"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/naming"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/resolver"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/resolver/manual"
	_ "google.golang.org/grpc/resolver/passthrough"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/testdata"
)

func assertState(wantState connectivity.State, cc *ClientConn) (connectivity.State, bool) {
	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
	defer cancel()
	var state connectivity.State
	for state = cc.GetState(); state != wantState && cc.WaitForStateChange(ctx, state); state = cc.GetState() {
	}
	return state, state == wantState
}

func (s) TestDialWithTimeout(t *testing.T) {
	lis, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error while listening. Err: %v", err)
	}
	defer lis.Close()
	lisAddr := resolver.Address{Addr: lis.Addr().String()}
	lisDone := make(chan struct{})
	dialDone := make(chan struct{})
	// 1st listener accepts the connection and then does nothing
	go func() {
		defer close(lisDone)
		conn, err := lis.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			t.Errorf("Error while accepting. Err: %v", err)
			return
		}
		framer := http2.NewFramer(conn, conn)
		if err := framer.WriteSettings(http2.Setting{}); err != nil {
			t.Errorf("Error while writing settings. Err: %v", err)
			return
		}
		<-dialDone // Close conn only after dial returns.
	}()

	r, cleanup := manual.GenerateAndRegisterManualResolver()
	defer cleanup()
	r.InitialState(resolver.State{Addresses: []resolver.Address{lisAddr}})
	client, err := Dial(r.Scheme()+":///test.server", WithInsecure(), WithTimeout(5*time.Second))
	close(dialDone)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Dial failed. Err: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()
	timeout := time.After(1 * time.Second)
	select {
	case <-timeout:
		t.Fatal("timed out waiting for server to finish")
	case <-lisDone:
	}
}

func (s) TestDialWithMultipleBackendsNotSendingServerPreface(t *testing.T) {
	lis1, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error while listening. Err: %v", err)
	}
	defer lis1.Close()
	lis1Addr := resolver.Address{Addr: lis1.Addr().String()}
	lis1Done := make(chan struct{})
	// 1st listener accepts the connection and immediately closes it.
	go func() {
		defer close(lis1Done)
		conn, err := lis1.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			t.Errorf("Error while accepting. Err: %v", err)
			return
		}
		conn.Close()
	}()

	lis2, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error while listening. Err: %v", err)
	}
	defer lis2.Close()
	lis2Done := make(chan struct{})
	lis2Addr := resolver.Address{Addr: lis2.Addr().String()}
	// 2nd listener should get a connection attempt since the first one failed.
	go func() {
		defer close(lis2Done)
		_, err := lis2.Accept() // Closing the client will clean up this conn.
		if err != nil {
			t.Errorf("Error while accepting. Err: %v", err)
			return
		}
	}()

	r, cleanup := manual.GenerateAndRegisterManualResolver()
	defer cleanup()
	r.InitialState(resolver.State{Addresses: []resolver.Address{lis1Addr, lis2Addr}})
	client, err := Dial(r.Scheme()+":///test.server", WithInsecure())
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Dial failed. Err: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()
	timeout := time.After(5 * time.Second)
	select {
	case <-timeout:
		t.Fatal("timed out waiting for server 1 to finish")
	case <-lis1Done:
	}
	select {
	case <-timeout:
		t.Fatal("timed out waiting for server 2 to finish")
	case <-lis2Done:
	}
}

func (s) TestDialWaitsForServerSettings(t *testing.T) {
	lis, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error while listening. Err: %v", err)
	}
	defer lis.Close()
	done := make(chan struct{})
	sent := make(chan struct{})
	dialDone := make(chan struct{})
	go func() { // Launch the server.
		defer func() {
			close(done)
		}()
		conn, err := lis.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			t.Errorf("Error while accepting. Err: %v", err)
			return
		}
		defer conn.Close()
		// Sleep for a little bit to make sure that Dial on client
		// side blocks until settings are received.
		time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
		framer := http2.NewFramer(conn, conn)
		close(sent)
		if err := framer.WriteSettings(http2.Setting{}); err != nil {
			t.Errorf("Error while writing settings. Err: %v", err)
			return
		}
		<-dialDone // Close conn only after dial returns.
	}()
	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
	defer cancel()
	client, err := DialContext(ctx, lis.Addr().String(), WithInsecure(), WithBlock())
	close(dialDone)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error while dialing. Err: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()
	select {
	case <-sent:
	default:
		t.Fatalf("Dial returned before server settings were sent")
	}
	<-done
}

func (s) TestDialWaitsForServerSettingsAndFails(t *testing.T) {
	lis, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error while listening. Err: %v", err)
	}
	done := make(chan struct{})
	numConns := 0
	go func() { // Launch the server.
		defer func() {
			close(done)
		}()
		for {
			conn, err := lis.Accept()
			if err != nil {
				break
			}
			numConns++
			defer conn.Close()
		}
	}()
	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 1*time.Second)
	defer cancel()
	client, err := DialContext(ctx,
		lis.Addr().String(),
		WithInsecure(),
		WithBlock(),
		withBackoff(noBackoff{}),
		withMinConnectDeadline(func() time.Duration { return time.Second / 4 }))
	lis.Close()
	if err == nil {
		client.Close()
		t.Fatalf("Unexpected success (err=nil) while dialing")
	}
	if err != context.DeadlineExceeded {
		t.Fatalf("DialContext(_) = %v; want context.DeadlineExceeded", err)
	}
	<-done
	if numConns < 2 {
		t.Fatalf("dial attempts: %v; want > 1", numConns)
	}
}

// 1. Client connects to a server that doesn't send preface.
// 2. After minConnectTimeout(500 ms here), client disconnects and retries.
// 3. The new server sends its preface.
// 4. Client doesn't kill the connection this time.
func (s) TestCloseConnectionWhenServerPrefaceNotReceived(t *testing.T) {
	lis, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error while listening. Err: %v", err)
	}
	var (
		conn2 net.Conn
		over  uint32
	)
	defer func() {
		lis.Close()
		// conn2 shouldn't be closed until the client has
		// observed a successful test.
		if conn2 != nil {
			conn2.Close()
		}
	}()
	done := make(chan struct{})
	accepted := make(chan struct{})
	go func() { // Launch the server.
		defer close(done)
		conn1, err := lis.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			t.Errorf("Error while accepting. Err: %v", err)
			return
		}
		defer conn1.Close()
		// Don't send server settings and the client should close the connection and try again.
		conn2, err = lis.Accept() // Accept a reconnection request from client.
		if err != nil {
			t.Errorf("Error while accepting. Err: %v", err)
			return
		}
		close(accepted)
		framer := http2.NewFramer(conn2, conn2)
		if err = framer.WriteSettings(http2.Setting{}); err != nil {
			t.Errorf("Error while writing settings. Err: %v", err)
			return
		}
		b := make([]byte, 8)
		for {
			_, err = conn2.Read(b)
			if err == nil {
				continue
			}
			if atomic.LoadUint32(&over) == 1 {
				// The connection stayed alive for the timer.
				// Success.
				return
			}
			t.Errorf("Unexpected error while reading. Err: %v, want timeout error", err)
			break
		}
	}()
	client, err := Dial(lis.Addr().String(), WithInsecure(), withMinConnectDeadline(func() time.Duration { return time.Millisecond * 500 }))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error while dialing. Err: %v", err)
	}
	// wait for connection to be accepted on the server.
	timer := time.NewTimer(time.Second * 10)
	select {
	case <-accepted:
	case <-timer.C:
		t.Fatalf("Client didn't make another connection request in time.")
	}
	// Make sure the connection stays alive for sometime.
	time.Sleep(time.Second)
	atomic.StoreUint32(&over, 1)
	client.Close()
	<-done
}

func (s) TestBackoffWhenNoServerPrefaceReceived(t *testing.T) {
	lis, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error while listening. Err: %v", err)
	}
	defer lis.Close()
	done := make(chan struct{})
	go func() { // Launch the server.
		defer func() {
			close(done)
		}()
		conn, err := lis.Accept() // Accept the connection only to close it immediately.
		if err != nil {
			t.Errorf("Error while accepting. Err: %v", err)
			return
		}
		prevAt := time.Now()
		conn.Close()
		var prevDuration time.Duration
		// Make sure the retry attempts are backed off properly.
		for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
			conn, err := lis.Accept()
			if err != nil {
				t.Errorf("Error while accepting. Err: %v", err)
				return
			}
			meow := time.Now()
			conn.Close()
			dr := meow.Sub(prevAt)
			if dr <= prevDuration {
				t.Errorf("Client backoff did not increase with retries. Previous duration: %v, current duration: %v", prevDuration, dr)
				return
			}
			prevDuration = dr
			prevAt = meow
		}
	}()
	client, err := Dial(lis.Addr().String(), WithInsecure())
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error while dialing. Err: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()
	<-done

}

func (s) TestConnectivityStates(t *testing.T) {
	servers, resolver, cleanup := startServers(t, 2, math.MaxUint32)
	defer cleanup()
	cc, err := Dial("passthrough:///foo.bar.com", WithBalancer(RoundRobin(resolver)), WithInsecure())
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Dial(\"foo.bar.com\", WithBalancer(_)) = _, %v, want _ <nil>", err)
	}
	defer cc.Close()
	wantState := connectivity.Ready
	if state, ok := assertState(wantState, cc); !ok {
		t.Fatalf("asserState(%s) = %s, false, want %s, true", wantState, state, wantState)
	}
	// Send an update to delete the server connection (tearDown addrConn).
	update := []*naming.Update{
		{
			Op:   naming.Delete,
			Addr: "localhost:" + servers[0].port,
		},
	}
	resolver.w.inject(update)
	wantState = connectivity.TransientFailure
	if state, ok := assertState(wantState, cc); !ok {
		t.Fatalf("asserState(%s) = %s, false, want %s, true", wantState, state, wantState)
	}
	update[0] = &naming.Update{
		Op:   naming.Add,
		Addr: "localhost:" + servers[1].port,
	}
	resolver.w.inject(update)
	wantState = connectivity.Ready
	if state, ok := assertState(wantState, cc); !ok {
		t.Fatalf("asserState(%s) = %s, false, want %s, true", wantState, state, wantState)
	}

}

func (s) TestWithTimeout(t *testing.T) {
	conn, err := Dial("passthrough:///Non-Existent.Server:80", WithTimeout(time.Millisecond), WithBlock(), WithInsecure())
	if err == nil {
		conn.Close()
	}
	if err != context.DeadlineExceeded {
		t.Fatalf("Dial(_, _) = %v, %v, want %v", conn, err, context.DeadlineExceeded)
	}
}

func (s) TestWithTransportCredentialsTLS(t *testing.T) {
	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Millisecond)
	defer cancel()
	creds, err := credentials.NewClientTLSFromFile(testdata.Path("ca.pem"), "x.test.youtube.com")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to create credentials %v", err)
	}
	conn, err := DialContext(ctx, "passthrough:///Non-Existent.Server:80", WithTransportCredentials(creds), WithBlock())
	if err == nil {
		conn.Close()
	}
	if err != context.DeadlineExceeded {
		t.Fatalf("Dial(_, _) = %v, %v, want %v", conn, err, context.DeadlineExceeded)
	}
}

func (s) TestDefaultAuthority(t *testing.T) {
	target := "Non-Existent.Server:8080"
	conn, err := Dial(target, WithInsecure())
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Dial(_, _) = _, %v, want _, <nil>", err)
	}
	defer conn.Close()
	if conn.authority != target {
		t.Fatalf("%v.authority = %v, want %v", conn, conn.authority, target)
	}
}

func (s) TestTLSServerNameOverwrite(t *testing.T) {
	overwriteServerName := "over.write.server.name"
	creds, err := credentials.NewClientTLSFromFile(testdata.Path("ca.pem"), overwriteServerName)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to create credentials %v", err)
	}
	conn, err := Dial("passthrough:///Non-Existent.Server:80", WithTransportCredentials(creds))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Dial(_, _) = _, %v, want _, <nil>", err)
	}
	defer conn.Close()
	if conn.authority != overwriteServerName {
		t.Fatalf("%v.authority = %v, want %v", conn, conn.authority, overwriteServerName)
	}
}

func (s) TestWithAuthority(t *testing.T) {
	overwriteServerName := "over.write.server.name"
	conn, err := Dial("passthrough:///Non-Existent.Server:80", WithInsecure(), WithAuthority(overwriteServerName))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Dial(_, _) = _, %v, want _, <nil>", err)
	}
	defer conn.Close()
	if conn.authority != overwriteServerName {
		t.Fatalf("%v.authority = %v, want %v", conn, conn.authority, overwriteServerName)
	}
}

func (s) TestWithAuthorityAndTLS(t *testing.T) {
	overwriteServerName := "over.write.server.name"
	creds, err := credentials.NewClientTLSFromFile(testdata.Path("ca.pem"), overwriteServerName)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to create credentials %v", err)
	}
	conn, err := Dial("passthrough:///Non-Existent.Server:80", WithTransportCredentials(creds), WithAuthority("no.effect.authority"))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Dial(_, _) = _, %v, want _, <nil>", err)
	}
	defer conn.Close()
	if conn.authority != overwriteServerName {
		t.Fatalf("%v.authority = %v, want %v", conn, conn.authority, overwriteServerName)
	}
}

// When creating a transport configured with n addresses, only calculate the
// backoff once per "round" of attempts instead of once per address (n times
// per "round" of attempts).
func (s) TestDial_OneBackoffPerRetryGroup(t *testing.T) {
	var attempts uint32
	getMinConnectTimeout := func() time.Duration {
		if atomic.AddUint32(&attempts, 1) == 1 {
			// Once all addresses are exhausted, hang around and wait for the
			// client.Close to happen rather than re-starting a new round of
			// attempts.
			return time.Hour
		}
		t.Error("only one attempt backoff calculation, but got more")
		return 0
	}

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	lis1, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error while listening. Err: %v", err)
	}
	defer lis1.Close()

	lis2, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error while listening. Err: %v", err)
	}
	defer lis2.Close()

	server1Done := make(chan struct{})
	server2Done := make(chan struct{})

	// Launch server 1.
	go func() {
		conn, err := lis1.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
			return
		}

		conn.Close()
		close(server1Done)
	}()
	// Launch server 2.
	go func() {
		conn, err := lis2.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
			return
		}
		conn.Close()
		close(server2Done)
	}()

	rb := manual.NewBuilderWithScheme("whatever")
	rb.InitialState(resolver.State{Addresses: []resolver.Address{
		{Addr: lis1.Addr().String()},
		{Addr: lis2.Addr().String()},
	}})
	client, err := DialContext(ctx, "this-gets-overwritten",
		WithInsecure(),
		WithBalancerName(stateRecordingBalancerName),
		withResolverBuilder(rb),
		withMinConnectDeadline(getMinConnectTimeout))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	timeout := time.After(15 * time.Second)

	select {
	case <-timeout:
		t.Fatal("timed out waiting for test to finish")
	case <-server1Done:
	}

	select {
	case <-timeout:
		t.Fatal("timed out waiting for test to finish")
	case <-server2Done:
	}
}

func (s) TestDialContextCancel(t *testing.T) {
	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
	cancel()
	if _, err := DialContext(ctx, "Non-Existent.Server:80", WithBlock(), WithInsecure()); err != context.Canceled {
		t.Fatalf("DialContext(%v, _) = _, %v, want _, %v", ctx, err, context.Canceled)
	}
}

type failFastError struct{}

func (failFastError) Error() string   { return "failfast" }
func (failFastError) Temporary() bool { return false }

func (s) TestDialContextFailFast(t *testing.T) {
	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
	defer cancel()
	failErr := failFastError{}
	dialer := func(string, time.Duration) (net.Conn, error) {
		return nil, failErr
	}

	_, err := DialContext(ctx, "Non-Existent.Server:80", WithBlock(), WithInsecure(), WithDialer(dialer), FailOnNonTempDialError(true))
	if terr, ok := err.(transport.ConnectionError); !ok || terr.Origin() != failErr {
		t.Fatalf("DialContext() = _, %v, want _, %v", err, failErr)
	}
}

// blockingBalancer mimics the behavior of balancers whose initialization takes a long time.
// In this test, reading from blockingBalancer.Notify() blocks forever.
type blockingBalancer struct {
	ch chan []Address
}

func newBlockingBalancer() Balancer {
	return &blockingBalancer{ch: make(chan []Address)}
}
func (b *blockingBalancer) Start(target string, config BalancerConfig) error {
	return nil
}
func (b *blockingBalancer) Up(addr Address) func(error) {
	return nil
}
func (b *blockingBalancer) Get(ctx context.Context, opts BalancerGetOptions) (addr Address, put func(), err error) {
	return Address{}, nil, nil
}
func (b *blockingBalancer) Notify() <-chan []Address {
	return b.ch
}
func (b *blockingBalancer) Close() error {
	close(b.ch)
	return nil
}

func (s) TestDialWithBlockingBalancer(t *testing.T) {
	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
	dialDone := make(chan struct{})
	go func() {
		DialContext(ctx, "Non-Existent.Server:80", WithBlock(), WithInsecure(), WithBalancer(newBlockingBalancer()))
		close(dialDone)
	}()
	cancel()
	<-dialDone
}

// securePerRPCCredentials always requires transport security.
type securePerRPCCredentials struct{}

func (c securePerRPCCredentials) GetRequestMetadata(ctx context.Context, uri ...string) (map[string]string, error) {
	return nil, nil
}

func (c securePerRPCCredentials) RequireTransportSecurity() bool {
	return true
}

func (s) TestCredentialsMisuse(t *testing.T) {
	tlsCreds, err := credentials.NewClientTLSFromFile(testdata.Path("ca.pem"), "x.test.youtube.com")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to create authenticator %v", err)
	}
	// Two conflicting credential configurations
	if _, err := Dial("passthrough:///Non-Existent.Server:80", WithTransportCredentials(tlsCreds), WithBlock(), WithInsecure()); err != errCredentialsConflict {
		t.Fatalf("Dial(_, _) = _, %v, want _, %v", err, errCredentialsConflict)
	}
	// security info on insecure connection
	if _, err := Dial("passthrough:///Non-Existent.Server:80", WithPerRPCCredentials(securePerRPCCredentials{}), WithBlock(), WithInsecure()); err != errTransportCredentialsMissing {
		t.Fatalf("Dial(_, _) = _, %v, want _, %v", err, errTransportCredentialsMissing)
	}
}

func (s) TestWithBackoffConfigDefault(t *testing.T) {
	testBackoffConfigSet(t, backoff.DefaultExponential)
}

func (s) TestWithBackoffConfig(t *testing.T) {
	b := BackoffConfig{MaxDelay: DefaultBackoffConfig.MaxDelay / 2}
	wantBackoff := backoff.DefaultExponential
	wantBackoff.MaxDelay = b.MaxDelay
	testBackoffConfigSet(t, wantBackoff, WithBackoffConfig(b))
}

func (s) TestWithBackoffMaxDelay(t *testing.T) {
	md := DefaultBackoffConfig.MaxDelay / 2
	wantBackoff := backoff.DefaultExponential
	wantBackoff.MaxDelay = md
	testBackoffConfigSet(t, wantBackoff, WithBackoffMaxDelay(md))
}

func (s) TestWithConnectParams(t *testing.T) {
	bd := 2 * time.Second
	mltpr := 2.0
	jitter := 0.0
	crt := ConnectParams{BackoffBaseDelay: bd, BackoffMultiplier: mltpr, BackoffJitter: jitter}
	// MaxDelay is not set in the ConnectParams. So it should not be set on
	// backoff.Exponential as well.
	wantBackoff := backoff.Exponential{BaseDelay: bd, Multiplier: mltpr, Jitter: jitter}
	testBackoffConfigSet(t, wantBackoff, WithConnectParams(crt))
}

func testBackoffConfigSet(t *testing.T, wantBackoff backoff.Exponential, opts ...DialOption) {
	opts = append(opts, WithInsecure())
	conn, err := Dial("passthrough:///foo:80", opts...)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("unexpected error dialing connection: %v", err)
	}
	defer conn.Close()

	if conn.dopts.bs == nil {
		t.Fatalf("backoff config not set")
	}

	gotBackoff, ok := conn.dopts.bs.(backoff.Exponential)
	if !ok {
		t.Fatalf("unexpected type of backoff config: %#v", conn.dopts.bs)
	}

	if gotBackoff != wantBackoff {
		t.Fatalf("unexpected backoff config on connection: %v, want %v", gotBackoff, wantBackoff)
	}
}

// emptyBalancer returns an empty set of servers.
type emptyBalancer struct {
	ch chan []Address
}

func newEmptyBalancer() Balancer {
	return &emptyBalancer{ch: make(chan []Address, 1)}
}
func (b *emptyBalancer) Start(_ string, _ BalancerConfig) error {
	b.ch <- nil
	return nil
}
func (b *emptyBalancer) Up(_ Address) func(error) {
	return nil
}
func (b *emptyBalancer) Get(_ context.Context, _ BalancerGetOptions) (Address, func(), error) {
	return Address{}, nil, nil
}
func (b *emptyBalancer) Notify() <-chan []Address {
	return b.ch
}
func (b *emptyBalancer) Close() error {
	close(b.ch)
	return nil
}

func (s) TestNonblockingDialWithEmptyBalancer(t *testing.T) {
	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
	defer cancel()
	dialDone := make(chan error)
	go func() {
		dialDone <- func() error {
			conn, err := DialContext(ctx, "Non-Existent.Server:80", WithInsecure(), WithBalancer(newEmptyBalancer()))
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			return conn.Close()
		}()
	}()
	if err := <-dialDone; err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("unexpected error dialing connection: %s", err)
	}
}

func (s) TestResolverServiceConfigBeforeAddressNotPanic(t *testing.T) {
	r, rcleanup := manual.GenerateAndRegisterManualResolver()
	defer rcleanup()

	cc, err := Dial(r.Scheme()+":///test.server", WithInsecure())
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to dial: %v", err)
	}
	defer cc.Close()

	// SwitchBalancer before NewAddress. There was no balancer created, this
	// makes sure we don't call close on nil balancerWrapper.
	r.UpdateState(resolver.State{ServiceConfig: parseCfg(`{"loadBalancingPolicy": "round_robin"}`)}) // This should not panic.

	time.Sleep(time.Second) // Sleep to make sure the service config is handled by ClientConn.
}

func (s) TestResolverServiceConfigWhileClosingNotPanic(t *testing.T) {
	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ { // Run this multiple times to make sure it doesn't panic.
		r, rcleanup := manual.GenerateAndRegisterManualResolver()
		defer rcleanup()

		cc, err := Dial(r.Scheme()+":///test.server", WithInsecure())
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("failed to dial: %v", err)
		}
		// Send a new service config while closing the ClientConn.
		go cc.Close()
		go r.UpdateState(resolver.State{ServiceConfig: parseCfg(`{"loadBalancingPolicy": "round_robin"}`)}) // This should not panic.
	}
}

func (s) TestResolverEmptyUpdateNotPanic(t *testing.T) {
	r, rcleanup := manual.GenerateAndRegisterManualResolver()
	defer rcleanup()

	cc, err := Dial(r.Scheme()+":///test.server", WithInsecure())
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to dial: %v", err)
	}
	defer cc.Close()

	// This make sure we don't create addrConn with empty address list.
	r.UpdateState(resolver.State{}) // This should not panic.

	time.Sleep(time.Second) // Sleep to make sure the service config is handled by ClientConn.
}

func (s) TestClientUpdatesParamsAfterGoAway(t *testing.T) {
	lis, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to listen. Err: %v", err)
	}
	defer lis.Close()
	connected := make(chan struct{})
	go func() {
		conn, err := lis.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			t.Errorf("error accepting connection: %v", err)
			return
		}
		defer conn.Close()
		f := http2.NewFramer(conn, conn)
		// Start a goroutine to read from the conn to prevent the client from
		// blocking after it writes its preface.
		go func() {
			for {
				if _, err := f.ReadFrame(); err != nil {
					return
				}
			}
		}()
		if err := f.WriteSettings(http2.Setting{}); err != nil {
			t.Errorf("error writing settings: %v", err)
			return
		}
		<-connected
		if err := f.WriteGoAway(0, http2.ErrCodeEnhanceYourCalm, []byte("too_many_pings")); err != nil {
			t.Errorf("error writing GOAWAY: %v", err)
			return
		}
	}()
	addr := lis.Addr().String()
	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
	defer cancel()
	cc, err := DialContext(ctx, addr, WithBlock(), WithInsecure(), WithKeepaliveParams(keepalive.ClientParameters{
		Time:                10 * time.Second,
		Timeout:             100 * time.Millisecond,
		PermitWithoutStream: true,
	}))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Dial(%s, _) = _, %v, want _, <nil>", addr, err)
	}
	defer cc.Close()
	close(connected)
	for {
		time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
		cc.mu.RLock()
		v := cc.mkp.Time
		if v == 20*time.Second {
			// Success
			cc.mu.RUnlock()
			return
		}
		if ctx.Err() != nil {
			// Timeout
			t.Fatalf("cc.dopts.copts.Keepalive.Time = %v , want 20s", v)
		}
		cc.mu.RUnlock()
	}
}

func (s) TestDisableServiceConfigOption(t *testing.T) {
	r, cleanup := manual.GenerateAndRegisterManualResolver()
	defer cleanup()
	addr := r.Scheme() + ":///non.existent"
	cc, err := Dial(addr, WithInsecure(), WithDisableServiceConfig())
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Dial(%s, _) = _, %v, want _, <nil>", addr, err)
	}
	defer cc.Close()
	r.UpdateState(resolver.State{ServiceConfig: parseCfg(`{
    "methodConfig": [
        {
            "name": [
                {
                    "service": "foo",
                    "method": "Bar"
                }
            ],
            "waitForReady": true
        }
    ]
}`)})
	time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
	m := cc.GetMethodConfig("/foo/Bar")
	if m.WaitForReady != nil {
		t.Fatalf("want: method (\"/foo/bar/\") config to be empty, got: %+v", m)
	}
}

func (s) TestGetClientConnTarget(t *testing.T) {
	addr := "nonexist:///non.existent"
	cc, err := Dial(addr, WithInsecure())
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Dial(%s, _) = _, %v, want _, <nil>", addr, err)
	}
	defer cc.Close()
	if cc.Target() != addr {
		t.Fatalf("Target() = %s, want %s", cc.Target(), addr)
	}
}

type backoffForever struct{}

func (b backoffForever) Backoff(int) time.Duration { return time.Duration(math.MaxInt64) }

func (s) TestResetConnectBackoff(t *testing.T) {
	dials := make(chan struct{})
	defer func() { // If we fail, let the http2client break out of dialing.
		select {
		case <-dials:
		default:
		}
	}()
	dialer := func(string, time.Duration) (net.Conn, error) {
		dials <- struct{}{}
		return nil, errors.New("failed to fake dial")
	}
	cc, err := Dial("any", WithInsecure(), WithDialer(dialer), withBackoff(backoffForever{}))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Dial() = _, %v; want _, nil", err)
	}
	defer cc.Close()
	select {
	case <-dials:
	case <-time.NewTimer(10 * time.Second).C:
		t.Fatal("Failed to call dial within 10s")
	}

	select {
	case <-dials:
		t.Fatal("Dial called unexpectedly before resetting backoff")
	case <-time.NewTimer(100 * time.Millisecond).C:
	}

	cc.ResetConnectBackoff()

	select {
	case <-dials:
	case <-time.NewTimer(10 * time.Second).C:
		t.Fatal("Failed to call dial within 10s after resetting backoff")
	}
}

func (s) TestBackoffCancel(t *testing.T) {
	dialStrCh := make(chan string)
	cc, err := Dial("any", WithInsecure(), WithDialer(func(t string, _ time.Duration) (net.Conn, error) {
		dialStrCh <- t
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("test dialer, always error")
	}))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to create ClientConn: %v", err)
	}
	<-dialStrCh
	cc.Close()
	// Should not leak. May need -count 5000 to exercise.
}

// UpdateAddresses should cause the next reconnect to begin from the top of the
// list if the connection is not READY.
func (s) TestUpdateAddresses_RetryFromFirstAddr(t *testing.T) {
	lis1, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error while listening. Err: %v", err)
	}
	defer lis1.Close()

	lis2, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error while listening. Err: %v", err)
	}
	defer lis2.Close()

	lis3, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error while listening. Err: %v", err)
	}
	defer lis3.Close()

	closeServer2 := make(chan struct{})
	server1ContactedFirstTime := make(chan struct{})
	server1ContactedSecondTime := make(chan struct{})
	server2ContactedFirstTime := make(chan struct{})
	server2ContactedSecondTime := make(chan struct{})
	server3Contacted := make(chan struct{})

	// Launch server 1.
	go func() {
		// First, let's allow the initial connection to go READY. We need to do
		// this because tryUpdateAddrs only works after there's some non-nil
		// address on the ac, and curAddress is only set after READY.
		conn1, err := lis1.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
			return
		}
		go keepReading(conn1)

		framer := http2.NewFramer(conn1, conn1)
		if err := framer.WriteSettings(http2.Setting{}); err != nil {
			t.Errorf("Error while writing settings frame. %v", err)
			return
		}

		// nextStateNotifier() is updated after balancerBuilder.Build(), which is
		// called by grpc.Dial. It's safe to do it here because lis1.Accept blocks
		// until balancer is built to process the addresses.
		stateNotifications := testBalancerBuilder.nextStateNotifier()
		// Wait for the transport to become ready.
		for s := range stateNotifications {
			if s == connectivity.Ready {
				break
			}
		}

		// Once it's ready, curAddress has been set. So let's close this
		// connection prompting the first reconnect cycle.
		conn1.Close()

		// Accept and immediately close, causing it to go to server2.
		conn2, err := lis1.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
			return
		}
		close(server1ContactedFirstTime)
		conn2.Close()

		// Hopefully it picks this server after tryUpdateAddrs.
		lis1.Accept()
		close(server1ContactedSecondTime)
	}()
	// Launch server 2.
	go func() {
		// Accept and then hang waiting for the test call tryUpdateAddrs and
		// then signal to this server to close. After this server closes, it
		// should start from the top instead of trying server2 or continuing
		// to server3.
		conn, err := lis2.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
			return
		}

		close(server2ContactedFirstTime)
		<-closeServer2
		conn.Close()

		// After tryUpdateAddrs, it should NOT try server2.
		lis2.Accept()
		close(server2ContactedSecondTime)
	}()
	// Launch server 3.
	go func() {
		// After tryUpdateAddrs, it should NOT try server3. (or any other time)
		lis3.Accept()
		close(server3Contacted)
	}()

	addrsList := []resolver.Address{
		{Addr: lis1.Addr().String()},
		{Addr: lis2.Addr().String()},
		{Addr: lis3.Addr().String()},
	}
	rb := manual.NewBuilderWithScheme("whatever")
	rb.InitialState(resolver.State{Addresses: addrsList})

	client, err := Dial("this-gets-overwritten",
		WithInsecure(),
		withResolverBuilder(rb),
		withBackoff(noBackoff{}),
		WithBalancerName(stateRecordingBalancerName),
		withMinConnectDeadline(func() time.Duration { return time.Hour }))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	timeout := time.After(5 * time.Second)

	// Wait for server1 to be contacted (which will immediately fail), then
	// server2 (which will hang waiting for our signal).
	select {
	case <-server1ContactedFirstTime:
	case <-timeout:
		t.Fatal("timed out waiting for server1 to be contacted")
	}
	select {
	case <-server2ContactedFirstTime:
	case <-timeout:
		t.Fatal("timed out waiting for server2 to be contacted")
	}

	// Grab the addrConn and call tryUpdateAddrs.
	var ac *addrConn
	client.mu.Lock()
	for clientAC := range client.conns {
		ac = clientAC
		break
	}
	client.mu.Unlock()

	ac.acbw.UpdateAddresses(addrsList)

	// We've called tryUpdateAddrs - now let's make server2 close the
	// connection and check that it goes back to server1 instead of continuing
	// to server3 or trying server2 again.
	close(closeServer2)

	select {
	case <-server1ContactedSecondTime:
	case <-server2ContactedSecondTime:
		t.Fatal("server2 was contacted a second time, but it after tryUpdateAddrs it should have re-started the list and tried server1")
	case <-server3Contacted:
		t.Fatal("server3 was contacted, but after tryUpdateAddrs it should have re-started the list and tried server1")
	case <-timeout:
		t.Fatal("timed out waiting for any server to be contacted after tryUpdateAddrs")
	}
}

func (s) TestDefaultServiceConfig(t *testing.T) {
	r, cleanup := manual.GenerateAndRegisterManualResolver()
	defer cleanup()
	addr := r.Scheme() + ":///non.existent"
	js := `{
    "methodConfig": [
        {
            "name": [
                {
                    "service": "foo",
                    "method": "bar"
                }
            ],
            "waitForReady": true
        }
    ]
}`
	testInvalidDefaultServiceConfig(t)
	testDefaultServiceConfigWhenResolverServiceConfigDisabled(t, r, addr, js)
	testDefaultServiceConfigWhenResolverDoesNotReturnServiceConfig(t, r, addr, js)
	testDefaultServiceConfigWhenResolverReturnInvalidServiceConfig(t, r, addr, js)
}

func verifyWaitForReadyEqualsTrue(cc *ClientConn) bool {
	var i int
	for i = 0; i < 10; i++ {
		mc := cc.GetMethodConfig("/foo/bar")
		if mc.WaitForReady != nil && *mc.WaitForReady == true {
			break
		}
		time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
	}
	return i != 10
}

func testInvalidDefaultServiceConfig(t *testing.T) {
	_, err := Dial("fake.com", WithInsecure(), WithDefaultServiceConfig(""))
	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), invalidDefaultServiceConfigErrPrefix) {
		t.Fatalf("Dial got err: %v, want err contains: %v", err, invalidDefaultServiceConfigErrPrefix)
	}
}

func testDefaultServiceConfigWhenResolverServiceConfigDisabled(t *testing.T, r resolver.Resolver, addr string, js string) {
	cc, err := Dial(addr, WithInsecure(), WithDisableServiceConfig(), WithDefaultServiceConfig(js))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Dial(%s, _) = _, %v, want _, <nil>", addr, err)
	}
	defer cc.Close()
	// Resolver service config gets ignored since resolver service config is disabled.
	r.(*manual.Resolver).UpdateState(resolver.State{
		Addresses:     []resolver.Address{{Addr: addr}},
		ServiceConfig: parseCfg("{}"),
	})
	if !verifyWaitForReadyEqualsTrue(cc) {
		t.Fatal("default service config failed to be applied after 1s")
	}
}

func testDefaultServiceConfigWhenResolverDoesNotReturnServiceConfig(t *testing.T, r resolver.Resolver, addr string, js string) {
	cc, err := Dial(addr, WithInsecure(), WithDefaultServiceConfig(js))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Dial(%s, _) = _, %v, want _, <nil>", addr, err)
	}
	defer cc.Close()
	r.(*manual.Resolver).UpdateState(resolver.State{
		Addresses: []resolver.Address{{Addr: addr}},
	})
	if !verifyWaitForReadyEqualsTrue(cc) {
		t.Fatal("default service config failed to be applied after 1s")
	}
}

func testDefaultServiceConfigWhenResolverReturnInvalidServiceConfig(t *testing.T, r resolver.Resolver, addr string, js string) {
	cc, err := Dial(addr, WithInsecure(), WithDefaultServiceConfig(js))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Dial(%s, _) = _, %v, want _, <nil>", addr, err)
	}
	defer cc.Close()
	r.(*manual.Resolver).UpdateState(resolver.State{
		Addresses:     []resolver.Address{{Addr: addr}},
		ServiceConfig: nil,
	})
	if !verifyWaitForReadyEqualsTrue(cc) {
		t.Fatal("default service config failed to be applied after 1s")
	}
}